線性度量空間 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [xiànxìngliángkōngjiān]
線性度量空間 英文
linear metric space
  • : 名詞1 (用絲、棉、金屬等製成的細長的東西) thread; string; wire 2 [數學] (一個點任意移動所構成的...
  • : Ⅰ名詞1 (性格) nature; character; disposition 2 (性能; 性質) property; quality 3 (性別) sex ...
  • : 度動詞[書面語] (推測; 估計) surmise; estimate
  • : 量動1. (度量) measure 2. (估量) estimate; size up
  • : 空Ⅰ形容詞(不包含什麼; 裏面沒有東西或沒有內容; 不切實際的) empty; hollow; void Ⅱ名詞1 (天空) s...
  • : 間Ⅰ名詞1 (中間) between; among 2 (一定的空間或時間里) with a definite time or space 3 (一間...
  • 線性 : [數學] [物理學] linear; linearity線性代數 linear algebra; 線性方程 linear equation; 線性規劃 line...
  • 度量 : 1. (計量長短) measure; metric; mensuration 2. (寬容人的限度) tolerance; magnanimity
  • 空間 : space; enclosure; room; blank; interspace
  1. A method to calculate quantitatively the adsorption volume or adsorption space of per mass of adsorbent derived from both the adsorbed molecule volume and the maximum adsorbance of a solute in an adsorption isotherm under a given experimential condition is presented firstly for a solid / liquid adsorption system of the solute in a dilute aqueous solution. this method is suitable for not only mono - layer adsorption, but also mani - layer adsorption and micelle adsorpion of surfactant constructed by hydrophile and lipophile groups. therefore, the surface concentration of the adsorbate, cs, deduced from the adsorption volume is possessed of the meaning of true concentration, and the value of the patition coefficient of the adsorbate between solid and liquid phass, p, attained by the cs and the c, solution concentration of the adsorbate, can be accurate. the foregoing a set of calculations are presented for the solid - liquid adsorption systems consisted of the wool fiber and separately dodecyltrimethyl - ammonium bromide ( dtab ) and hexadecyltrimethyl - ammonium bromide ( ctab ) in this paper. this provides a strong basis for adsorption thermodynamic investigation of adsorbate

    對稀溶液中溶質的固/液吸附體系,首次提出了根據吸附分子體積和實驗條件下吸附等溫中的最大吸附計算單位質吸附劑的吸附體積或吸附的方法.此法適用於單層吸附,也適用於多層吸附和具有親水親油結構的表面活劑分子的膠團吸附.由此,吸附質的表面相濃cs具有真實濃的含義,相應地,計算得到的溶質的固/液分配系數p就有了準確值.分別計算由溴代十二烷基三甲銨( dtab )和溴代十六烷基三甲銨( ctab )與羊毛纖維構成的液/固體系分配系數等,為溶質吸附的熱力學研究奠定了基礎
  2. This paper presents our research in actuating in - vivo micro - robot based on the capsule endoscope platform by the external power. while seeking secure driving method we take several factors into account, such as driving environment, power transmitting and consuming, motion requirement and controllability, and locating technique. we mainly deal with driving the capsule with spatial gradient magnetic field, so we employ combined electro - magnetic coils, including gradient coils and homogenous coils, which have rotational dof around a translatable patient bed, to compose a controllable uniform gradient which act on the permanent - magnet embedded robot, thereby get an appropriate spatial force and torque to fulfill the anticipant locomotion such as move, stop, pitch and yaw

