轉換制約 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [zhuǎnhuànzhìyāo]
轉換制約
英文
transformational constraint-
The second part analyses the resistance during the reform program which mainly arising from the following aspectsrthe ideological obstacle on the reformation ; the difficulties on the function transition of the local govemment ; the inconvertible vested interest of the local government ; the legal system of administrative organizations is not in perfect condition ; lack of authorized restrictive mechanism ; the limit maneuver of people diversion ; social welfare system reform and other auxiliary reforms are backward
第二部分分析了市縣鄉政府機構改革的阻力。即在市縣鄉政府機構改革問題上存在著思想障礙；職能轉換難；部門利益化的阻礙；行政組織法制不健全，缺乏權威有效的制約機制；人員分流的迴旋餘地小；社會保障制度改革和其它配套改革滯后等。Finally, it will bring about the transformation of the education mode of thinking. all these are doing a work of prerequisite cretique in educational mode of thinking, so it will lead education research methodology from abstractionism to practicalism
在完成對傳統的教育理論思維方式的關鍵制約因素? ?教育理論悖論本性看法轉換的基礎上，完成教育理論研究思維方式的轉換，開始轉向以「實踐為中介」的教育理論研究階段。Comparing with the stockjobbers outside, although we can also enjoy the same treatment with others, we are still too weak even from the capital size capital strength managerial mechanism managerial efficiency to the stuff of talented person along with entering the wto, our stock market will completely be opened, abroad stockjobbers will threaten our stockjobbers seriously when they are familiar with the operations of our lacal ones, however, we can also obtain more and more opportunities at the same time : the market of our local stockjobbers will become wider from local to international capital market, it can advanced the speed of our local securities industry to improve the system conditions, to renovate manage system, to ameliorate the technic measures, to enrich the xervice breeds ; besides, it can also drive us to adjust the economica l structure, optimize the station of resource, transform the manage mechanism, all of these will provide a wider space for the local stockjobbers after entering the wto, the main develop trends of local stockjobbers are express at : invest - banking operations will become more important, the broking competition will be more fury, the property management will become the rising point of new profits of us
雖然按對等原則，我國證券業也可以進入其他締約國金融市場並享受該國資本的同等待遇，但與境外券商相比，境內券商無論是在資產規模、資金實力、管理機制、經營效率，還是人才素質上，都無法與之抗衡。加入wto后，證券市場終將全面開放，國外證券公司在熟悉中國證券市場的操作后，將對國內券商的業務構成嚴重的威脅，以往國內券商發展業務的許多手段都將很快失靈，從而對券商的經營思路和發展戰略產生深刻的影響。然而，加入wto也使我國證券業獲得了更多新的發展機遇：將使國內券商的生存發展空間進一步拓展到國際資本市場的大舞臺；將從外部促使中國證券業向著市場化、規范化和多功能化的國際證券業發展趨勢快速推進，從而使證券業發展的制度環境得以改善；將促使我國券商更新管理體制，提高管理水平，改進和創新技術手段、業務方式和服務品種，提升競爭層次；此外，加入wto還將推動我國的經濟結構調整、資源優化配置和企業經營機制轉換，為券商開拓業務和進行各種創新活動提供了了廣闊的空間。Since we implement the policy of reform and opening up, being hampered by historical condition and micro - environment, every level of local governments has n ' t extricated itself from the circle of " reduction - expansion - reduction - expansion ", although after four tunes of great reform in 1982, 1988, 1993 and 1998, especially in the later two years, we have made great efforts to change the government ' s function
改革開放以來，各級地方政府雖然於1982年、 1988年、 1993年、 1998年進行了四次規模較大的改革，特別是1993年和1998年的機構改革，在轉換職能上做了很大的努力，但由於歷史條件的制約和宏觀環境的限制，還不能完全擺脫「精簡-膨脹-再精簡-再膨脹」的怪圈。In chapter 9 we summarize the whole paper, and explain the shortages of this paper and problems to further study. main conclusions of this paper are as follows : the first, state - owned funds have always been predominant in venture capital sources in china, and this caused the " government - operated model " which leads to excessive government ' s interferes and distorted venture capital contracts ; the second, limited partnership contract is better than incorporated company contract, because the former has obvious advantages in not only encouragement and controls, but also in investors " profits. however, this paper insists, incorporated company contracts will still be very popular in the near future because limited partnership still be illegal in most provinces of china ; the third, venture capitalists " share of profits in compensation clause of fundraising contracts is influenced by investors " attitude towards difficulties and obstacles of future investment
