計價過低 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [jìjiàguòdī]
計價過低 英文
undervaluation
  • 計 : Ⅰ動詞1 （計算） count; compute; calculate; number 2 （設想; 打算） plan; plot Ⅱ名詞1 （測量或計算...
  • 價 : 名詞1. （價格） price 2. （價值） value 3. [化學] （化合價） valence
  • 過 : 過Ⅰ動詞[口語] （超越） go beyond the limit; undue; excessiveⅡ名詞（姓氏） a surname
  • 計價 : valuation
  1. Through test and calculation, the paper find that : the isolation effect of integrated isolation bearing is good, withal it ' s briefness construction and installation, the integrated isolation bearing is a promising isolation bearing

    本論文通過實驗、計算分析認為：功能分離式減震支座減震效果良好，製造安裝方便、造價低廉，是一種很有發展前景的減震支座。
  2. This paper introduces one novel protected clutch, which is simple in construction, good in usability, low for cost and movement expenditure, long for working life, rapid for jont or separation, compensable for all kinds of offset, and protected for overload

    摘要介紹一種結構簡單、工藝性好，造價、運行費用低廉，壽命長，可在運動中迅速接合分離，可補償兩軸之間的任何偏移，能過載安全保護的新型安全離合器的結構設計。
  3. Abstract : in the research of internal combustion engine, recordingin - cylinder pressure and temperature is an essential technique to study the thermal cycle of internal combustion engine. the combustion analyzer developed in this study will give both the measurements at sampling points per crank angle or sampling cycle, calculate and show the real time parameters which decide the working process of internal combustion engine, such as pressure accelerating rate, indicateed mean effective pressure, cycle - to - cycle variation, heat release rate, etc. compared with the imported congeneric products, the analyzer has many advantages such as chinese interface, low price, easy operateing, convenience in maintainance and easy upgrading

    文摘:為了測錄內燃機缸內的壓力及溫度，開發了一種內燃機燃燒分析儀.該分析儀由國產高速數據採集卡及自行開發的控制軟體組成.它不僅能精確設置每度曲軸轉角內采樣點的個數和採集循環數，而且在採集過程中能實時計算和表徵內燃機工作過程的壓力升高率、平均指示壓力、循環變動率、放熱率等參數.經實際使用以及與國外產品相比表明，此分析儀具有全中文界面、價格低、操作簡單、使用維護方便、功能便於擴充等優點
  4. An ensample that had been made use of the fact was used to validate the finite element method. the important of optimization was showed through material optimization based on full stress

    通過滿應力的局部材料優化，明顯減輕了材料的自重，為設計提供了依據，降低了造價。
  5. The ecosystem service functions of gansu is analyzed from six facts, such as grassplot ecosystem, forest ecosystem, watershed ecosystem, farmland ecosystem, desertification ecosystem and city ecosystem. this thesis simulates a latent ecosystem using vegetation type map to explain preferably how landscape pattern impacts the service function of ecosystem. the unit price of every service function is known by annual average value schedule of global ecosystem service function

    為了更好地說明景觀格局變化對生態系統服務功能的影響，通過植被類型圖模擬了潛在生態系統，根據全球生態系統服務功能的年平均價值一覽表查得各服務功能單價值，將其服務功能價值進行計算並與現實生態系統服務功能價值進行比較得出：由於現實生態系統人為的干擾作用，使得生態系統服務功能價值降低了1022 . 85 10 ~ 6美元。
  6. This article contains three parts, five chapters. the first part introduces the incentive models of actual bonus stock synoptically, analyses the stock on hand, option shares and stock option, the three kind of important incentive models, on rights and incumbencies, value and the incentive guidance by contrast. the second part discusses the difficulties and influential factors in the design of technical bonus stock, quests for the incentive models of technical bonus stock, analyses superiority and inferior position in action, difference and interosculation between them, discusses the need and significance for the technical bonus stock reanimation in the middle - small technicalfilms. in order to make use of the technical bonus stock distribution mechanism fully, inspire the talent of technologists, encourage their devotion to films, we have some important discussion on the technical bonus stock distribution policy, introduce the distributed models of technical bonus stock, point out the questions in the excutive course, and offer the solution correspondingly. in the third part, we discuss the technical stock option design on middle - small technical films, and consider the logical thoughtfulness in the course of reanimation as follows : the more outstanding achievement for the powered man the more increase on special target the lower price on technical option premium the more profit the more effective reanimation. in the parameter, a set of detailed program is designed, which includes establishment of incentive fund, institution of merit system for the plan ' s grantors, award of stock option, determination of premium, so as to reduce random in the incentive course, have a great effect on the mormative management for the

