excessive cooperation 中文意思是什麼

excessive cooperation 解釋
過度合作
  • excessive : adj. 1. 過多的，過度的，極端的。2. 份外的，額外的。adv. -ly ,-ness n.
  • cooperation : n 合作；協作；互助。 a consumers [consumptive] cooperation消費合作。 a producers [productive] coo...
  1. However, excessive tax competition may weaken the effectiveness of the tax incentives, hence incuring welfare loss ; ( ii ) in a non - cooperation tax competition equilibrium, it turns out that tax rates are set too low to fiance an efficient level of public expenditure, especially lowers the provision of the public goods benefiting residents ; ( iii ) competition for capital means the revenue from capital income taxation declines. in order to maintain the necessary public expenditure, the government would shift tax burden towards the more immobile labor, which may arouse the inequity issues on redistribution. chapter 3 : " the strategy of international tax competition and optimal capital taxation.

    但過度的稅收競爭反而會減弱稅收激勵政策的有效性，降低一國福利水平；其二，在非合作均衡狀態下，國際稅收競爭使所有國家的資本課稅都維持在缺乏效率的低稅率狀態，從而不能獲取足夠的財政收入，導致公共產品提供不足；其三，旨在吸引資本流入的稅收競爭，普遍降低了對資本所得的課稅，但政府為了獲取足夠的財政收入以維持正常的支出，會將本來由資本承擔的一部分稅負轉移到流動性較弱的勞動力身上。
  2. Project owners can able to recognize warning signs of a potential claims, and volunteer to stretch their hands for cooperation and to work as a team with the contractors, without any consequences creates high chances that the project will be completed successfully with the required quality, on time, within budget and without excessive expense and lengthy arbitration and litigation - in the courtroom

    業主要及時發現潛在的索賠警告信號，並加強與施工承包商的合作，以使工程項目取得成功，即按時保質完成工程項目，並將工程費用控制在預算內，盡量避免長時間的仲裁和訴訟。
  3. He emphasized that to maintain a normal financial order and ward off financial risks, we should not only formulate correct economic development strategies and preserve a rational economic structure, but also improve the financial system through strengthened financial supervision and regulation. meanwhile, we should decline financial policies in light of our specific conditions. we should enhance regional and international financial cooperation, jointly restrain and ward off the impact of excessive speculation of hot money in the world

    他強調，為了維護正常的金融秩序，防範金融風險，既要制定正確的經濟戰略，保持合理的經濟結構，健全金融體系，加強金融監管，善於根據實際情況確立金融政策也要加強地區和世界的金融合作，共同約束和防範國際過度投機的沖擊。
  4. Thirdly, the author compares the policies in promoting these three nations " knowledge flows from r & d cooperation, technology transfer, intellectual property protection dynamics, and personnel mobility, etc. the conclusion is : for promoting the knowledge flows of the nis of our country, it ' s necessary to improve the absorbability of enterprises, encourage enterprises to participate in s & t activities, set up joint fund, prevent universities and research institutions from excessive commercialization, strengthen infrastructure construction, etc. research approaches adapted in this paper are : the document surveys, comparative research, quantitative analysis, etc

    本文首先對國家創新系統理論和研究現狀作了概括介紹，然後從r & d合作、合著論文、技術轉讓、人員流動等幾個方面分析了美國、日本和我國的國家創新系統中的知識流動狀況，並從加強創新主體間的r & d合作、促進大學和研究機構向企業的技術轉移、加強知識產權保護、促進中介機構建設、促進人員合理流動等五個方面分析和比較了美日中三國的促進知識流動的政策。
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