    基於驅動環境、能供給和消耗、驅動動作要求及驅動安全與可控,定位方案等多方面考慮,尋求安全可靠的腸胃檢查微機器人的外部驅動控制方法,並著重研究直接利用外磁場磁力驅動微機器人:在微機器人內部嵌入永磁體,利用體外的組合電磁圈產生加載電流控制的驅動磁場,其中外部的電磁圈由多組梯圈和勻場圈組合構成,通過繞病床的旋轉以及病床的平移共同控制微機器人所在位置的磁場強及梯,作用於微機器人內嵌磁體以獲得意義上的必要驅動力和調整轉矩,從而有效地完成驅動動作要求。
  3. In this paper, the finite - element numerical analysis calculation is applied to the foundation of high - rise and multi - floor building and the evolvement law of stress and displacement of tunnel used by urban traffic to explore the mutual influence between the wall rock of underground space and high - rise building foundation, taking account of the specific construction situation in the " sanmu garden " project in dadukou district in chongqing, from the perspective of underground space static - force structure stability analysis to open a underground tunnel with 6m in span and 7. 5m in height for track traffic 20m below the surface. this paper, taking considerations of three different states, i. e. the natural state without any artificial interference, the state of high - rise buildings on the surface, and the underground tunnel state with excavation for track traffic, and four plane lines and four vertical lines, analyzes and studies the distributing law of stress and displacement of calculation section from the following aspects : ( 1 ) the main stress vectorgraph, displacement distribution graph ( ux, uy ) and chromatogram graph of stress isoline ( 1, 2, xy ) of section under different states ; ( 2 ) the contrastive distribution curve of stress ( 1, 2, xy ) of different plane and vertical lines under the same state ; ( 3 ) the contrastive distribution curve of stress ( 1, 2, xy ) of the same plane and vertical lines under different states, wishing to provide references for underground space utilization and project designing and construction of the tunnel under high - rise buildings in the future

    本文結合重慶市大渡口區「三木花園」開發建設項目,從地下靜力結構穩定分析角出發,針對在該項目中涉及的高層和多層建築物以及在其地下20米處開挖了一個用於軌道交通的跨6米,高7 . 5米的地下隧道這一具體工程情況,採用2d - 3d -有限元結構分析程序對高層與多層建築物的地基基礎及其與城市軌道交通使用的地下隧道圍巖的應力與位移演變規律進行了有限元數值分析計算,探索了地下圍巖與高層或多層建築物地基基礎之的相互影響,通過考慮未受到任何人為擾動影響的天然狀態、地表存在多層或高層建築物狀態和地下開挖用於軌道交通的地下隧道狀態等三種不同狀態以及4個水平剖和4個垂直剖等不同情況,從以下幾個方面具體分析研究了計算斷面的應力與位移分佈規律: ( 1 )在各種不同狀態下計算斷面的主應力矢圖、位移分布圖( ux 、 uy )以及應力等值色譜圖( _ 1 、 _ 2 、 _ ( xy ) )等; ( 2 )相同狀態下不同水平與垂直剖的應力_ 1 、 _ 2和_ ( xy )對比分佈曲; ( 3 )不同狀態下相同水平或垂直剖的應力_ 1 、 _ 2和_ ( xy )的對比分佈曲等,為今後在對地下的開發利用以及在高層建築物地下開挖硐室時的工程設計和工程施工提供參考依據。
  4. Z - tranformation augmented fasf algorithm proposed in the dissertation can reduce the search space of integer ambiguity effectively, improve the effiency and real - time processing ability of integer ambiguity resolution ; it is essential to analyse the reliability of integer ambiguity after it was fixed, the ratio test algorithm proposed in the dissertation can reduce the time to fix new integer ambiguity after wrong fixes are detected ; to reduce further the number of epochs required for ambiguity resolution, that the baseline length constraint information which acts as observables is used to do kalman filtering to speed up ambiguity resolution is proposed

    本文提出的z變換增強fasf演算法能有效的減小模糊值搜索,提高整周模糊值解算的速和實時;整周模糊值確定后,需要對整周模糊值的可靠進行分析,本文提出的比率檢測演算法能有效的減少整周模糊值錯誤確定后整周模糊值二次解算所需要的時;為了進一步減少整周模糊值解算所需的歷元數目,本文提出把基先驗信息作為觀測進行卡爾曼濾波輔助整周模糊值求解。
  5. Abstract : based on the objectivity of space, time and their measuring, the author gives a ideal experiment of space and time measuring, educe the difference between true time and metrical time ( this difference results from the finity of light speed ), thus proves the relativity between metrical time and true time and the relativity between given reference points, gives the express formulas of relative velocity

    提要:從時及時的客觀、絕對出發,通過具體的、時理想實驗,導出測時刻、時與客觀時刻、時的差異(這種差異的根源在於光速傳播的有限) ,從而說明測時刻、時對于客觀物理及不同參照點的相對,給出了客觀勻速直運動的相對速表達式。
  6. The results showed that : ( 1 ) the models used by author and the analysis are useful and can be practiced. ( 2 ) after using isolation technology, the structure ' s period, earthquake response, base shear force and acceleration are all decreased markedly and the horizontal displacement focuses on isolation layer. ( 3 ) under frequent earthquake action, the shear force ratio between layers is close to 0. 35 ; in according with the provision in aseismic design code that the horizontal seismic reduction coefficient can choose 0. 53 and the upper building can be designed by decreasing one degree