    本文內容共分為五章三大部分，第一部分概括性地介紹了現行股權激勵方式，對現股、期股和期權這三種重要的激勵方式，從權利義務、價值和激勵導向三個方面進行了對比分析；第二部分探討了技術股權設計的難點和影響因素，討論了我國中小科技企業技術股權激勵的方式，分析它們在激勵中的優勢和不足，以及它們之間的區別與聯系，並對中小科技企業實施技術股權激勵的必要性和意義進行了探討。在文中還重點討論了中小科技企業技術股權分配的策略，介紹了技術股權紅利分配方式，指出在技術股權激勵過程中應注意的問題，並提出相應的解決辦法，目的在於充分利用技術股權分配機制，來激發技術人員潛在的創新能力，激勵他們為企業作貢獻；第三部分著重探討了中小科技企業技術股份期權的方案設計，在激勵方面，按照技術期權獲受人的業績越突出特定的指標增長越快行權價越低獲利越多激勵效果越好的邏輯思路進行考慮；在參數設計方面，對技術期權計劃中激勵基金、授予和考核、行權價格等參數進行了詳細地分析設計，旨在減少技術期權激勵過程中的隨意性，為中小科技企業的規范化管理起到一定的指導和借鑒作用。
  7. The author considers as follows : ( 1 ) we should understand how to define the price of architecture products the cost of engineering and the price of engineering, we should compare the connotations of plan price, float price and market price, we should clarify how engineering cost and architecture installation engineering cost are formed and what is the difference between balance price and final accounts price ; ( 2 ) through analyzing and comparing the account bases and composing contents of enterprise individual production cost and social average production cost, analyzing from the design mechanism ' s function of auction and bid and the purpose of actualizing auction and bid, we can confirm that the foundation that the titles are weeded when judged is enterprise individual production cost, not social average production cost ; ( 3 ) the author considers there is diverge between shop drawing budget based on ration and auction and bid, carrying out bill quantity of construction works can advance the formation of cons truction - product market price, also is the outset and integrant route to close international, but though code of valuation with bill quantity of construction works has a lot of advantage to advance the form of architecture market price, we also see it has lack and it should be amended

    針對以上問題，筆者認為：應該了解建築產品價格與工程造價、工程價格是如何界定的、比較建築產品的計劃價格、浮動價格與市場價格的含義，搞清楚工程造價的構成和建築安裝工程費用的構成以及竣工結算價格與決算價格的區別；通過分析、比較建築產品的「社會平均生產成本」和「企業個別生產成本」的計算依據和構成內容，從招標投標的設計機制的功能和實施招投標的目的來分析，確認在評標中剔除低於成本價標書的依據是投標企業的個別生產成本，而不是社會平均生產成本；筆者認為以定額為計價依據的施工圖預算方法與招標投標之間存在悖論，工程量清單計價的推行是對建築產品市場價格形成改革的推進，也是建築產品價格形成方式與國際接軌的開端與必經之路，但是也必須認識到雖然《建設工程工程量清單計價規范》具有推進建築市場價格形成的諸多優勢，但仍存在不足與需要完善的地方。
  8. On the basis of the study of the theory and appraise method on land use in the small towns from home and abroad, this paper at first conducts a deep study on the development and role of the small towns, indicating that its development has sawn an uneven development phrase and becomes a carrier of the enterprises, a pool of surplus laborers, a hub of material exchanges between the rural and urban areas, a base of spiritual civilization, an important way to achieve urbanization. second, it conducts a study on the situation and features and the problems the land use, indicating that the efficiency of the land use is low, which has a direct influence on the development of agriculture and the role of the small towns. and the study of the demand of the land indicates the shortage of land is serious, and the small town must rationally use the land and increases its intensive role and the economical efficiency to meet the demand

