cost fluctuation 中文意思是什麼

cost fluctuation 解釋
成本變動
  • cost : n 1 費用；代價，價格；成本。2 犧牲；損害，損失。3 〈pl 〉訟費。vt （cost; cost）1 值，要價（苦幹...
  • fluctuation : n. 1. 波動，起伏，漲落；【物理學】脈動。2. 動搖不定，躊躇。3. 【生物學】彷徨變異。
  1. In this chapter, i have reviewed most of all perspectives on which previous works about the main issue in detailed, for few works concerned it have been published. the previous works can be divided into 5 categories : how mnes or fies to make the decision about total quantity of investment and financing funds and the structure of those funds from every channel ; the capital cost, capital structure, cooperate value of mnes ; how fluctuation of, or the institutes of exchange rate effect financing activity of mnes ; the govern structure, control power distribution between all precipitants in a fie ; lec research on the subject

    第一章文獻綜述：因為國內尚少這類研究，故比較全面的綜述國內外了現有成果中關於一國（地區）內外商投資融資的總量、構成及變動的研究；跨國公司內部的資本成本和資本結構（融資結構）及公司價值的研究；匯率波動對跨國公司的財務、融資行為的影響；外資企業的治理結構、所有權優勢及控制權分佈；第三世界國家及我國對跨國公司融資的研究。
  2. The prices of copper have dramatically increased since the year of 2003. since a corporation took no action to manage the risks of price fluctuation in the face of the growth of cooper price, a corporation completely exposed itself to the risks of price fluctuation of cooper market. this led to the rise of the production cost of a corporation year after year and the continuous drop of the primary business profitability

    自2003年以來，金屬銅的市場價格急劇上漲，而面對銅價格的上漲， a公司沒有採取任何措施管理價格波動的風險，致使公司完全暴露在銅市場價格波動的風險之下，這種風險暴露導致了a公司生產成本逐年上升，主營業務盈利能力不斷下降，影響了公司的發展。
  3. With the trend of openness and integration of globlal economy, exchange rate is playing more and more important role in influencing the allocation of global resources. the sensitivity of the price of tradale goods to exchange rate fluctuation becomes the focus of international economics because it is a critical vector and transmitter when an economy is confronted of exogenous impact. traditional international economics theory assume that nominal exchange rate fluctuation has complete pass - through effect, namely it ’ s change will introduce proportional change of tradable goods, then it will influence such macroeconomic vector as term of trade, import and export, inflation, employment, productivity, income allocation, and so on. from a microeconomic angle, including pricing to market, innovative behavior, menu cost and sunk cost, the paper probe into the pricing model of international enterprices under floating exchange rate and testify the incomplete pass - through of exchange rate and it ’ s detailed reason, then discuss the inspiration it has on china. it ’ s believable this kind of research will play a big part in china ’ s exchange rate scheme and some macroeconomic problems such as exchange rate tranmitting channel and effects, exchange rate fluctuating behavior

    傳統的國際經濟學理論認為，名義匯率的波動具有完全的傳遞性（ completepass - through ） ，即它的變化會引起同比例的進出口貿易品相對價格以及貿易品和非貿易品相對價格的變化，然後通過需求變動的支出轉移效應（ expenditureswitching ）來影響國內經濟的諸多宏觀變量，如貿易條件、進出口貿易額、通脹水平、就業量、勞動生產率以及收入分配等，本文從依市定價（ pricingtomarket ） 、創新行為、菜單成本以及沉澱成本等四個不同的微觀角度，通過對浮動匯率下國際壟斷競爭性生產廠商的定價模型具體而透徹的探討，論證了匯率的不完全傳遞性並深入分析了決定匯率傳遞彈性的重要影響因素，闡述了該理論對人民幣匯率的啟示，這樣的研究會對我國今後的匯率政策以及匯率的傳導機制、傳導效應、波動行為等宏觀經濟問題起到重要的作用。
  4. Based on the analysis of commercial banks " current concept about fund management, this paper brings forward that fund management is the main - string in its operation, and that the concept of fund management, including security and profitability, is extended from current " forrying fund " to the management of the fund cost and fund risk the paper comprehensively discusses the principle of fund management, the management of fund costs, the tactics of management about fund liquidity, the measures of management about fund risks and how to solve the problems on interest risk in the period of frequent interest fluctuation. the paper puts forward ideas on how to improve the fund management. the security, liquidity and profitability of the fund, which are both contradictory and integrated with one another, are internal factors of fund management. fund liquidity is traditional core question. commercial banks face with a number of risks of witch credit risk is the greatest one because our country has adjusted interest rates 8 times since 1996, which covered a period of frequent interest fluctuation

    商業銀行面對許多風險，但最大風險是信用風險。由於我國自1996年以來已連續調整了8次利率，近幾年是利率波動頻繁時期，研究利率的敏感性問題顯得特別重要。要改善資金管理，提高商業銀行的經營水平，就要建立資金管理是商業銀行經營主線的理念，對資金要統一規劃和管理；要改革銀行的體制，建立現代企業制度和法人治理結構，在體制上為資金管理提供有利的運行平臺；增加改善資金流動性管理所需的貨幣政策工具，擴大資金調控手段；打破貨幣市場的僵化局面，為資金管理創造有利的宏觀環境；續續優化負債結構和負債載體設計；增強資金信用風險規避和化解的措施；通過銀行資源整合，努力尋找資金的安全投放渠道，最終完成經營模式由傳統型向現代型的轉變。
  5. According to the test data and the technological and economic comparison between a process of mbr and a conventional process for reclaimed water treatment, it is concluded that the investment and operating cost of mbr is the same as the conventional process basically. the advantages of mbr are on the land occupation, maintaining, effluent quality and automatic control. the process is specially suited to hotel, restaurant and public buildings because they usually have less useable land, bigger fluctuation of sewage rate, understaffed group of management and higher quality demand of effluent