    計算模型分別採用三維模型及規范中建議的彈簧、質模型,隔震層採用疊層橡膠隔震支座,運用大型結構有限元計算程序sap2000以及自主開發的nba結構程序計算隔震結構在多維地震動輸入下的動力非時程反應,同時研究了隔震結構在溫變化的作用下,結構各桿件的內力變化,通過對變電建築物在傳統抗震作用下及隔震作用下的分析比較,得出一些有益的結論。
  7. The results indicated that the dimension, shape and purity of base material could meet the functional demand of solid lubricant ; the thermal decomposition temperature of ptfe resin exceeds 400 c, but organic and inorganic packing filler added in ptfe made the water absorption rate of composite material increased, melting temperature and decomposition temperature decreased, in the meanwhile oxidative decomposition reaction was accompanied ; polar groups such as c = o, c - o - c and so on in the carbon fiber surface is advantageous to increase compatibility with other components and interlayer shearing strength ; uniform design experimental method could help to find the relationship between formula and frictional property by relatively small tests. the developing trend of each formula ' s friction coefficient could be showed by fitting curve ; the friction coefficient with no copper powder or graphite in formula was relatively big. this fact showed that copper powder and graphite should be used cooperatively ; it was found that when the ratio of copper powder to graphite by weight is 15 : 60, 30 : 30 - 40 and 60 : 15 - 30 respectively, the friction coefficient was relatively small. the degree of crystallinity of pure ptfe reached maximum by air cooling and the abrasion loss also reached maximum among three ones ; at the same time, the abrasion loss of solid lubricant sample was also the biggest among three ones ; when solid lubricant matched with 45 # steel axle or gcrl5 steel axle, lubricant transfer film could be formed on metal surface, thus direct contact between the surface of metal friction pair rings was reduced. their working life was elongated extremely ; there was mainly much graphite, a little ptff, moo3, feso4, cus and so on in lubricant transfer film

    試驗結果表明:所選原料的尺寸、形狀及純可滿足固體潤滑劑的能要求;聚四氟乙烯樹脂熱分解溫超過400 ,但在ptfe中加入無機填料會使復合材料吸水率提高,熔融溫及分解溫降低,且伴有氧化分解反應;碳纖維表面含有c = o及c - o - c等極基團,有利於提高其與其它組分的相容,提高層剪切強;均勻設計試驗方法能夠用較少的試驗次數找出配方與摩擦的關系,擬合曲基本能表示各配方的摩擦系數發展趨勢;配方中不加銅粉或不加石墨,其摩擦系數均較高,說明銅粉和石墨應該配合使用;當銅粉15份、石墨60份時,銅粉30份、石墨30 - 40份時,銅粉60 、石墨15 - 30份時,摩擦系數均具有較低值;純聚四氟乙烯樹脂在氣冷卻時結晶最大,磨損也是三者中最大的;同時,固體潤滑劑試樣在氣冷卻時的磨損也是三者中最大的:不論是固體潤滑劑與45 #鋼軸配副或是固體潤滑劑鑲嵌入銅套后與gcr15鋼軸配副,在金屬表面均可形成潤滑轉移膜,從而減少金屬摩擦副表面的直接接觸,大大延長其使用壽命;轉移膜中主要含有較多的石墨、少聚四氟乙烯、 moo 。
  8. 2. dynamics analysis : by setting up jacon matrix differential coefficient sport is passed to descartes space. it makes terminal executing manipulator produce differential coefficient of acceleration and force in every different coordinates can be got. then the effective inertia, coincident inertia and gravity load of two manipulators are calculated by lagrange method. so generalized joint torque of each joint is got, and along with equivalent driving torque, actual driving torque of each joint can be worked out. 3

