首先發明者 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [shǒuxiānfāmíngzhě]
首先發明者 英文
true and first inventor
  • 首 : Ⅰ名詞1 （頭） head 2 （首領） leader; head; chief 3 （表示方位） aspect 4 （姓氏） a surname Ⅱ動...
  • 先 : 名詞1 （時間或次序在前的） earlier; before; first; in advance 2 （祖先; 上代） elder generation; ...
  • 發 : 名詞（頭發） hair
  • 明 : Ⅰ形容詞1 （明亮） bright; brilliant; light 2 （明白;清楚） clear; distinct 3 （公開;顯露在外;不隱...
  • 者 : Ⅰ助詞1 （用在形容詞或動詞後面 或帶有形容詞或動詞的詞組後面 表示有此屬性或做此動作的人或事物） 2 ...
  • 首先 : first
  1. Secondly, to consummate the theory of fault to lay a more solid foundation, the article carried a comprehensive and thorough excavation on the coeval historical condition and cultural sources of each theory of fault lack of feelings. third, the article explained that because the theory development and the practice need, taking feelings into the theory of fault is urgency and necessity. at last, the article analyzed the contemporary scholar of criminal law failure in taking feelings into theory of fault, and had pointed out the road bring feelings into theory of fault

    本文首先通過三個層次的分析，表明了傳統罪過理論的不足之處，以及情感因素在傳統罪過理論分析中的尷尬處境;並對各個歷史形態的罪過理論的形成及其情感因素缺失的歷史條件和思想文化淵源進行了比較全面和深入的挖掘，以探源把脈，以能為進一步完善罪過理論奠定一個比較堅實的認識基礎;然後，說明了由於理論的發展和實踐的需要，罪過理論中納入情感因素的迫切性和必要性;最後，文章具體分析了當代刑法學者為將情感因素納入罪過理論所做努力之所以失敗的原因，進而提出了筆者自己對這一理論問題的解決方案。
  2. Shortwave channel is time varying transmission channel. it has dispersion in frequency and time domains. this characteristics hinds the data transmi - ssion at high speed and the correction of received data. in this dissertation i have analyzed the statistic characteristic of shortwa - ve channel, established the model of shortwave channel and simulated the rayl eigh fading distribution. the technology of spreading spetrum has been proved that it has the capability for anti - multipath and discerning multipath

    在短波通信中，由於通道的時間色散和頻率色散，引起多徑展寬和多徑衰落，前者限制了數據的傳輸速率，後者造成短波數據通信中出現突發錯誤，為了解決多徑效應對短波通信的影響，本文所做工作如下：首先詳細分析了短波通道的統計特性，建立其數學模型；其次分析了擴頻通信的特點，從理論上證明擴頻技術不僅具有抗多徑干擾能力，而且具有分離多徑的能力；介紹了傳統的rake分集合併技術的特點。
  3. Firstly, in chapter one, the author divides the whole evolving process of financial performance measurement into four phases : cost - oriented performance measurement period, profit - oriented performance < wp = 7 > measurement period, comprehensive - investment - effectiveness - oriented performance measurement period and value - oriented performance measurement period. through the review of the evolving process, we can come to the conclusion that, whatever period an enterprise is in, it needs proper core financial index which is suitable to its management characteristics ; as its operation circumstances change, core financial index should be properly changed. and how to correctly select the core financial index which is suitable to management needs in the 21st century ' s new economy period

    首先，在本文的第一章，筆者按照不同時期企業經營業績評價的核心和重點的不同將財務業績評價方式的發展的過程劃分為的四個階段：成本業績評價時期、利潤業績評價時期、講求投資綜合效益的評價時期以及追求企業價值最大化的評價時期，通過對財務業績評價方式的歷史演進進行簡要回顧，說明任何時期的企業經營業績評價都有相適宜的核心財務指標，並且隨著經營環境的轉變，核心財務指標應當有所革新。
  4. Graduated from agriculture dept. of beijing agriculture university ( current china agriculture university ) in 1958. is engaged in the crops heredity breeding scientific research for 42 years, and she attains the national province department successively, the city scientific research achievement 12 items years, including a national invention third prize item, publishes research paper 15 in province several above publications. from 1991 until now, continuously two sessions are awarded shandong province by the shandong province government the specialized technical best pick of the crop talented person

