間冰期作用 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [jiānbīngqīzuòyòng]
間冰期作用
英文
interglaciation-
The fall of global sea level during the last glacial maximum enhanced the fluvial gradient and river cutting, resulting in the formation of the large - scale qiantangjiang river and taihu incised valleys which were subsequently filled and rapidly buried in the post - glacial period, with the paleointerfluve being exposed to air on both flanks of the incised valleys
末次冰盛期，海平面下降的幅度大，增加了河流梯度、加強了下切作用，形成了錢塘江和太湖下切河谷，隨后在冰後期被充填和埋藏，下切河谷的兩側為暴露地表的古河間地。Abstract : biological invasions are a continuous feature of a non - equilibrium world, ever more so as a result of accidental and deliberate introductions by mankind. while many of these introductions are apparently harmless, others have significant consequences for organisms native to the invaded range, and entire communities may be affected. here we provide a survey of common models of range expansion, and outline the consequences these models have for patterns in genetic diversity and population structure. we describe how patterns of genetic diversity at a range of markers can be used to infer invasion routes, and to reveal the roles of selection and drift in shaping population genetic patterns that accompany range expansion. we summarise a growing range of population genetic techniques that allow large changes in population size ( bottlenecks and population expansions ) to be inferred over a range of timescales. finally, we illustrate some of the approaches described using data for a suite of invasions by oak gallwasps ( hymenoptera, cynipidae, cynipini ) in europe. we show that over timescales ranging from 500 10000 years, allele frequency data for polymorphic allozymes reveal ( a ) a consistent loss of genetic diversity along invasion routes, confirming the role of glacial refugia as centres of genetic diversity over these timescales, and ( b ) that populations in the invaded range are more subdivided genetically than those in the native range of each species. this spatial variation in population structure may be the result of variation in the patchiness of resources exploited by gallwasps, particularly host oak plants
文摘:生物入侵是不均衡世界的一個永恆話題，尤其是當人類有意或無意地引入物種后.很多引入顯然是無害的，但另外一些則有著嚴重的後果，會給入侵地的生物以至於整個生物群落造成影響.本文總結了分佈區擴張的常見模式，概述了它們對遺傳多樣性和種群結構式樣所造成的影響.描述了如何根據以一批遺傳標記所得到的遺傳多樣性式樣來推斷入侵途徑，來揭示伴隨擴張選擇和漂變在形成種群遺傳樣式中的作用.本文對日益增多的群體遺傳學方法進行了總結，這些技術可以用來在不同的時間尺度上推斷種群規模所發生的巨大變化（瓶頸效應及種群擴張） .最後，我們以歐洲櫟癭蜂（膜翅目，癭蜂科，癭蜂族）一系列入侵的數據為例對一些方法進行了說明.從500 10000年的時間尺度上，多態的等位酶位點上等位基因頻率的數據表明: 1 ）遺傳多樣性沿入侵路線呈不斷下降的趨勢，支持了冰河期避難所作為遺傳多樣性中心的作用; 2 ）入侵地區的種群與該物種原產地的種群相比，遺傳上的分化更為強烈.這種種群結構在空間上的變異可能是被櫟癭蜂開發的資源尤其是櫟樹寄主在斑塊上出現變異的反映The most plausible “ new factor ” operating in the climate system during the present interglaciation is farming
在目前的間冰期，最可能作用於氣候系統的新因素，就是農業。Objective the origin and the nature of the hodgkin and reed - sternberg ( h / rs ) cell of hodgkin ' s lymphoma ( hl ) has been attracting a lot of medical researchers engaged in studying it, for its character by scattered large atypical cells residing in a complex admixture of inflammatory cells. great improvement has been made since a new method of isolation of single h / rs cells from a frozen section had been set up by kuppers in 1994, and many studies have approved of the b - cell derivation of h / rs cell. lt has been reported that h / r - s cells might partly be originated from b - cell in our research before, but at the same time, we also found that only 18. 8 % of h / rs cells express cd20, 31. 3 % of immunoglobulin heavy chain ( igh ) rearrangement have been revealed
目的霍奇金淋巴瘤（ hodgkin ' slymphoma ， hl ）由於它的惡性腫瘤細胞? h rs細胞一般只佔腫瘤組織的極少部分（不到1 ） ，且散在分佈在背景細胞間，因此對于h rs細胞的來源和性質研究一直是人們探索的目標。 1994年德國科隆大學k ppers等發展了一種從冰凍組織切片上用顯微操作儀挑取單個h rs細胞的顯微切割方法進行h rs細胞基因分析后，人們對h rs細胞來源的研究有了突破性的進展，多數支持b細胞來源。我們的前期研究也支持部分h rs細胞為b細胞來源，但我們發現只有18 . 8的h rs細胞表達cd20 ， 31 . 3的hl檢測到igh基因重排克隆性條帶。分享友人