    在分析國內外已有關于小城鎮土地利用的理論與評價方法的基礎上，首先對小城鎮在我國的發展、地位和作用進行了深入的分析，判明我國小城鎮發展經歷了一個曲折向上的發展階段，已成為鄉鎮企業的載體，農村剩餘勞動力的蓄水池，城鄉物資交流的樞紐，農村精神文明的基地，是我國城市化的重要途徑；其次，對小城鎮土地資源利用現狀和特徵進行了探討，並對發展小城鎮建設導致的土地利用問題進行了剖析，表明目前我國大多數小城鎮土地效益和規模效益低下，佔用耕地過多，直接影響農業的發展，影響小城鎮的地位和作用；通過小城鎮土地供需分析研究表明，我國土地短缺十分嚴峻，小城鎮土地需求缺口較大，小城鎮必須合理利用現有土地，增強集約功能和土地經濟效益，從而緩解需求壓力；最後，論文通過運用特爾菲法，描述統計分析法、多元統計分析（主成分分析）法和系統分析法中的層次分析法（ ahp ）等一系列方法，結合定性和定量兩方面，從土地質量、土地資源數量與結構、土地經濟效益、環境效益、社會效益等五個方面進行分析，篩選、建立了土地資源利用評價指標體系，在因子評價的基礎上，建立了土地利用綜合評價模型，並給出了評價過程和方法。
  9. The thesis analyses the present situation and existing problems of construction pricing management of liaohe oilfield based on the research of management mode of engineering pricing combined with the supporting of relevant theories. lt puts forward with the pricing method of listing the amount of work to meet with the demand of connection with international practice of joint - stock company. lt is of great realistic importance to liaohe oilfield in terms of investment control, cost reduction and competitive power enhancement for a continuous and steady development

    本文通過對工程造價管理模式的研究，結合相關理論的支撐，分析了遼河油田工程造價管理的現狀和存在的問題，提出適合遼河油田工程造價管理的工程量清單計價方法，以適應上市公司與國際慣例接軌的需要，這對遼河油田控制投資、降低成本、提高企業自身的競爭能力，保證遼河油田的持續穩定發展，都具有重大的現實意義。
  10. Abstract : the article discusses the short comings of historical cost measure method used in china ' s accounting field. under the market economic condition, based on historical cost principle, the current accounting should use the following methods, equity - method, the method of cost or market prices are getting lower, lower, mothod of cost or net realizable value of gething lower and lower, and future discounted cash - flow model etc, in order to solve the new problems which will happen in the future

    文摘:指出了我國會計界過去常用的歷史成本計量方法的不足之處，提出了在市場經濟條件下，現代會計應採用以歷史成本計量為主的多種計量方法的計量體系，其中包括：公允價值計價法、成本與市價孰低法、成本與可變現凈值孰低法、未來現金流量貼現值計價法等，才能合理解決新出現的有關計量的問題。
  11. So the most urgent problem to solve is how to improve the audit quality. to improve listed companies ' information disclosure and caps ' securities audit quality, csrc has made a new measure " a shares supplementary auditing ". in fact, high securities audit quality decides in a good system. one choice is to establish the audit quality evaluation system and a perfect audit quality control system, which can instruct investors to make rational decisions. in this, study, a theoretical framework of audit quality evaluation system is presented including two parts : apprasing standards system of accounting firms ' audit quality and evaluation system of specific audit engagement ' s audit quality, followed inspectively by the empirical analysis of the audit quality based on the listed companies ' 2001year financial statements, and make an comparative analysis of audit quality control system between america and china, disclose shortness of our audit quality control system. in order to improve effectively audit quality, some relevant suggestion and means are provided