    1958年北京農業大學（現中國農業大學）農學系畢業，從事作物遺傳育種科學研究42年，先後承擔國家「六五」 、 「七五」 、 「八五」 、 「九五」重點科技攻關研究課題及國際原子能機構合作研究項目，先後獲國家省部、市科研成果12項，其中國家發明三等獎一項，在省幾以上刊物發表研究論文15篇，自1991年至今，連續兩屆被山東省政府授予山東省專業技術拔尖人才， 1991年，首批被批準獲國務院政府特殊津貼， 1993年被評為山東省三八紅旗手，巾幗科技先進工作者，山東省優秀科技工作者， 1995年被山東省政府授予山東省勞動模範稱號， 1998年榮獲全國五一勞動獎章。
  5. It emphasizes that nowadays - chinese supervision of the public opinion isthe unty of the interests both of the party ' s and the people ' s ; it also shows oneprinciple that the supervision of the public opinion in china is still under the lead ofthe ccp. according to the analysis above, the author induces the difficult problem in thesupervision of the public opinion : we have no the formal law on this topic, and thesocial system ca n ' t meet the need of the supervision of the public opinion, whichlead to the problems, such as missupervision. so the author elabofates the importance and the urgency of the supervision ofthe public opinion through the point of the legislation

    我國輿論監督主要的還是起「上對下」的指導作用。通過上述分析，作者歸納了我國的輿論監督存在「輿論監督難」的問題，其不足主要在於以下幾個方面：首先，尚未出臺正式成立的新聞法，輿論監督缺乏明確的法律保障，這導致了輿論監督在實際操作中無法取得應有的效果。其次，現有法律中對輿論監督權的保護存在失衡，加上社會協調機制發展的滯后和媒介自身體制的不健全，存在監督不當，監督不力等問題。
  6. As one of the most important discussions in this paper, the theoretic discourse of vegetable - gum drilling fluids includes the following information : analyzing the physical and chemical properties of vegetable gums to show their workability and superiority in geological drilling materials ; synthetic high polymers and base modifiers, or coupling agents, which are indispensable for vegetable - gum drilling fluids, can optimize their behaviours. the modifying mechanism of these constituents is also presented as the references for the coming laboratory tests

    本文首先通過對植物膠物理性質和化學性質的探討，從物質理論上證明植物膠沖洗液用於地質鉆探的可行性和優越性；隨后，又分析證明了合成高分子聚合物和堿激發（或偶聯劑）的改性處理方案是植物膠沖洗液研究必不可少的技術路線，兩者對于植物膠沖洗液性能的優化起著至關重要的作用，本文還就它們對于植物膠液的改性機理做了詳細的探討。
  7. The author discloses the influence of the roman law on the present system of succession ex testamenta by studying the origin and the historical development of the system of succession ex testamenta, summarizes the features of the ancient system of succession ex testamenta by making comparison between the system regulated by the roman law and the system of ancient china

    筆者首先考察了遺囑繼承製度產生的根源及其歷史沿革，通過追溯遺囑繼承製度的起源及其發展變化，揭示了羅馬法對近代各國遺囑繼承製度的影響。通過論證權利保護的觀念變遷和法的價值追求，說明在不同社會背景下，觀念形態的變化對繼承製度相關內容的重要影響。
  8. The thesis includes three sections : the first section discusses main opinions of financial distress, three characteristics of financial distress and types of financial distress according to three different criterions ; section two reviews the distress management theories, explains five functions that financial distress managements should have and creates the system of financial distress management including forecast of financial distress and solving of financial distress ; the last section illuminates the details of how to predict financial distress and how to solve financial problems. this article research is embarks from the financial distress basic concept, with the aid of the enterprise distress management theory, carries on in under the finance distress management frame. including three parts of contents : the first part mainly elaborated domestic and foreign about