本文研究的主要結論：第一，在我國風險資本來源中，政府風險資本一直居於主導地位，這造就了我國風險投資的「官辦官營」模式，使其契約機制從一開始就帶有「行政干預」的烙印；第二，有限合夥契約在約束機制、激勵機制、投資者收益三個方面都明顯優于公司制契約，因此是我國風險融資契約的發展方向，但由於有限合夥在我國受到法律限制，公司制契約在一定時期內仍是我國風險融資契約的主要形式；第三，融資契約報酬條款中的激勵系數受主體先驗概率影響，借鑒有限合夥契約，可對我國公司制融資契約進行改造與重構；第四，與債權契約、普通股契約相比，可轉換優先股契約可以有效緩解風險投資過程中的信息不對稱、降低代理成本，因此是我國風險投資契約的最優選擇。Finally, we convert this optimal problem to a nonlinear parameter optimization problem by collocation method. these studies examine the collocation method in case of equally or non - equally spaced division points, and in case of different numbers of nodes
本文採用直接搜索法和節點配置，將連續動態最優控制問題轉換為靜態離散的數值優化問題，並對狀態和控制變量的約束進行轉化。Constrained by the inherent textual property of bilingual dictionaries, their translation has its unique features : ( 1 ) methods such as omission and conversion are not allowed in translating the headwords ; ( 2 ) the stimulus from the source language text in the translation is much stronger than in translation of other texts, as the target language text is highly dependent on the source language text ; ( 3 ) the translation is characterized by static feature and one ? to ? many correspondence, because the headwords and verbal illustrations often lack concrete and sufficient contexts
由於雙語詞典本質屬性的制約，雙語詞典翻譯在詞目翻譯方法等方面表現出與眾不同的特性： （ 1 ）雙語詞典詞目翻譯排斥使用省譯法和轉換譯法； （ 2 ）雙語詞典翻譯的目的語文本結構高度依賴源語文本，源語文本的刺激因而遠比其他文本的翻譯強烈； （ 3 ）雙語詞典翻譯表現為靜態性和多元對應性。The result shows that, when the full - bridge power converter is joined with boost / buck dc chopper in parallel, it can serve a dc voltage of over 340v and a power of 800w, meanwhile, as output voltage of the fuel cells changes due to loadings, the sliding - mode controller can cause more rapid responses and robustness to the dc bus voltage source
實驗結果顯示，本論文之全橋式功率轉換器與升壓/降壓直流截波器並聯供電時，輸出電壓可達340v以上，輸出功率約為800w ，同時，當燃料電池之輸出電壓因負載而改變時，本論文所提出之滑動模式控制器能使直流鏈電壓具有較快速的響應及強健性。The third part discuss reform and mechanism - modern architectural enterprise should put emphasis on transforming management mechanism. the fourth part discuss innovation and practice - case analysis on the reform of modern enterprise system in large scale state - owned architectural enterprises. the fifth part discuss perfection and development - deepening and developing the reform of modern enterprise system in large scale state - owned architectural enterprises
通過股份制企業人格化的多元產權主體共存，各自利益的維護，形成完善的自我發展、自我約束機制。第四，以北京市政總公司改制建立現代企業制度為實例，研究和分析了國有大型建築企業現代企業制度改革的操作程序、機制轉換和有待深化完善的內容。Ainerican pngv ( the cooperation contract of ainerican government and auto industry circ1e ) p1an to deve1op three times fue1 efficiency of automobile at present, within 10 years. there are three major aspects of its study " first, raising the efficiency of fue1 changed into mechanical energy ; second, decreascing the vehic1e weight in order to reduce the requirement for the force of engine : thir ( 1, drawing back and uti1izing the 1oss energy of brake and s1ows down
美國pngv （美國政府和汽車工業界的合作契約的簡稱）計劃十年內開發出三倍于目前燃料效率的汽車，其研究主要從三個方面著手，一是提高燃料轉換成機械能的效率，二是降低車重減少汽車對能量的要求，三是實現再生制動，將減速及制動過程損耗的能量回收利用。An algorithm to resolve the coupling effect problem is proposed during the cross point assignment ( cpa ) stage. in the algorithm, the priority queue concept and the rip - up and reroute strategy are combined to control crosstalk noise caused by interconnect coupling capacitance. first, the nets are arranged into different priority queues according to their weighted sum of their length and criticality. then, the cpa problem for one queue of nets is translated into a linear assignment problem. after the assignment of one queue of nets, a post - cpa checking routine is performed to check and rip up the net pairs which violate the crosstalk noise constraint and then push them into the next queue to be reassigned. the algorithm is tested by a set of bench mark examples, and the experimental results are promising
