They are jinfo mountain in nanchuan county ( natural protection section ), wuling mountain in qianjiang county ( national emphases forest demonstration county which forest cover rate is beyond 50 % ) and zhongliang mountain in beibei county ( artificial destruction is very grave ). some main land use patterns i. e. woodland, garden, infield, abandon infield, shrub and grassplot are selected in those three sample sites. four aspects on soil fertility index of karst environment under different land use patterns in these three sample sites, are revealed in this paper, by using the field test, indoor measure and analysis, outdoor experiment and field investigation, and the knowledge and technique of soil, ecology, physics and chemistry etc. they are physical characteristic ( effective soil thickness, organic layer thickness, soil texture, water - stable aggregate and soil water etc. ), chemical fertility ( organism, omni - n, omni - p, omni - k, alkali - nitrogen, available p, available k and rapid available k etc. ), soil animalcule ( bacteria, fungi, actinomyces and their grosses ) and soil - seed - pool ( plant community diversity index ) in karst ecosystem
本研究以重慶市的南川金佛山（自然保護區） 、黔江武陵山（國家重點退耕還林示範縣，森林覆
蓋率50以上）和北碚中梁山（遭人為破壞嚴重）典型巖溶區為對象，選擇了幾種重要的利用方式，包括林地、果園、耕地、棄耕地和灌草坡，採用野外巖溶生態調查和室內試驗測量分析相結合的方法，以不同土地利用方式巖溶土壤肥力為重點，對不同土地利用方式土壤肥力特徵進行量化分析，找出巖溶土壤肥力差異的主要方面及其根本原因，論文主要從土壤剖面物理退化指標（有效土層厚度、有機質層厚度、質地、團聚體、水分含量等） ，化學肥力退化指標（有機質、全n 、全p 、全k 、堿解n 、速效p和速效k等） ，樣地土壤微生物指標（細
菌、真
菌、放線
菌數量及總量）以及樣地土壤種子庫植物群落多樣性等4個方面對重慶典型巖溶區的土壤肥力特徵進行了較為詳細的分析研究，為巖溶地區士壤資源的合理利用及結構的調控管理提供依據。
In aerial parts of the plant the outer wall of the epidermis is usually covered by a waxy cuticle that prevents desiccation, protects the underlying cells from mechanical damage, and increases protection against fungi, bacteria, etc
植物地上部分的表皮的最外層通常覆
蓋一層蠟質角質層，起保護作用以防止過渡蒸騰，並使下方的細胞免於機械損傷，同時增加對真
菌、細
菌等的防禦能力。
2. the content and distribution of the main amanitoxins and phallotoxins in three tissues ( cap, stipe and volva ) of the four lethel amanitas were evaluated. the result showed that the highest content of total tcxins was displayed in the pileus
對四種劇毒鵝膏
菌不同部位的毒素分析表明：其毒素含量都是
菌蓋中最高，在鵝膏毒肽與鬼筆毒肽兩類毒素中，除a
The total toxins content in stipe was lower, whereas the volva had the lowest content of total toxins. the content of amanitoxins is always higher than the content of phallotoxins in any tissues of the four amanitas but a. phalloides. furthermore, the relative content of phallotoxins is inceasing from cap to stipe to volvain in the four lathel amanitas
Phalloides外，在其它三種鵝膏
菌中都是鵝膏毒肽類毒素的含量占優勢，而鬼筆毒肽類毒素的相對百分含量在這四種劇毒鵝膏
菌中都是從
菌蓋到
菌柄到
菌托依次增加。
In china alone, perhaps 10m died in scorched - earth campaigns, massacres of civilians and biological warfare ? all glossed over by revisionists, and still taught at some schools as merely “ the china incident ”
僅在中國，就有近1000萬人因「三光政策」 、平民大屠殺和細
菌戰而喪命，但修正主義者卻皆力掩
蓋這一史實，僅僅稱之為「中國事件」 ，至今一些學校仍如此教育學生。
There is a film of mould over the bottle cap.