    文章從財務危機的基本概念出發，藉助企業危機管理理論，在財務危機管理系統中進行研究，包括三部分內容:第一部分闡述了國內外學者關于財務危機的主要觀點，在詳細描述財務危機這一經濟現象之後，歸納出財務危機的典型特徵，並按照三種標準分類剖析財務危機;文章的第二部分，首先回顧了危機管理理論，在此基礎上抽象出財務危機管理應具備的五項職能，並勾勒出企業財務危機管理系統的框架體系，明確了企業財務危機應對屬于財務危機管理的事中控制環節，它包括財務危機預警和財務危機處理兩個過程。
  9. It is not many scholars to clearly prove the opinion of shifting the burden of proof, on the contrary the contradictory scholars are more prominent, for example the vice professor of southwest politics and law university, chengang, wuyue who translates and introduces the burden of proof of germany, because them there are more and more people support the opposite opinion, while in the draft of " civil evidence code ", the traditional idea win, in this draft the legislator abides by the present justice and our country ' s native circumstance, they made an scientific choice, of course, the burden of proof will directly influence the party " s possibility of losing the lawsuit, while the regulation of shifting the burden of proof increases the plaintiff ' s opportunity to win a lawsuit. to explain what is the shifting of burden of proof, the paper use the civil law as the example to point out the " reverse " is not entirly relieve the plaintiff s obligation of producing evidence, but in certain extent and in certain range make the defendant bear the burden of producing those proofs from the reverse way, which are originally beard by the plaintiff. in the three proceeding law, shifting the burden of proof have some differences, but the interior spirits are coincident - for the values of social justice and the legal reason

    論證舉證責任倒置的學者觀點明確並且論證十分充分的不多，相反卻是對此著書立說予以反駁的學者較為突出，如西南政法大學的副教授陳則博士，翻譯並介紹德國證明責任學說的吳越先生均是目前國內對舉證責任倒置持否定態度的代表人物，由於他們的推動使得國內持此說的人越來越多，但在《民事證據法（草案） 》的擬定過程中，並未采責任倒置的地位，這樣的立法選擇是建立在對我國法律實現的本土環境客觀認識的基礎上的科學選擇，誠然，舉證責任的分配直接影響到當事人在訴訟中的敗訴風險，而「倒置」規則的設計，則在此問題上增加了原告勝訴的籌碼，在理解何為舉證責任倒置時，本文著重以民事法為主線，指出這種「倒置」並非全部免除原告的證明責任，而是在一定范圍與一定程度上將通常應由原告負擔的舉證責任轉由被告從反方面承擔，舉證責任倒置在三大訴訟法中所體現的具體情形有所差異，但它們的內在精神是一致的?法律的理性與社會公平價值，在民事訴訟中舉證責任倒置的情形，一般總是將其局限於特殊侵權情形，而忽略了民事合同違約責任的訴訟中的原告也無須對被告應承擔違約責任的所有要件，對被告主觀上的過錯實行推定，若被告予以否定則應對其無過錯的證據舉證，在設置舉證責任倒置的規則時，從各國的立法經驗與法的內在價值要求可以總結出以下幾個原則:程序法與實體法結合原則，公平原則，訴訟經濟原則，保護弱者原則等，基於此完善舉證責任倒置的規則時首先應肯定舉證責任倒置的概念，其次立法應避免求大求全，再次要配合實體法的發展，最後還可以在司法領域嘗試判例的指導意義。
  10. In this paper, paradigm is firstly analyzed and regarded as a system that consists of idea paradigm, rule paradigm and practice paradigm ; then, a combined point between the western economics and paradigm is found out by analyzing economics, that is to say, idea paradigm has the same meaning as the regulative problems, and rule paradigm and practice paradigm are branches of analyzed problems. so author thinks that it is possible to appear the natural development law of economics by analyzing economics theory introduced by kuhn ' s thoughts. in this paper, the possibility of applying kuhn ' s thoughts in the researches on western economics is proved and conformed by studying the development history of western economics, and institutional economics, the development trend of western economics is deduced