提出了一種在過點分配階段解決噪聲耦合效應問題的演算法.該演算法採用優先隊列同拆線重布策略相結合的方法，控制由互連線耦合電容引起的串擾噪聲.演算法中，首先按照線長和約束限制，將線網劃分到若干個優先隊列中.然後，將每個優先隊列的過點分配問題轉換為線性分配問題.在完成一個線網隊列的分配后，通過過點分配后處理過程檢查串擾約束滿足情況，對違反約束的線網對進行拆除，放入后續線網隊列進行重新分配.實驗數據表明，該演算法能夠取得好的效果Abstract : an algorithm to resolve the coupling effect problem is proposed during the cross point assignment ( cpa ) stage. in the algorithm, the priority queue concept and the rip - up and reroute strategy are combined to control crosstalk noise caused by interconnect coupling capacitance. first, the nets are arranged into different priority queues according to their weighted sum of their length and criticality. then, the cpa problem for one queue of nets is translated into a linear assignment problem. after the assignment of one queue of nets, a post - cpa checking routine is performed to check and rip up the net pairs which violate the crosstalk noise constraint and then push them into the next queue to be reassigned. the algorithm is tested by a set of bench mark examples, and the experimental results are promising
文摘:提出了一種在過點分配階段解決噪聲耦合效應問題的演算法.該演算法採用優先隊列同拆線重布策略相結合的方法，控制由互連線耦合電容引起的串擾噪聲.演算法中，首先按照線長和約束限制，將線網劃分到若干個優先隊列中.然後，將每個優先隊列的過點分配問題轉換為線性分配問題.在完成一個線網隊列的分配后，通過過點分配后處理過程檢查串擾約束滿足情況，對違反約束的線網對進行拆除，放入后續線網隊列進行重新分配.實驗數據表明，該演算法能夠取得好的效果The distribution of non - structural gas reservoir is constrained by hydrocarbon generating depression and the distribution of high efficient reservoir, the non - structural gas reservoir is often located in a coincident position of the high efficient reservoir and in the crossover of uplift with depression
非構造氣藏分佈受生烴坳陷和高效儲集層分佈制約，常位於氣源巖與高效儲集層的疊合部位、隆起與坳陷的轉換部位。But after the safety premium and after - tax cash flow advantage are considered, the explanation of the wealth transferring effect is enhanced. the above research does not consider the restriction of hard call requirement and soft call requirement on call behavior, and the call notice period is only analyzed with experiences. therefore, starting from the pricing model and after considering the restrictions of various convertible bonds contracts, this article proceeds to build a model based on binomial tree, calculate the value of convertible bonds using the numerical method of forward shooting grid and gain the operation principle of optimal call of corporations
上述的研究沒有考慮硬贖回要求和軟贖回要求對贖回行為的限製作用，對贖回通知期的考察也只是採取了一個經驗值來刻畫，因此本文接著從定價模型出發，在綜合考慮了各種可轉換債券合約對贖回行為的限制條款后，構建了一個基於二叉樹模型並應用向前網格射擊的數值方法來求解可轉換債券的價值，並推導出了公司的最優贖回運演算法則。By drawing essence from limited partnership contract, we can reconstruct and improve incorporated company contract in china ; the fourth, when compared with debt contract or common stock contract, convertible preferred stock contract is the best choice for our investing stage contract, because it is better to alleviate asymmetric information and lower agency cost effectively in the process of venture capital investment. but it is very possible that common stock contract would still be used widely in a certain long time because convertible preferred stock contract suffers law restriction and many other limitations in china ; the fifth, staged investment, combinative investment and united investment are recommended strongly in this paper