    動力學分析:建立雅可比矩陣將關節的各關節的微分運動傳遞到笛卡爾,使末端執行器位姿產生微分運動,以用於求加速及力在不同坐標系變換,再用拉格朗日法計算兩機械手的有效慣、偶合慣、重力載荷,從而計算得到各關節的廣義關節力矩,並與等效驅動力矩共同算得各關節的驅動力矩。
  9. By taking advantages of epipolar line features and depth discontinuities in reference 中國科學院 軟件 研究所 博士 學位 論文 基于 圖 象 的 快速 繪制 技術 的 研究 images , an efficient inverse wmping algorithm is pfoposed in chapter 3 for gcnerating nagcs of novel views by combining multiple eference images 帆 enhm different vie 呷 oints because continuous segnents determi 。 d by pairs ofedge pixels at co 。 spending epipolar lines are order kept , only pairs of edge pixels in the reference 渝 明 e e necess 叨 口 cowute to obtain generalized disparity of all points in the desired image as a result , sighficant acceleraion could be made in the endering pfo 比 鴕 two accelerating techiq 此 s e presented in this algori 山 mb accelerate the hole illing process his algorithm extends the reference images rom projection of single col : ii ’ ected surface in previously developed nvnverse w 出 下 er to ima 驢 s captured rom complex scene in chapter 4 , an 《 dent ibr method is prese 庇 仙 y takn ull 訕 antage of 呷 bies c 咖 the method can simulate the 3d details on sllri : ace of object successfully he 。 叩 proach , called rered ature mopmp consists of two pans at fst , an origi 。 ltexture with orthogonal displacements per pixel is deco 啊 osed into a series of new t6 刀 mfcs with each 他 lug a given displacement per pixel , called ae , ea atures , or lt hen hese lt e used to render the novel view by conventional texture mapping d avoid gaps n the endered hlla 驢 , some phels are to be interpolated nd extended in the 廠 kaccoding to the depth differe eee between two neighbor pixels in the original texture as these ltlt fc … e much storage nd therefore much time is equired to install ltlt into the text ’ ufc buffec an 舊 thod is pfoposed to co 呷 fcss the ltlt , nd the cottcspondingfclldering method is given experimental esults show that the new method is efficient , especially n rendering those objects with a smaller depth rnge compared withtheir size , such as relief surfaces of building

    與己有的三維變換方法相比較,該方法不但成功地填補了由於投影區域擴張而產生的第一類洞,而且成功地填補了由於非連續物體相互遮擋而產生的第二類洞,從而方便地實現了虛擬環境中的漫遊;基於物體表面深的連續,本文提出了一個位移預測方法? ?此方法可以從單幅參考圖象獲得逆映射過程中所需要的目標圖象的位移信息,從而大大提高了演算法的效率:與通常的正向映射演算法相比,此演算法克服了多幅參考圖象所帶來的計算成倍增長等問題,而且誤差較小。 2 )基於極幾何的快速逆映射演算法。利用參考圖象的邊界信息與隱含的遮擋關系,以及極幾何的質,本文第三章提出了一個基於極幾何的快速3 『一中國科學院軟體研究所博士學位論文基於圖象的快速繪制技術的研究逆映射演算法,從多幅參考圖象精確合成當前視點目標圖象。
  10. The normalized factorial moments ( nfm ) show good scaling properties in isotropical partition of phase space ; the nfm ' s projected into three directions versus the. partition. number appear, to be saturated curves with similar in scaling behavior ; and the three hurst exponents are very close to unity. the levy - stability holds for the q = 2 ~ 5 order moments in 3 - dimensional phase - space

    發現:三維歸一化階乘矩( nfm )的分佈呈現出很好的標;階乘矩在各個方向上的一維投影呈現出彼此十分相似的飽和曲,且特徵參hurst指數都接近於1 ;高維相各階階乘矩的分佈滿足l vy穩定的要求。
  11. The main research contents of the physical design include : presenting the domestic and international status of space weather and expanding on the need and the importance about the space weather forecast ; sorting the disastrous space weather and discussing their effects and adapted prediction methods ; analyzing the solar disturbing resources of space weather and the precursor or concomitant phenomena of solar eruption based on the newest observational results ; probing into the radiation principle of solar short - wave ray and presenting the computing methods about solar continuum and line spectrum radiation ; extrapolating physical methods of reconstructing the temperature and the emission measure of coronal plasma ; argumenting the effective observing spectrum for space weather empirical forecast and space weather numerical forecast