    因此，為了利於研究，筆者首先對庫恩範式進行解構，把範式看作是由觀念範式、規則範式和操作範式三要素構成的範式系統，其中觀念範式是核心，是始發之源，規則範式是中層結構，而操作範式是聯結外部自然的「外圍」 ，在範式系統的層次結構中觀念範式是最穩定的，不易發生變化的，一旦觀念範式發生變化，則整個範式系統發生「格式塔轉換」使其明確化；然後通過分析經濟學的研究邏輯，認為經濟學的研究邏輯由對象邏輯、思想邏輯、和發展邏輯構成，通過對經濟學對象邏輯和思想邏輯的研究，找到經濟學研究與範式的結合點，即觀念範式與規范性問題是具有同等意義的概念，而規則範式和操作範式是武漢理工大學碩士學位論文對分析性問題的細分，從而使範式理論應用於經濟學理論的研究成為可能。
  11. Secondly after pointing out the importance of the npo in exploiting the social capital i illustrate that it is necessary to build up the legality of partial social interest through the means of law science

    其次，通過對非營利組織開發社會資本這個重要的意義的分析中，筆者提出要在法學領域首先從法理上證明局部社會利益的合法性。
  12. In this part, it has studied the construction of our aviation transportation through the analysis for its compressive market, the product difference, the entering and dropping out obstacle, etc. the marketing characteristic of oligarch monopoly in the aviation transportation has obviously appeared. in this condition, the aim of the government regulation should be that, to maintain the profit of the consumer, and reduce the monopoly profit. in section three, through the analysis and research work to the actual effect brought by our regulation policy, it has pointed out that this kind of government regulation has greatedly blocked the trade development

    首先，在第一部分中簡要介紹了管制的概念及有關的管制理論；在第二部分中，介紹了我國航空運輸業的發展現狀，並且通過對我國航空運輸業市場集中、產品差異、進入與退出障礙等情況的分析，對我國航空運輸市場的市場結構進行研究，指出我國航空運輸業已經呈現出明顯的寡頭壟斷市場特徵，在此種情況下，政府管制應該是以維護消費者的利益，降低企業的壟斷利潤為目標；在第三部分中，通過對我國航空運輸業政府管制政策所帶來的實際效果的分析和研究，指出我國航空運輸業的政府管制已經嚴重地阻礙了我國航空運輸業的發展；第四部分則是通過研究和借鑒國外航空運輸業管制和放鬆管制的經驗和教訓，以「有效競爭」市場作為標準，對我國航空運輸業管制改革提出一些新的思路。
  13. In chapter two, the author starts with three parts on the context of the frame of the sts curriculum and the rationale of curriculum development. first, sts is not a simple model or distinct theory of science and technology education, rather, it is a science and technology education reform movement with many different purposes, perspectives, starting points and historical context

    首先，我們從sts教育理論的發展、界定、課程目標、課程性質與特點、課程與信息技術等角度研究sts教育的理論和思想，說明sts教育並不是一種科學教育的簡單模式或者一種非常清晰的科學教育理論;它是一種具有不同目的、不同視角、不同出發點以及不同的歷史背景的科學教育改革運動。
  14. There are six big problems exist. first, the leaders or the chiefs of enterprises lack of the strategic views, pursue short - term interests excessively, a lot of mistaken ideas exist in training management ; second, system, mechanism and development strategy of management training remain to be perfected and further clarified ; the training is lack of systematical and standardization ; third, the content of courses is outmoded, the way lags behind, the style is blankness, especially lack ability of combination of theory and practice, lack of operating method and technology ; fourth, the system of training effectiveness feedbacks is imperfect, the system of training support is insufficient, which have hindered the transfer of training ; fifth, the individuals who under training have insufficient motivation, also have problems in after training loyalty, and to transfer the obtained knowledge into their work ; sixth, the government institutions do n ' t fulfill it ' s own responsibilities in constructing the system of management training. some training policies and managements even restrict the development of management training