但由於可轉換優先股契約在我國受到諸多限制，普通股契約在一定時期內仍將居於主導地位；第五，分段投資、組合投資、聯合投資（投資辛迪加）可較好地適應風險投資過程中的不確定性、有效降低投資風險，應積極借鑒；第六，人力資本不確定性的存在是可轉換優先股、分段投資在契約條款中頻頻出現的內在原因；第七，信譽機制在風險投資過程中具有自動履約功能；第八，促進投資主體與產權結構多元化、轉換政府職能、完善法律法規、培育經理市場、健全社會信用體系、充分發揮信譽的自動履約功能是保障我國風險投資契約順利履行的關鍵。And the displacement control of the leaf spring center was transferred to the displacement at load point. then after the load step options configuration, the leaf spring stress circulation under cycle loadings was calculated. the model was validated by the result compare between the rigid extracted from the simulation results and the one out of the rigid test of the leaf spring
使用加載頭和簧片的接觸行為來模擬加載狀況，並將對簧片中心的變形控制轉換為對加載點的位移約束，然後利用載荷步選項配置完成一個載荷循環，由此計算出加載階段下鋼板彈簧內部的應力循環。Problems faced by the stated - owned military institute during enterprisational reform, such as system reform, operation mechanism reform, human resource boltleneck, etc., are analysed in emphases. systemreform of the state - owned military institute ia especially anatomized and opinion on system reform by managentment level purchase is also given. converting operation mechanism together with system reform, strengthening constraint and excitation of human resource capital, etc. are analyzed and corresponding solutions are presented as well in thia paper. the first part of this essay in detail and a conclusion lead out, i. e., enterprise - oriented reform for stated - owned military institute are now imperative. main problems might be confronted with by stated - owned military institute during enterprise - oriented reform are analyzed in priority, among which organization system reform of stated - owned military institute are construed emphatically. the author ' s ideas on administrator purchase are also put forward. the whole article is aimed at exploring a practicable reform path for stated - owned military institute under current situation
本文的重點是對國有軍工科研院所進行企業化改革過程中面臨的主要問題如體制問題、運營機制問題以及人力資源問題進行了分析，其中對國有軍工科研院所進行體制改革進行了重點分析，並對利用管理層收購這種思路來進行體制改革提出了自己的觀點，本文還對國有軍工科研院所在進行通過體制改革的同時轉換經營機制、加大人力資本的約束和激勵機制等方面進行了分析，並提出解決措施，旨在探索一條適應目前形勢和發展需要的國有軍工科研院所企業化改革之路。However domestic unmature security marbet restrict amc ' s free shares transfer. my opinion is to improve and regulate by law in the course of d - to e. firstly, it is necessary to grasp d to e principle accuratly and construct strict qualification system, secondly, it is important to guarantee amc to enterprise system can keep amc ' s as shareholder control of d to e enterprise, and improve continuously amc ' s management level and efficiency. it is necessary to make special regulation about the duration periods and vavle of amc ' s egutity in legislation to sustain amc benefit, moreover, 13 to e also coordinate with state - owned ' s out - strategy and adjust ownership through social and. private cash input, these also help solve the problem of uvclear state - owned ownership entity ; at the same time, it is necessary to improve security market to widen the ways of share transfer, to be outward transfer as main transfer way, to cultivate institutional investor and reform equity system ; at last it is important to difine correctly bovernment ' s role and play its role. government should be in the nationwide view to organize, coordinate balance support regulate to guarantee d to e ' s performance
筆者認為，債轉股實施過程中，應依照法律規范予以完善和制約，首先應準確把握其操作原則，特別注意嚴格把好債轉股的準入關;其次，切實發揮金融資產管理公司的職能作用，促使企業轉換經營機制建立現代企業制度，要確保金融資產管理公司作為股東對債轉股企業的最終控制權，不斷提高金融資產管理公司的運作水平和效率，並且在立法上對債轉股中的股權的存續和價值的保護進行特別規定，以維護金融資產管理公司的合法權益;再者，債轉股還要與國有經濟的戰略性退出相結合，進行必要的產權結構調整，通過引入社會資金、民營資本等其他成分徹底解決國企產權主體虛位和產權不明晰的現象;同時，要完善資本市場，積極拓寬股權的退出通道，把對外轉讓作為股權的主要退士方式，培育機構投資者，改革股權制度;最This effect is referred to as the quantum - confined stark effect ( qcse ) ; it has been studied extensively in the past decades for application of lower optical switches and modulators
這種效應被稱為量子約束斯塔克效應，在過去的十年中已經得到了充分的研究並應用到光學轉換器和調制器。C for a territorial unit to which the convention has been extended in conformity with article 29 on the first day of the third calendar month after the notification referred to in that article. article 31
公約第11條關于承認信託的規定充分表示公約的精神，即不採取試圖把信託轉換成承認英美法系信託的那些大陸法國家的類似制度。分享友人