高程地圖 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [gāochéngdetú]
高程地圖
英文
hypsographic map-
For cartographical purposes heights are necessarily recorded above the geoid (sea-level).
就制圖的目的來說，所以需記錄的高程是高出大地水準面（海平面）的高程。The basic concept of terrain information content is proposed after an overall review of existing research achievement. applying a series of analysis and data processing method, like math - analysis, mathematical statistics, comparative, error visualizing, this paper carefully investigated the terrain information content characteristic of dems of 1 : 50000 map scale of loess plateau area
本文在對前人已有研究成果進行系統總結的基礎上，首先明確了dem地形信息容量的基本概念，並運用數學分析、數理統計、比較分析、誤差地圖等方法，以海拔高程與等高線為研究對象，以1 ： 1萬比例尺dem為參考真值，探討了黃土丘陵溝壑區1 ： 5萬dem的地形信息容量特徵。According to the data of infrared nephogram of satellite, provides the concept of demct ( digital elevation model of cloudy top ), studies the technology of modeling of the surface of demct. 3. the arithmetic of triangulated network of 3d - visulazation of cloud
2 .根據雲圖三維表現原理，從二維紅外衛星雲圖得出雲頂表面高度值，獲取雲的三維信息，類比地形數字高程模型，提出了雲頂數字高程模型（ demct ）的概念。In this paper, the main research works are as follows : 1 ) survey and analysis previous work in auv navigation and summarize : as the cumulate error, the dead - reckoning and inertial navigation systems ca n ' t be used without other modified system ; the acoustic navigation system is used only in small range, and is very expensive. 2 ) two important approaches in geophysical navigation techniques are summarized, one is terrain contour based navigation, this approach is investigated keystone today ; the other is image based navigation, due to no perfect image sensors and image seabed map, this approach has seldom been practised. 3 ) two important terrain contour based navigation algorithms has been applied to auv, one is match algorithm - based terrain contour match ( tercom ) ; the other is kalman filter - based sandia inertia terrain - aided navigation ( sitan )
主要研究內容包括：一、總結分析了當前水下導航的常用方法和不足之處，指出基於航位推算的導航方法，存在著最大的問題就是導航誤差的積累問題，如果沒有修正系統，這種方法很難滿足使用要求；其次指出基於聲學的導航方法，造價昂貴，導航范圍有限，難以滿足自主水下航行器大范圍導航的需求；二、總結了當前水下地形輔助導航的主要技術路線，一是基於地形高程的匹配方法，這是當前研究的重點；二是基於地形圖像的匹配方法，由於缺乏良好的圖像傳感器，和可用的海底圖像地圖，目前這種方法還有待研究發展；三、將兩種地形高程匹配的常用方法應用到自主水下航行器上：以相關演算法為前提的地形輪廓匹配（ tercom ）方法和以卡爾曼濾波為基礎的桑迪亞慣性地形輔助導航（ sitan ）方法，前者演算法簡單可靠，但是導航精度不高，後者雖然精度比較高，但存在著演算法較為復雜、有可能發散和出現奇異值等問題。Because of that, engineers need to create the profiles piece by piece, and also, the data within profile drawings, such as cut - and - fill, engineers have to do it manually
此外，縱斷面圖的各項數據資料，如：現地高程、設計高程、挖方、填方…等資料，也必須一項一項的手動完成。Large - scale digital elevation model is foundation of spatial information in cybercity and provides a great deal of information for 2d map and 3d model of cybercity, and it provides a kind of efficient method to manage, store and maintain a great many data of cities " elevation
大比例尺數字高程模型是數字城市空間信息的基礎，它提供了數字城市中的二維地圖和三維城市模型信息，為海量的城市高程數據提供了管理、存儲和維護的有效手段。So this part is dealt with separately. dcpm method is employed to improve the quality of image coding with making full of the relativity of the wavelet coefficients. according to the different importance degree and vision character of the high frequency wavelet coefficients, different thresholds are applied to remove small coefficients ; then mannos module are applied to remove the visual redundancy ; in order to produce more zero - tree, horizontal and vertical wavelet coefficients are transformed accordingly to improve the compression ratio
對于小波變換后的小波系數的高頻部分，根據其分佈特性和人眼的視覺特性，採用視覺模型對零樹量化過程的閾值進行修正，有效地去除視覺冗餘；對各高頻子圖採用多級樹集合分割的零樹編碼方法，有效地利用系數編碼剩餘符號，進一步提高壓縮比。We obtained the uniform data distribution from discrete data points by inserting spatial dots and then set up digital elevation model ( dem ) of correlative area through constructing mutual linked triangle net. the isoline graph was implemented based on this model. during the processes, we combined the technology of stratification computing when inserting special dots in fault area with the technology of stratification triangle net in fault area for dealing with thrust data