    本文認為，注冊會計師證券審計質量要真正得到提高，關鍵在於一個好的制度安排。制度選擇之一就是建立一個可操作的質量評價體系和完善的全面質量控制體系，為投資者導航引向、趨利避害。本文在參考大量國內外相關研究理論的基礎上，研究了審計質量低劣的理論成因，嘗試構建了審計質量替代指標的理論體系，包括事務所審計質量的替代指標和單個審計項目審計質量的替代指標，並結合2001年度年報進行了實證分析；通過對美國和中國審計質量控制體系的對比分析，揭示我國審計質量控制體系的缺陷以及從美國經驗得到的啟示，並提出改進審計質量的途徑和相關建議，包括宏觀、中觀、微觀三個層次的全面質量管理策略和獨立審計經營戰略。
  12. Based on the idea of satisfying the function with the lowest lifespan cost of value engineering, the article tends to choose the winner of the bidder with work frame of value engineering, namely, converts appraising of technical bid, commercial bid, especially bid appraising without given bid price and appraising of major unit price items of the commercial bid, which is different from practice in traditional bid appraising process, into flow chart of value engineering and converts the complicated multi - objectives decision making process into simple comparison of the mathematic figure

    基於價值工程以最低的壽命周期總成本完成滿足用戶要求的功能的核心，探討了在評標過程中遵循價值工程的理念，將清單計價模式下的技術評審，商務評審，特別是商務評審中有別于傳統計價模式的無底招標、主要單價評審納入到價值工程的工作流程中，將標書的評審轉換為對每個有效投標人的價值系數的簡單數學比較，並以此作為選擇中標人的依據。
  13. Observers say that the $ 344m figure is an underestimation of the losses, as many planned experiments will simply not be launched

    觀察家說3億4千4百萬的價格是對損失的過低預估，將使眾多計畫好的實驗完全無法開始。
  14. The purpose of the subject is to design a monitoring system which is small, reliable, low price and complete function for railway signal power, the signal system ' s heart. the system is suitable to the unwatched power room of the locality, while the work such as collecting, communication, alarm and so on is accomplished by the way of long - range control

    本課題研究的目的是為鐵路信號系統設備的心臟?鐵路信號電源設計一個體積小、安全可靠、價格低、功能完備的監控系統，使之適用在當地無人執守的電源室里，而一切諸如採集、通訊、報警等工作都可以通過遠程監控的方式來實現。
  15. Third, some optimization is taken into the algorithm to reduce the computational cost while mosaic images of high re solution

    此外，演算法還對計算過程進行了優化，降低了高解析度圖像的拼接代價。
  16. The design of vehicle suspension system must be adapted to the requirement of the ride comfort and the control stability. it ' s difficult for traditional passive suspension to enhance the ride comfort. however, semi - active suspension can meet the ride comfort well because its suspension parameters such as damp coefficient or spring firmness can be adjustable

    車輛懸架系統的設計必須適應行駛平順性和操縱穩定性的要求，傳統的被動懸架系統已無法從結構設計上使車輛具有良好的平順性，而半主動懸架由於其懸架參數如阻尼、彈簧剛度等具有可調性，使得它可以很好地滿足車輛行駛過程的需要，同時與主動懸架相比，由於工作中幾乎不消耗發動機的功率，結構簡單，造價較低，因此受到車輛工程界的廣泛重視。
  17. Abstract : according to time - sharing price counting policy of electricpower, the relationships of current density and current efficiency at different ratios of sulfuric acid and zinc are obtained through analyzing process data of electrolytic zinc process ( ezp ), and an optimization model of time - sharing power supply dispatching system ( tpsds ) of ezp is established. an single - loop simulated anneling algorithm with mutation and variable searching spaces is proposed and applied to the tpsds to obtain optimal time - sharing power supply scheme. industrial practical results show that the optimal dispatching system can greatly decrease the power consumption of ezp and increase the time - sharing profits