    根據取得的試驗數據，通過對膜生物反應器設計實例與傳統工藝設計相比較，在進行技術經濟分析后認為，膜生物反應器處理工藝在投資與運行成本上與傳統工藝基本持平，而在佔地、維護管理、處理水質、自動化程度等方面比傳統工藝有較大優勢，特別適合中水設施場地不足、原水波動大、管理人員少、出水水質要求高的賓館、飯店和公共建築。
  6. C. i. f ( c. i. f ) the sale price with ground of goods start shipment ( of consignor sell offer ) add those who reach destination all sorts of carry incidental expenses ( if pack cost of cost, force of freight, fluctuation, wait ), plus insurance price, serve as insurance amount together

    到岸價（ c . i . f ）以貨物起運地的銷售價（發貨人的賣出價）加上到達目的地的各種運雜費（如包裝費、運費、上下力費等） ，再加上保險價，一起作為保險金額。
  7. Fiber gratings have several distinguished advantages, such as compare with fiber, low loss and high responsibility. as sensing element, they encode the sensing information in a wavelength form, which are their distinguished advantages over other transducers. that not only make the sensing information does not depend on loss of the system or fluctuation of then source power but also decrease the cost of sensing system and realize multipoint and distributed sensing

    光纖光柵與光纖之間存在天然的兼容性，它不僅具有易與光纖連接、低損耗、光譜特性好、可靠性高等特點，而且作為傳感元件，它具有其它傳感器無可比擬的優點，即感應的信息用波長編碼，而波長這個絕對參量不受光源功率的波動、連接或耦合損耗的影響。
  8. Conventional building - mortar is usually blent into in the construction local, which possesses many defects such as low accuracy of mixture ratio, poor stability of quality, contractility of bigness, broad fluctuation of felted strength, anti - penetrability of feebleness, collapse of easiness and ect, and it is vital reason, resulting in lots of engineering quality accidents as following : crack in the wall, swelling, penetration, and collapse. mortar made in the local is at the cost of wasting materials and contaminating environment

    傳統的建築砂漿都是在施工現場拌制，現場拌制的砂漿各組分計量準確度低、質量穩定性差、收縮性大、粘結強度波動大、抗滲性差、易剝落，是建築工程墻面開裂、起殼、滲漏、甚至墻體倒塌等質量事故發生的主要原因；現場拌制砂漿還會造成材料浪費和污染施工環境。
  9. The research work in this paper follow four steps : define warning situation, seek warning sources, analyze warning omens, foretell warning degree. first, we define the grain price fluctuation rate as situation indictor and its warning line in a systematic way. second, we analyze the factors that influence grain price and divide them into eight categories which are product cost, grain supply, grain demand, real value of currency, market circulation, national policy, international factors and other factors

    論文依照明確警情、尋找警源、分析警兆、預報警度四個步驟逐步展開研究，確定糧食價格的波動率作為糧食價格的警情指標，並用系統化方法研究了糧食價格的警限，系統分析了糧食價格的警源，把之歸納為八類因素。
  10. Currently most domestic break - test - plateform adopt the liquid - pressure - servo technique, which possesses the advantages of higher frequency - response and higher controlling exactness, but in the same time, the disadvantages of higher cost, variation of function with the change of oil viscousness produced by the fluctuation of temperature. moreover, the liquid - pressure system is sensitive to the pollution of oil, so it is necessary to take protective and filtrating steps

    目前，國內的制動器試驗臺大多採用的是液壓伺服控制，這種控制具有響應頻率高、控制精度高等優點，主要缺點是系統成本高、油液粘度隨溫度變化引起工作性能的變化、且液壓系統對油液的污染比較敏感，必須要有良好的保護和過濾措施。
  11. Considering the random fluctuation traction load ( from 0 to max, variable at every minute ), the life limit of all kinds of machine switches and expensive cost and complex overhaul of svc, this paper aims to develop a set of svc suitable for the present condition of our country. in order to resolve the reactive power returning back problem and realize static adjustable compensation to improve negative sequence

    本文針對電氣化負荷變化頻繁、 svc價格昂貴及檢修復雜、機械開關無法擔負頻繁操作任務的現實，提出通過改造svc結構，把tcr改為tsr ，把tsc實現粗調、 tcr實現細調改為由tsc調節欠補無功、 tsr調節過補無功的技術方案。
  12. Vertical integration occurs when transaction cost is large, asset specificity is high, property rights structure is unreasonable, no rigorous regulation exists, defensive behavior is needed facing demand fluctuation, technical shock is small, firm network is incomplete, information cost is high, contract incompletion extent is low

    縱向一體化發生的條件為交易成本過高、資產專用性過高、產權分配不合理、沒有嚴厲的管制、需求波動產生的防禦性需要、技術沖擊比較小使得企業不需要分散風險、企業網路不完善、信息成本過高、合同的不完全性較低、決策中更多地考慮風險等。
  13. “ therelatively higher price of the newly running high speed bullet train is due to a series of factors ， such as the state ofthe art technology ， enormous cost on research and development ， fastspeedandsuperior service experience. however ， the railway department will consider about the reduction of the fare according to market demand fluctuation. ” re - marked wang yongping ， the spokesman from the railwaydepartment

    鐵道部新聞發言人王勇平昨日表示，剛剛開行的時速為200公里及以上動車組的票價比其他列車要貴一些，與動車組本身的技術含量高、投入成本大、時速快、服務優質等因素有關，鐵道部將根據市場規律，考慮今後票價的下浮問題。
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