瓶
蓋上有一層薄薄的黴
菌。
The content of amatoxins decent rapidly when it is withering. 4. the total amatoxins from a. fuliginea carpophore in different size were studied
但當子實體
菌蓋直徑達7 . 0cm時，其總毒素含量反而有所下降。
The total amatoxins concentration from carpophore of a. fuliginea collected in different development stages were studied. the result showed that the highest content of total amatoxins ( 23793. 3 g / g ) was found in the carpophore with the cap free from veil but the gill concealed by veil and, the lowest content of total amatoxins ( 4674
灰花紋鵝膏
菌不同發育時期的子實體毒素分析表明：以
菌蓋尚未充分展開，內
菌幕即將破裂時的毒素含量最高（ 23793 . 3 g g ） ，在凋萎時急劇降低（ 4674 . 9 g g ） ，只有最高時的19 . 65 。
Abalonus and p. cystiodisus, iii p. tuber - regium, imp. citrinopileatus, v the other tested isolates, including p. ostreatus, p. florida, p. sapidus, p. corticatus, p. cornucopias, p. columbinus, p. spodoleucus, p. ferulae, p. nebrodensis, p. eryngii, p. pulmonarius, p. sajor - caju and pleurotus sp
28srdna5 』端pcr ? rflp聚類分析結果表明，在92的相似系數下，可將52個側耳
菌株分為五類：紅平菇和桃紅平菇；鮑魚菇和囊
蓋側耳：具核側耳；金頂側耳；其它供試側耳。
Cluster analysis based on rapd showed that at 76 % similarity level, all tested isolated could be clusted into nine groups, i. e. 1 p. ostreatus and p. florida, ii p. ostreatm p. sapidus, p. spodoleucus and p. eryngii, iii p. colnmbinus, p. corlicalus, p. cornucopiae, p. nebrodensis and p. ferulae ; iv p. pulmonarius and p. sajor - caju, v three isolates with indefinite species, vi p. luber - regium, vii p. cilrinopileatus, viii p. djamor and p. salmoneoslramincus, ix p. abalonus and p. cysliodism. 4. a single uniform product 1. 46kb in size resulted from pcr amplification of the 5 " half of the 28s rrna gene for all isolates of pleurolus and the other three genera
隨機擴增多態性dna的聚類分析表明，在76相似水平下，可將供試的側耳
菌株聚成九大類，第一大類包括糙皮側耳、佛羅里達側耳；第二大類包括美味側耳、灰白側耳、剌芹側耳；第三大類包括哥倫比亞側耳、裂皮側耳、黃白側耳、阿魏蘑、白阿魏蘑；第四大類包括肺形側耳和鳳尾菇；第五大類為3株未定名的側耳；第六大類僅有具核側耳；第七大類為金頂側耳；第八大類包括紅平菇和桃紅側耳；第九大類包括鮑魚菇和囊
蓋側耳。
Postoperative wound sterile gauze covered about a week
術后創面
蓋無
菌紗布約一周。
Cover the wound with swab and sterile gauze
用無
菌紗布及藥水膠布
蓋好傷口。
The nurse used a sterile gauze to cover his wound
護士以一塊無
菌紗布覆
蓋他的傷口。
The mucilaginous covering often found around the cell membrane in bacteria
3莢膜：在細
菌細胞膜中發現的具有粘性的覆
蓋物。
Translocated materials occurred in the pileus after 30 minutes.
轉運物質30分鐘后才在
菌蓋中出現。
The stalk of mushroom or toadstool, which bears the cap or pileus
菌柄：蘑菇或傘
菌結構的一部分，其上著生
菌蓋。
Among hms tested, cd was highly accumulated while pb was slow. hms in pileus was higher than stipe. when cu, pb, cd, concentration are 100, 300, 1
應用原子吸收分光光度計和氨基酸自動分析儀測定平菇，發現重金屬和氨基酸在
菌蓋中的含量明顯高於
菌柄。
5mg. kg - 1 respectively, zn concentration decreases in pileus when other hms were added, cu, pb, cd, concentration increasion in pleurotus ostreatus, the transformation and distribution is higher than single element, cd > zn > cu > pb
菌蓋中鋅隨著銅、鉛、鎘的加入而減少，表現為拮抗作用；但當其他重金屬元素存在時，平菇吸收富集銅、鉛、鎘皆表現為協同作用。
The diameter of fungus lid and stem for 101 # bred hybrid new specie is between its parents. its yield is however is increased a lot
雜交新品種101 #的
菌蓋、
菌柄的直徑、
菌蓋厚度和
菌柄長度介於兩親本之間，其產量有較大提高。
Preparation of pod solution : cutting stem and lid of 108 different concentrated folacin acid into pieces and mixed from 9 cans of each group with 12 groups in total
對12組每組9瓶共108瓶經不同濃度葉酸處理銀針菇的菌蓋、菌柄剪碎混勻后，從每份樣品中稱取0 。