    文摘:依據電力部門的分時計價政策，根據由生產過程數據所建立的不同酸鋅比下電流密度與電流效率間關系，建立鋅電解過程分時供電優化模型.同時，提出一種帶變異操作和變搜索空間的單循環模擬退火演算法，並將該演算法應用於分時供電優化調度，獲得最優的分時供電方案.工廠運行結果表明：整個優化調度系統能顯著降低鋅電解過程的電耗並增加分時效益
  18. It emphasize in the macro view that we should enhance the lawmaking, develop association about engineering cost management, and broaden the service field of the organization on engineering cost consultation etc. from the micro view, considering that the architecture ' s price may be totally formed by the market and it may connect with international tradition, we discussed how to ferry stream from quota price to bill - quantity price, how to ferry stream from government making - price to enterprise free making - price. also we discussed how to compile bill - of - quantity, how to determine price of bidding strategies of bidding and how to quote price under the bill - of - quantity model. study of a certain reasonable low price, problems and countermeasures of the lowest bid approach in making bid and inviting bid has been discussed too

    強調：宏觀上，工程造價管理要加強立法、加強工程造價管理協會的建設、拓寬工程造價咨詢機構的服務面等；微觀上，針對建築產品價格完全由市場形成及與國際慣例接軌的要求，討論在剛剛開始推行工程量清單計價模式下，如何使定額計價向工程量清單計價過渡，建築產品如何由政府定價向企業自主定價過渡，以及工程量清單編制、標底價格的確定、施工企業的投標報價；研究在工程招投標過程中， 「合理低價」的確定方法，無標底招標可能出現的問題及對策；最後提出費用組成及計價方式的改革，使得工程造價更符合工程的實際情況，更有利於企業間的競爭。
  19. Based on the present theory, the paper presented a security ; inexpensive and complete control system for the power supply of cp, which is the heart of pipeline cp system. all the work, such as data collection, communication, display and alarm, can be realized by remote control

    在現有的理論基礎上，本文為埋地管線陰極保護系統設計防腐電源，並為防腐電源設計了安全可靠、價格低、功能完備的監控系統，一切諸如採集、通訊、顯示、報警等工作都是通過遠程監控的方式來實現。
  20. By analyzing and comparing with the comprise, pricing base pricing mode and reform course of the construction price of building and installation project both home and abroad, using the theory and method of the construction cost and market economy, this paper analyzes and dissertates how to confirm the construction cost on the planned economy period, the planned economy transiting to market economy period economy transiting to market economy period and the market economy period, and besides, proposes that it is the most reasonable method that determination of the construction cost should be market - oriented ; " controlling amount, loss up price, offering by enterprise ' s own and formed by market finally " is the best pricing mode for confirming the market - oriented construction cost, however, biding by electing the reasonable low - price to win the bid is the most effective means for realizing the pricing mode of market economy

    工程造價管理的改革是我國建設市場改革的瓶頸和切入點。建立市場經濟的計價模式，合理確定工程造價是工程造價管理改革的目標。本文通過對國內外建安工程造價的構成、計價依據、計價模式及其改革過程的比較分析，運用工程造價及市場經濟的理論和方法，對計劃經濟時期、計劃經濟向市場經濟過渡期、市場經濟時期如何合理確定工程造價進行了研究論述，提出了工程造價的確定實行市場化是最合理的方法， 「控制量，放開價，企業自主報價，最終由市場形成工程造價」是工程造價確定市場化的最佳計價模式，而推行合理低價中標法招標是實現市場經濟計價模式最有效的手段。
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