然後介紹了在本研究中構造逆斷層地質等值線的基本思路：從離散數據點結構出發，採用空間數據內插方法進行數據的均勻化，通過三角剖分構造出相互連接的三角形網路結構來建立起相關區域內的數字高程模型，利用該模型構造出相應的地質等值線圖，其中使用擴展點與斷層區的關系屬性進行斷層區分層空間插值計算處理和斷層區域的分層三角形網格化處理相結合的技術，實現逆斷層數據的處理和等值線繪制。2. building the grid - framed dem of viet nam and the grid - layer chart with the properties of gradient and direction with geographical information system technology ( gis ) and contour line with rate of 1 : 500, 000
（ 2 ）採用地理信息系統技術，以及越南1 : 50萬比列尺的等高線資料，建立越南地區柵格結構的數字高程模型（ dem ） ，以及屬性為坡度和坡向的柵格圖層。This method provides unequal protection for spiht bet stream with different importance, and adaptively adjusts the source and channel coding rates according to the time - varying characteristic of the channel, thus yields good performance and high reliability without adding extra bandwidth. simulations in rayleigh channel show that the scheme can obviously improve the image quality compared to eep and uep scheme, especially when the channel is in bad condition
本方法通過對spiht編碼碼流重要性的不同而進行不同程度的保護，並利用通道的時變特性自適應地調整信源和通道編碼速率，從而在不增加額外帶寬的前提下有效地提高了系統的性能和可靠性，經過計算機模擬模擬，得出了在瑞利通道中，傳輸條件惡劣的情況下，本方法比eep和uep能更好的提高重建圖像的質量。Meanwhile, we built models of data collection, soeciai point ' s altitude handling, grid point ' s altitude handling, designed a method which can rapidly collect and process terrain data by descripting the contour line with mouse, and designed corresponding software by c + + builder5. 0. therefore, military digital maps can be facilitly and quickly made and computer - aided terrain analysis can be realized, thus the system can effectively help the commanders or staffs make their decision
同時建立了數據採集、特殊點高程處理、網路交點高程處理等模型，設計了一種可通過鼠標器描繪等高線而實現地形數據的快速採集、處理和賦值的方法，運用c + + builder5 . 0設計了相應的軟體，能夠方便、快捷地生成數字化軍用地圖並進行計算機輔助分析地形，從而能夠有效地幫助指揮員或者參謀人員進行決策。Fixed the entrance to beacon ' s perch from lornar ' s pass so you can ' t sneak around the edge of the zone portal
修正從洛拿斯通道進入畢肯高地的入口，這樣你就不能偷偷的從地圖邊緣跑過去了（南雪山計程車無效Firstly, to perform pca or lda on basis of such high - dimensional image vectors is a time - consuming process. secondly, the high dimensionality usually leads to singularity of the within - class covariance matrix, which is a trouble for calculation of fisher optimal discriminant vectors
這樣就從根本上避免了在高維的圖像向量空間內構造散布矩陣並計算特徵向量的困難，大幅度地降低了特徵抽取過程所耗費的計算量。On the loess plateau, water is the main limiting factors for vegetation growth. root distribution characters have special ecological meaning as it reflected the utilizations of trees to the environments. even - aged stands of robinia pseudoacacia on slope lands facing south and north were selected as sampling plots for root distribution investigation. investigatiing results showed that indicated that on all sites, root biomass decreased with depth, and the distribution depth of fine root was deeper than that of coarser root. the results of variance analysis indicated that there were great differences in root biomass among different diameter classes, and coarser root was the main sources of variance, and the root biomass, especially fine root ( < 3mm ) biomass on northern exposition sites was bigger than that on southern exposition sites. analysis of the vertical root distribution parameters, root extinction coefficient, indicated that the value of on northern exposition was more than 0. 982, while the value of on southern exposition was less than 0. 982, which indicated that the vertical root distribution depth of robinia pseudoacacia on southern exposition was deeper than that on southern exposition. and the distribution depth of fine roots ( < 1mm ) was deeper than that of thicker roots ( < 3mm ), which was in favor of the uptake of water and nutrients from deeper layers, helped the trees to adapt the arid environment, and promoted the growth of the upper parts of the tree
