緊縮力度 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [jǐnsuōlìdù]
緊縮力度
英文
the depth of the economic retrenchment-
The fallacy of composition is a kind of " macro - market failure ", so the stabilization policy should be chosen by the state. also, the paper analyzed the economic bodies " responses and the state ' s behaviors in the deflationary environment, and studied the price fluctuations in the money angle, and finally summarized the causes of the deflation in our country, pointing out that over - investment is the main factor. several suggestions about setting up some institutional and physical infrastructure facilities are brought forward in the end
本文所做的工作還包括對通貨緊縮環境中微觀經濟主體的反應以及政府（央行）的行為進行了分析，並從貨幣角度對物價變動和通貨緊縮的形成作了探討，最後對我國通貨緊縮形成的原因進行了總結，認為90年代初期以來過度投資造成的生產能力相對過剩是引起我國通貨緊縮的主要原因，而抑制高通脹的「雙緊」政策、亞洲金融危機的沖擊以及國內一系列重大改革措施的負面影響等原因，則在一定程度上提前、加劇或延長了我國的通貨緊縮。Thereby measures for improvement are put forward : ( 1 ) adopting a small wheel to replace the steel ball of the ball type unit to ensure more reliable motion of the creeping device ; ( 2 ) applying expansible metallic ring replacing the step - by - step teeth on tooth type unit ; ( 3 ) fixing a sensor in the reversing device for obtaining the information of motion and wear of the creeping device
為此，提出改進措施： 1 .對球型步進式清蠟器採用帶穿軸的小輪代替鋼球，可使爬行器運動更可靠； 2 .對齒型步進式清蠟器，採用可脹緊金屬環代替步進齒，金屬環依靠抽油機的沖程力脹大后使爬行器固定，反沖程力使金屬環縮小； 3 .將傳感器裝在換向器內，根據信號的時間間隔判斷爬行器的運行速度及磨損等情況。Moreover, since politicians are usually unwilling to tighten fiscal policy enough in a boom, any loosening of the budget reins tends to result in permanently higher debt
此外，由於政府在繁榮時期通常不願意實行足夠力度的緊縮政策，一旦放鬆預算約束容易導致持續的高負債。So the lending ability of banks would return to a higher level in the 1q08 if the pboc does not use other tightening measures, such as issuing special bonds or central bank bills
從這一點來看，如果央行不能採取其他行之有效的緊縮政策（例如發行特別國債或央行票據） ，那麼08年1季度各大商業銀行的貸款能力將恢復至較高水平。After 1989, the increase of demand slowed down and facing the complexion of low degree of industrial concentration of product market and financial strain of medi um and small - sized enterprises caused by the circulating trap of " credit squeeze - - - bad loan ", the advantageous enterprises " " wallow in money ", specifically, those listed companies that could finance from the stock market, began to take predatory pricing strategy in succession and tried to enlarge market share and obtain high return by squeezing medium and small - sized enterprises out of the market after 1998, the vicious circle of deflation and " credit grudging " of banks in product and credit markets, overcapacity, the difficulty of retreating of loss - incurring enterprises in some industries from the market for institutional reasons and over - competition in some industries, led to the incessant decrease of enterprises " global income, persistent increase of rate of debts and constant rise of ratio of bad assets of banks, which further intensified the vicious circle of deflation and " credit grudging " of banks
如在改革開放初期，在產品市場需求旺盛和信貸市場預算軟約束的情況下，各類企業的最優決策就是採用高負債、高擴張的「負債的有限責任效應」策略來搶占市場並獲得高回報； 1989年以後，需求增速開始放緩，面臨產品市場產業集中度較低和信貸市場「信貸緊縮-不良貸款」循環陷阱導致的中小企業資金緊張的局面， 「錢袋鼓鼓」的優勢企業（尤其是那些可以通過股票市場融通資金的上市公司）紛紛採用掠奪性定價策略，試圖通過把中小企業擠出市場來擴大市場份額並獲得高收益； 1998年以後，產品市場和信貸市場形成了通貨緊縮和銀行「惜貸」惡性循環的狀況。產品市場上部分行業生產能力嚴重過剩，且由於體制等原因導致虧損企業無法退出，因此這些行業中出現了過度競爭的現象，企業總體收益的不斷下滑、負債率不斷提高以及銀行不良資產率的持續上升，又進一步加強了通貨緊縮和銀行「惜貸」的惡性循環。The main methods : to carry out the active and applicable financial and monetary policies continuously ; to adjust the industrial structure ; to employ domestic investment ; to quicken the towns " construction ; to perfect the social security system ; to put in use the countryside market and to make use of consumptive loan ; and industrialize the education
第四部分對策和建議。治理通貨緊縮的根本途徑是不斷深入進行經濟體制改革，努力擴大有效需求。主要採取：繼續推行積極而適度的財政和貨幣政策；產業結構調整：啟動民間投資；加快小城鎮建設；完善社會保障體系；啟動農村市場；推行消費信貸；教育產業化的措施。In the overall view, the performance of d to e not only revive bad assets of commercial banks ? but also prevent and reduce financial risk. the following is its active effects : 1. d to e make state - owned capital system and ownership more standard. and clear > state lible limitedly for state - owned enterprise come into reality ; it reduce the presure or up - to - date domestic derlationary. 2. in the view of the society and long nm, d to e may aim variously ? such as promoting reform of state - owned enterprises and commercial banks. 3. compared with the modern bankruptcy or insolorency system ? d to e can obtain more social benefit and effects
從整體上看，債轉股的實施盤活了商業銀行不良資產，一定程度上防範和化解了金融風險，同時還有如下正面效應：第一，債轉股使國有企業資本制度和產權明晰問題得以規范和明確，實現國冢對國有企業負有限責任，並有利於緩解我國當前的通貨緊縮壓力；第二，從社會整體和長遠利益來看，債轉股的實施應有利於達到推進國有企業和商業銀行改革等多重目標；第三，與觀代的破產清算制度相比，債轉股可以獲得更好的社會利益和社會效果。分享友人