    物理設計的主要研究內容包括:分析目前國內國際天氣預報的發展現狀及開展天氣預報的必要和重要;分類討論了災害天氣的種類、影響及目前國際上的預報方法:分析了天氣太陽擾動源及擾動源爆發的先兆現象或者伴生現象;討論了太陽短波輻射譜和連續譜輻射強的計算方法:推導了利用望遠鏡多波段的觀測結果反演日冕等離子體溫、發射等參數的物理方法:論證了開展天氣經驗預報和發展數值預報有效的成像譜段。
  12. According to more effect, when the hore component is placed in a gradient field, at the same time the direction of the current is perpendicular to the direction of the voltage, then between the two parallel side face come out the hore voltage. when hore component is set in this kind of uni - gradient magnetic field and the electric current is unchanged, the voltage output of hore component will be proportional to the position of the hore component in the magnetic field. so we can use the hore component to measure the movement of hore component against magnetic field

    根據霍爾效應可知,置於磁場中的霍爾元件若電流方向與磁場方向垂直,則在霍爾元件垂直於磁場和電流方向的兩個側面將產生電勢,將霍爾元件置於強位置變化的磁場中,且控制電流恆定,輸出就正比于霍爾元件處于磁場中的位置,因此可以用霍爾元件來測磁場與霍爾元件的相對位移
  13. At the initial stage of planar technique, b was employed as ideal diffusion impurity in base - region of npn si planar devices because of the match of its solid - solubility and diffusion coefficient in si with those of p in emission - region, and the good shield effect of sio2 film to b. but because of the relatively large solubility ( 5 1020 / cm3 at 1000 ) and the small diffusion coefficient, the linear slowly - changed distribution of acceptor b in pn junction can not be formed, which could not cater to the requirement of high - reversal - voltage devics. thereafter b - a1 paste - layer diffusion technology and close - tube ga - diffusion technology had been developed, while the former can lead to relatively large the base - region deviation and abruptly varied region in si, which caused severe decentralization of current amplification parameter, bad thermal stability and high tr ; the latter needed the relatively difficult pack technique, with poor repeatability, high rejection ratio, and poor diffusion quality and productio n efficiency

    在平面工藝初期,由於b在硅中的固溶、擴散系數與n型發射區的磷相匹配, sio _ 2對其又有良好的掩蔽作用,早被選為npn硅平面器件的理想基區擴散源,但b在硅中的固溶大( 1000時達到5 10 ~ ( 20 ) ,擴散系數小, b在硅中的雜質分佈不易形成pn結中雜質的緩變分佈,導致器件不能滿足高反壓的要求,隨之又出現了硼鋁塗層擴散工藝和閉管擴鎵工藝,前者會引起較大的基區偏差,雜質在硅內存在突變區域,導致放大系數分散嚴重,下降時t _ f值較高,熱穩定差;後者需要難較大的真封管技術,工藝重復差,報廢率高,在擴散質、生產效率諸方面均不能令人滿意。
  14. Simulation results of the method for a three - level inverter feeding induction motor are presented

    根據不同的運行速,選用不同的電壓進行組合,控制電機的定子磁鏈和電磁轉矩。
  15. Finally a set of equations with initiate values for boundary value problem is established where the velocity potential and its normal derivative are unknowns. because the model includes the effects of both the time and space to the velocity potential of free surface, it can be applied to strong nonlinear wave. as examples, solitary wave is computed in the numerical flume

    推導給出計算域內以所有節點波勢函數和波面位置高的時為未知方程組,並同時考慮時因素和變位對波面勢函數的影響,在預設的計算精下,通過時步內的循環迭代逐一確定每個時步上的波面運動位置,從而建立了一種可適于求解強非波浪變形計算的數值模式。
  16. How improving the capability of ict has become more and more an important task, for example, improving spatial resolution and density resolution, reducing scan time, enlarging the size of measure space, improving image quality, etc. moreover the question of the energy spectrum hardening and the photon scattering is one of important bottleneck to restrict the improvement of ict

    如何提高工業ct的能指標,如怎樣進一步提高解析、密解析,減少掃描時,增大可測工件尺寸,改善圖像質等等成為了ct界面臨的重要任務。而其中射的能譜硬化和散射問題,又是制約工業ct各項能指標提高的重要瓶頸之一。
  17. Comprehensive arrangement the location of kitchen & toilet in the house, rational division of the space of the kitchen & toilet ( eg. it is necessary to separate the dry from humid space in toilet, the clean from contaminated space in kitchen ), it is emphasized that decent space for kitchen & toilet and some flexible space is advocated in the design, the appurtenances arrangement should be coped with the human engineer, it is better to design pipe well and equipment layer to accommodate the various meters, wires and pipes. in order to save energy and water, it is recommend to use solar energy and the different quality water