在中國西北黃土高原地區，水分是樹木生長發育的主要限制因子.根系分佈特徵由於反映了樹木對環境條件的利用程度而具有更加特殊的生態意義.本研究選擇陽坡和陰坡不同立地上年齡一致的刺槐林調查了根系分佈特徵.根系垂直分佈特徵的調查結果表明，在所有立地上，根系生物量隨著深度的增加而降低，其中細根的分佈深度大於粗根的分佈深度.方差分析結果表明:不同立地上不同徑級根系的分佈特徵也有明顯的差別，粗根是差異存在的主要原因，陰坡立地上的根系生物量，特別是細根生物量大於陽坡立地上的.對根系消弱系數的分析結果表明，陰坡立地上的根系消弱系數大於0 . 982 ，而陽坡立地上的根系消弱系數小於0 . 982 ，說明陰坡立地上刺槐根系的生物量在深層土壤中的分佈相對量更大一些.其中細根的根系消弱系數大於粗根的，這種根系分佈特徵有利於根系對深層土壤水分養分的吸收利用，進而促進樹木地上部分的生長發育.圖3表3參15Abstract : on the loess plateau, water is the main limiting factors for vegetation growth. root distribution characters have special ecological meaning as it reflected the utilizations of trees to the environments. even - aged stands of robinia pseudoacacia on slope lands facing south and north were selected as sampling plots for root distribution investigation. investigatiing results showed that indicated that on all sites, root biomass decreased with depth, and the distribution depth of fine root was deeper than that of coarser root. the results of variance analysis indicated that there were great differences in root biomass among different diameter classes, and coarser root was the main sources of variance, and the root biomass, especially fine root ( < 3mm ) biomass on northern exposition sites was bigger than that on southern exposition sites. analysis of the vertical root distribution parameters, root extinction coefficient, indicated that the value of on northern exposition was more than 0. 982, while the value of on southern exposition was less than 0. 982, which indicated that the vertical root distribution depth of robinia pseudoacacia on southern exposition was deeper than that on southern exposition. and the distribution depth of fine roots ( < 1mm ) was deeper than that of thicker roots ( < 3mm ), which was in favor of the uptake of water and nutrients from deeper layers, helped the trees to adapt the arid environment, and promoted the growth of the upper parts of the tree
文摘:在中國西北黃土高原地區，水分是樹木生長發育的主要限制因子.根系分佈特徵由於反映了樹木對環境條件的利用程度而具有更加特殊的生態意義.本研究選擇陽坡和陰坡不同立地上年齡一致的刺槐林調查了根系分佈特徵.根系垂直分佈特徵的調查結果表明，在所有立地上，根系生物量隨著深度的增加而降低，其中細根的分佈深度大於粗根的分佈深度.方差分析結果表明:不同立地上不同徑級根系的分佈特徵也有明顯的差別，粗根是差異存在的主要原因，陰坡立地上的根系生物量，特別是細根生物量大於陽坡立地上的.對根系消弱系數的分析結果表明，陰坡立地上的根系消弱系數大於0 . 982 ，而陽坡立地上的根系消弱系數小於0 . 982 ，說明陰坡立地上刺槐根系的生物量在深層土壤中的分佈相對量更大一些.其中細根的根系消弱系數大於粗根的，這種根系分佈特徵有利於根系對深層土壤水分養分的吸收利用，進而促進樹木地上部分的生長發育.圖3表3參15The main research contents include three parts : ( 1 ) combined with the characters of inland qinhuai river, the numerical modeling system for water diversion was set up. ( 2 ) aquatic environmental gis was developed based on integrated digital map of inland qinhuai river with ole. ( 3 ) based on the visual basic advanced program language, the user interface of water quality simulation, visualization and gis management were achieved
論文的研究內容包括： （ 1 ）結合南京內秦淮河水系特徵，建立了內秦淮河水系調水數值模擬系統； （ 2 ）利用ole技術實現對內秦淮河水系數字地圖的集成，建立了該水系水環境地理信息系統； （ 3 ）結合面向對象的visualbasic高級編程技術，建立了水質模擬結果可視化與水環境地理信息系統管理共同的用戶界面。The intersection design is very important. but in the vertical design, the designer could n ' t use the form of contour lines to express accurately his design intension. he could only write few elevations of the pavement board corners because of the complexity in design progress and the bother in calculation
平交口立面設計，由於其設計過程復雜和計算麻煩，設計者很難以等高線等形式來準確地表達設計意圖，只能是稀疏地手工計算標注若干高程式控制制點，設計成果對施工的指導及約束作用遠不能滿足要求。Article 8 the state shall establish a nationwide unified geodetic coordinate system, plane coordinate system, vertical system, geocentric coordinate system and gravimetric system, and define the classification of orders and classes and precision of the national geodetic survey, as well as the national basic scale map series and their basic precision
第八條國家建立全國統一的大地坐標系統、平面坐標系統、高程系統、地心坐標系統和重力測量系統，確定國家大地測量等級和精度，以及國家基本比例尺地圖的系列和基本精度。Especially it stresses the method of modeling 3d terrain landscape using dem & digital remote sensing image based on opengl and the implementation of vector image subsystem for planning and editing railway line
主要介紹了基於opengl利用數字高程模型、數字遙感影像重建三維地形景觀的方法、用於鐵路設計的矢量圖形子系統，並在此基礎上開發了數字鐵路選線系統。Creating 3d terrain - realistic graphics by digital elevation model
利用數字高程模型生成地形三維模擬圖分享友人