    本論文根據作者的培訓實踐，並參考大量資料，通過觀察、訪問、具體案例分析等闡述了國有企業管理培訓自改革開放（ 1979年）以後的發展狀況及新形勢，完成的主要研究工作有：首先，指出了國有企業管理培訓存在的六大問題，一、國有企業經營管理者缺乏戰略眼光，過分追求短期利益，在管理培訓觀念上存在許多誤區；二、管理培訓的制度、機制及發展戰略有待進一步完善和明確，培訓工作缺乏系統化和規范化；三、教學內容陳舊，方式落後，風格單一，尤其缺少理論聯系實際能力，缺少操作的方法與技術；四、培訓效果反饋體系不健全，培訓支持系統不足，阻礙了培訓成果的轉化；五、受訓者個人接受培訓動力不足，培訓后忠誠性不足，缺乏將培訓所獲知識轉化于工作中的動力；六、政府培訓主管部門對構建管理人員培訓體系的作為不足，某些培訓政策及管理制約了企業管理培訓的發展。
  15. Part ii, the source of the active obligation first of all, this section introduces the source of essence doctrine and formal doctrine in the sino - foreign criminal law theon " about the active obligation. based on the shape analyses of these formal and essence source, the source of the active obligation that the writer thinks ought to be the union of the formal and essence source, that is, on the one hand through probing into the norm kev element by form, the author thinks that the formal key element of the formal source is the following four sources : the statue source code is regulated demand in duties either the professional work the action before and the legal action. on the other hand, through the essence, the author probes the reasons of source and thinks that the essence key element is the doer " s exclusively controlling the legal right and interest confronted with pressing peril and depended on his action

    第二部分作為義務的發生根據首先，本部分介紹了中外刑法理論中關于作為義務的形式來源學說和實質來源學說。在分析了形式來源和實質來源的基礎上，筆者認為不作為犯罪作為義務的來源應當是形式來源和實質來源的統一，即：一方面從形式上探討其規范的要素，認為不作為犯的作為義務來源的形式要素即我國刑法理論關于作為義務來源的四來源說：法律明文規定、職務或業務上的要求、先行行為及法律行為四種；另一方面從實質上探討其存在根據，認為作為義務來源的實質要素是指行為人對處于緊急危險狀態的法益的危險程度加劇或危險向危害結果的現實性轉化具有排他性支配。
  16. The paper includes five parts, begins with the concepts of internet, internet education and internet college, in this way make the research position clear ; then present a brief study of the internet college ' s rising and history, divides its development phases by the term of technology and culture, briefly introduce its current situation, such as its scope, organizer, education type, system and fee - charging, etc ; then according to internet college operation process, take four factors to present a detailed analysis, they are : education needs, education service, organization administration and quality guarantee ; thereafter is a prospect of internet college ' s future development ; the technical innovation of internet college, its culture development and the structure of a learning net in a digital time ; finally after a brief summary of the whole paper comes a presentation of the problems the internet college facing in its operation