    本著「以人為本」的設計思想,提出適宜經濟適用住宅的整體廚衛設計思路和方法,即:綜合協調廚衛在住宅中的位置;對廚衛進行合理分隔(衛生干濕分離,廚房潔污分離) ;廚衛各必須具有適宜的和面積保障,並提倡具備一定的面積彈設計;依據人體工效學原理進行廚衛部分設備的綜合布局;利用管道井、設備層綜合布局各種管儀表;採用分質供水設計系統和太陽能供能系統,達到節水節能;注重廚衛的排煙通風設計,提高室內環境質;考慮廚衛的適應能力,注重通用設計。
  18. In the paper, based on the existing literature research foundation an analog circuit catastrophic fault location approach by using feedforward networks with back ? propagation learning is realized. by this approach, the simulation require ments before test are reduced because fewer training samples are needed, and the fault location process is fast. this method is very efficient in location of single hard fault wit component tolerances. the measureme nt space feature and the general characterization concept of single and double soft fault in linear circuits are presented. according to this concept, a linear circuits soft fault location approach using subhidden layer bpnn is established with element tolerance, and it is shown that this approach is successful in fault location. a double fault feature extraction.,

    本文在現有文獻理論研究的基礎上實現了採用bp演算法前向多層神經網路對直流測試下模擬電路硬故障的診斷方法。其特點是採用少典型特徵樣本作為bp網路的訓練樣本,獲得訓練樣本的代價小,減少了測前工作,同時診斷速快,在考慮元件容差時仍有好的診斷效果。文中介紹了電路單一軟故障和雙軟故障所具有的電壓增和統一特徵概念。
  19. The following algorithms have been proposed and tested in the thesis : 1 frequency selective fading : combine the isomorphism between the input space and the output space and propose a new approach to blind equalization of the channel. compared with conventional methods, the new approach offers lower computational complexity, better performance, and more robust against the over - determination of the system order ; 2 time selective fading : a new approach to the equalization of time selective channel based on the zero - forced equalizer is proposed which is more simple in its structure of algorithm ; 3 time - varying channel : using the instantaneous mean value changes of the output signal to extract the information of channel variations and model it using ar model, kalman filter is then employed to track channel variations, it bears faster ability in tracking the variation of tv channels ; based on the isomorphism between the inputs and the outputs and some of the approaches using in mimo system, a new algorithm of equalization of simo time - varying channel is proposed, which also share the merits of being robust against the over - determination of the system order ; model the time - varying channel using the multi - resolution decomposition wavelets, and then a blind identification method based " on the model is proposed ; at last, a new model for equalization and identification of mimo system is proposed

    主要工作在以下幾個方面: 1 、針對頻率選擇衰落通道:結合輸入輸出同構關系提出一種新的頻率選擇通道均衡方法,與傳統方法相比,該方法計算更小,收斂速更快,能更優,且對系統階次的過確定表現穩健,具有實際均衡應用價值; 2 、針對時選擇衰落通道:提出一種基於迫零均衡的時選擇通道均衡方法,演算法結構簡單; 3 、針對時變色散通道:利用瞬態均值曲提取通道時變信息,對之ar建模,利用卡爾曼濾波器跟蹤時變通道抽頭變化,可以快速跟蹤通道變化;基於輸入輸出的同構關系以及多輸入多輸出系統的處理方法,提出了新的單輸入多輸出色散時變通道均衡與識別演算法,同樣具有對通道階次過確定保持穩健的優點;結合小波多解析分析提出一種基於小波模型的通道盲識別演算法;研究時變的多輸入多輸出系統的盲均衡與盲反卷積問題,給出一種時變系統處理模型。
  20. These are 18. 100b ( analysis and metric spaces ) and 18. 700 ( linear algebra ). the course 18. 101 ( calculus in several variables ) would be useful and some familiarity with topological groups is also helpful

    學生需要預修18 . 100b (分析和)和18 . 700 (代數) 。預修過課程18 . 101 (多變數微積分)或者熟悉拓撲群都對學習本課程有幫助。
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