certain obligation 中文意思是什麼

The concept of demurrer of negotiable instruments and the right of demurrer of negotiable instruments are made clear in the first place : the demurrer of negotiable instruments refers to the act that the bill debtor ’ s refusal to fulfill negotiable instruments ’ obligation as a certain or general holder with legal reason proposed in accordance with the law

接著對票據抗辯的立法價值和基本制度進行了分析，總結出票據抗辯在票據法理論中和票據實踐中不容忽視的作用。最後，對我國現有的票據立法的空白和缺陷加以歸納、總結，在結合上述理論分析的基礎上，提出完善我國票據立法的一些構想和建議。

There are many aims for the transnational corporation to adopt the transfer price, but the most important one is to lower the total tax burdens of the company. even if it is not aimed to avoid tax but to pursue a certain management strategy, this behavior objectively results in the evasion of tax - paying obligation. this is a non - tax - oriented avoidance of tax

跨國公司採用轉移定價的目的有很多，但主要還是為了降低公司總稅負，即使有時候跨國公司實行轉移定價不是為了逃避稅收，而是為了謀求一定的經營管理策略，但其行為在客觀上仍然導致了規避我國納稅義務的結果，這是一種非稅務動機的避稅。

Then you d either turn out to be the usual sort and throw her past in her face, telling her as you walked out that you were only behaving like all her other lovers, and you d abandon her to certain poverty. or else you would behave correctly and, believing you had an obligation to keep her by you, you d land yourself inevitably in trouble, for an affair such as this, forgiveable in a young man, is inexcusable in older men

倘若您是一個普通的男人，那麼您就會揭她過去的傷疤，對她說您也只不過像她過去的情人那樣離開了她，使她陷入悲慘的境地或者您是一個有良心的人，覺得有責任把她留在身邊，那麼您就要為自己招來不可避免的不幸。

The main types of college teachers ’ appointment contract include : the college teachers ’ of the fixed deadline, the college teachers ’ appointment contract of the deadline to complete the certain work, and the college teachers ’ appointment contract of the special attendance, and also we can get another two types of college teachers ’ appointment contract, which are individual college teachers ’ appointment contract and collective college teachers ’ appointment contract, according to the number of people in one party ; they must be work out by the strict written form, and must pass through the offer and the acceptance step, and don ’ t acknowledge the legal effect of the factual appointment contract ; after the appointment contract becomes effective, the higher college as the appointed party and the teacher as engaged party should completely fulfill the right and obligation provisions in the contract under the instructions of the three principles : fulfill personally, comprehensively, cooperatively. in which, the teachers ’ rights and obligations include : enjoy and undertake the rights and obligations as the specialist engaged in education, teaching and the scientific research ; may change or terminate the contract on the basis of the bilateral consultation, but dismissal and resignation must conform to the agreement or the legal matter ; in the liabilities for breach the contract, be headed by the practical fulfillment, including other two remedial way which are damage compensation and penalty ; in the dispute solution, must establish the perfect concrete mediation system, the arbitration and the civil lawsuit system

高校教師聘任合同主要類型為固定期限的高校教師聘任合同、以完成一定工作為期限的高校教師聘任合同和特殊照顧的高校教師聘任合同，也可依據合同當事人一方人數的多寡不同，也可將個人高校教師聘任合同和集體高校教師聘任合同;其應當以嚴格的書面形式訂立，須經過要約、承諾步驟，且不應當承認事實聘任合同的法律效力;聘任合同生效后，作為聘任方的高等學校和受聘方的教師應當在親自履行、全面履行和協作履行三大原則的指導下完全履行合同中所約定的權利義務條款，其中教師的權利義務內容包括作為一般公民和作為從事教育教學及其科研活動的專業人員所應享有或者承擔的權利義務;經過雙方的協商可以變更或者終止合同，但解聘和辭聘必須符合約定或者法定的事由;在違約責任形式上，應當確立以實際履行為首，包括損害賠償、違約金等三種補救方式;在爭議解決方式上應當建立健全具體的調解制度、仲裁和民事訴訟制度。

The brokers were under a written contractual obligation to return or " clawback " specified percentages of these commissions if the new policyholders stopped their monthly premium payment installments within certain specified periods of time ranging from 12 to 19 months of the policy subscription

根據書面合約，倘若這些新投保人在購買保險后十二至十九個月內停供每月保費，有關經紀便須退回或回吐指定百分比的傭金。

The bankruptcy of a corporation is the end of the corporative personality, while the method called disregarding of the corporation personality is no mean by taking no cognizance of the independence of the shareholder, and the corporation under a certain case to uncover the corporation veil temporarily, and to let the shareholders behind the curtain come to the stage to bear the burden of discharging the related obligation directly, when the case is finished, after a reconstructing, the corporation personality is saved

這一做法不必導致公司破產，公司的破產是公司法人人格的終止，公司法人人格否認只是於一時一事無視公司與股東的獨立人格，揭開公司面紗，讓公司背後的股東站到前臺，直接承擔連帶清償責任，案件審理完畢，經過整頓，公司人格尚存。不僅保障了交易，而且大大降低了社會成本，是一種用權力救濟權力，是對失衡的公平正義的糾正，也是符合「帕累托改進」的制度安排。