    文章共五個部分，首先由對網路、網路教育、網路大學的理解開始，明確論文的研究立場；接下來對網路大學的興起作簡單考察，從技術與文化的角度粗略劃分其發展階段，並簡要描述當前狀況，如規模、舉辦者、實施教育的類型、學制與收費等；然後再根據網路大學運行的過程，選擇其中從教育需求、教育服務、組織管理到質量保障四個要素加以分述；之後從網路大學技術的革新、網路大學文化的滋長與數字時代學習網路的構建三個方面對網路大學的發展略作展望；最後對前文作簡單結論的基礎上就網路大學的特性、教學及運行等方面問題進行一些討論。
  17. The paper begins with the introduction of the technical track and architecture of the target system, where basic concepts and technologies are covered ; and then, it goes through the implementation of automatic continuous integration using ant ; next, the concreate design and implementation details are discussed in three different charpters which corresponds to three different layers of the target system : persistent layer, business layer and presentation layer, some codes are analyzed with the help of uml diagrams ; finally, the system ’ s security framework “ accountsecure ” and the design

    本文首先從系統開發的技術路線和架構出發、分析，在整體上說明了構建目標系統所涉及的基本概念和技術;接著介紹了系統對自動化持續集成應用與實施;然後，本文按系統的功能層次劃分分別從持久層、業務層、顯示層三個層次討論了系統的具體的設計與實現，並結合uml圖分析了部分核心代碼;最後，本文介紹了系統的安全子框架「 accountsecure 」和作者總結的「 genericaccess 」設計模式。
  18. On an analysis of the characteristics of city commerce, the author points out that modern urban business attracts people not only by its shopping convenience but also by many other appeals, especially where business bears on it recreational values, at present. moreover, business has actually become an indispensable chain and provided intrinsic drive for urban tourism. to support this point of view, the author points out three features of urban tourism : first, tourism has become one of cities " basic functions ; second, urban travel is a popular form of travel among people ; third, urban tourism holds in store substantial potentials

    文章首先通過對城市商業發展特徵的分析，指出現代城市商業對人們的吸引力已經由單純的購物吸引力向多元化吸引力轉變，尤其是商業具備了一定的游覽、休閑價值；城市旅遊的發展特徵主要表現為旅遊功能成為城市的基本功能、城市旅遊成為一種大眾旅遊消費形式、城市旅遊購物蘊藏巨大潛力等三個方面，說明商業已經成為城市旅遊發展的必不可少的環節和內在驅動力之一；文章在第一部分還分析了城市商業和旅遊業的關聯性，說明城市商業和旅遊業是兩個互相驅動關聯度很高的產業，兩者之間具備了聯動發展的背景與基礎。
  19. Secondly, according to the fact instance of sanhuan firm, the marketing status of sanhuan firm was analyzed briefly which included the brief introduction of sanhuan firms, analysis of marketing department, analysis of customer characteristic and the marketing distribution status of the product. the market content related to marketing which is developed from customer market to provider market, interior market, competitor market, distribution trader market, affecter market and inviting market was instructed according to the fact instance of sanhuan special automobile firm. these widely extended the meaning and content of the traditional market marketing and proposed the marketing up - to - date depends on the political skill and common relation skill which are carried on in the market availably more and more

    文章首先從營銷理論的發展入手，闡述了對營銷理論研究的必要性，繼而結合三環專用汽車公司的實際情況，對三環專用汽車公司營銷狀況作了簡要的分析，主要包括三環專用汽車公司簡介、銷售部門分析、顧客特徵分析、產品銷售區域分佈狀況等，說明了關系營銷的市場范圍從顧客市場擴展到了供應商市場、內部市場、競爭者市場、分銷商市場、影響者市場、招聘市場等，從而大大地拓展了傳統市場營銷的涵義和范圍。
  20. The conventional history that the " new world " was " discovered " by european explorers will be challenged tomorrow in a public lecture at hku by renowned academics with new evidence that admiral cheng wo may have visited north americas east coast before columbus

    傳統歷史學說認為歐洲人首先發現新大陸，這觀點將受到挑戰。知名學者將在明天港大舉行的公開講座上提出新證據，揭開鄭和早於哥倫布發現北美洲東岸之謎。
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