It is not many scholars to clearly prove the opinion of shifting the burden of proof, on the contrary the contradictory scholars are more prominent, for example the vice professor of southwest politics and law university, chengang, wuyue who translates and introduces the burden of proof of germany, because them there are more and more people support the opposite opinion, while in the draft of " civil evidence code ", the traditional idea win, in this draft the legislator abides by the present justice and our country ' s native circumstance, they made an scientific choice, of course, the burden of proof will directly influence the party " s possibility of losing the lawsuit, while the regulation of shifting the burden of proof increases the plaintiff ' s opportunity to win a lawsuit. to explain what is the shifting of burden of proof, the paper use the civil law as the example to point out the " reverse " is not entirly relieve the plaintiff s obligation of producing evidence, but in certain extent and in certain range make the defendant bear the burden of producing those proofs from the reverse way, which are originally beard by the plaintiff. in the three proceeding law, shifting the burden of proof have some differences, but the interior spirits are coincident - for the values of social justice and the legal reason

論證舉證責任倒置的學者觀點明確並且論證十分充分的不多，相反卻是對此著書立說予以反駁的學者較為突出，如西南政法大學的副教授陳則博士，翻譯並介紹德國證明責任學說的吳越先生均是目前國內對舉證責任倒置持否定態度的代表人物，由於他們的推動使得國內持此說的人越來越多，但在《民事證據法（草案） 》的擬定過程中，並未采責任倒置的地位，這樣的立法選擇是建立在對我國法律實現的本土環境客觀認識的基礎上的科學選擇，誠然，舉證責任的分配直接影響到當事人在訴訟中的敗訴風險，而「倒置」規則的設計，則在此問題上增加了原告勝訴的籌碼，在理解何為舉證責任倒置時，本文著重以民事法為主線，指出這種「倒置」並非全部免除原告的證明責任，而是在一定范圍與一定程度上將通常應由原告負擔的舉證責任轉由被告從反方面承擔，舉證責任倒置在三大訴訟法中所體現的具體情形有所差異，但它們的內在精神是一致的?法律的理性與社會公平價值，在民事訴訟中舉證責任倒置的情形，一般總是將其局限於特殊侵權情形，而忽略了民事合同違約責任的訴訟中的原告也無須對被告應承擔違約責任的所有要件，對被告主觀上的過錯實行推定，若被告予以否定則應對其無過錯的證據舉證，在設置舉證責任倒置的規則時，從各國的立法經驗與法的內在價值要求可以總結出以下幾個原則:程序法與實體法結合原則，公平原則，訴訟經濟原則，保護弱者原則等，基於此完善舉證責任倒置的規則時首先應肯定舉證責任倒置的概念，其次立法應避免求大求全，再次要配合實體法的發展，最後還可以在司法領域嘗試判例的指導意義。

The concept and characteristic of nonfeasance. nonfeasance hereby is defined that administrative subject bears both the legislative obligation and possibility to certain deeds, but the subject fails to act in procedure over the duly time

本文將行政不作為界定為行政主體負有某種作為的法定義務且具有作為的可能性，而在程序上逾期有所不為的行為。

There are seven parts in this article, now states briefly as follows : the first chapter discusses separately with the notion, characters and sorts of social administrative body in the way of vocabulary analysis. it defines social administrative body as non - profit organizations which are engaged legally in certain public affairs and it can perform the right and obligation in administrative law, in order to attain some intention of administrative management. its features are non - government, non - profit, public, commonweal and autonomy

文章具體分為七個部分，分別簡述如下:第一章用語義分析的研究方式對社會行政主體的概念、特徵及其分類分別進行了論述，認為社會行政主體是指為了達到一定的行政管理目的，依法從事某種特定公共事務並能以自己的名義履行行政法上的權利與義務的非營利性組織，其特徵有非政府性、非營利性、公共性、公益性和自治性。

To judge whether directors have violated their obligation, we should base on certain legal regulations, make use of rules for business judgment and adopt legal means to ultimately ensure the right of companies and the third party

判斷董事是否違反注意義務，除了依據法律規定，還應該借鑒經營判斷規則，並通過司法手段給予最終保障來維護公司和第三人的權利。

The author ' s view is abruptly different from the former ones, which hold that responsibility is a guarantee for the fulfillment of the duty or that responsibility is the legal result of the failure to fulfill the obligation. the key point of the author ' s view is that responsibility is merely to pr ovide a certain possibility for the intervention of the public rights into the civil rights, but will not definitely lead to public rights

這與先前不管是以責任為義務履行擔保和以責任為義務人不履行義務法律後果的觀點截然不同，而這其中很重要的一點就是將責任僅看成是為國家公權力介入民事權利領域提供了一種可能性，而不是責任就意味著國家強制力的必然出現。

Certain mobile phone features may not be available throughout the entire network or their functionality may be limited. all features, functionality and other product specifications are subject to change without notice or obligation

所有功能使用效果及產品其他規格均根據最新資料所列出，並相信正確無誤，唯以上之產品規格如有更改，恕不另行通知及概不負責。

Certain rural land holdings such as small house grants are exempted from the obligation to pay government rent

部分鄉郊土地（例如小型屋宇批地）則可獲豁免，無須繳納地租。

The second part will analyze a certain number of issues which exist in our current administer justice identification institution comprehensively, including several main disadvantages under current institution, such as the deluge in artificial distinguish identification potency, multiple identification and repetitive identification, dependence in identification, identifiers " avoidance of the obligation to appear in court to give evidence, not making the identification conclusion known to the public, the identification procedures " innormality, the chaos of the identification startup subject and lacking identification liability mechanism

第二部分全面剖析我國現行司法鑒定製度存在的若干問題，分析了包括人為區分鑒定效力、多頭鑒定和重復鑒定泛濫、鑒定職能不獨立、鑒定人普遍迴避出庭作證義務、鑒定結論不公開、鑒定程序不規范、鑒定啟動主體角色混亂以及鑒定責任機制缺乏等現行制度下的主要弊端。並認為對這些問題，絕不能機械、片面地作評價，必須結合司法鑒定的基本性質去分析，才能找其背後之深層次原因，從而為改革方案的合理設計和選擇提供正確指導。