first estimate-second estimate method 中文意思是什麼
first estimate-second estimate method
解釋
中天時間逐次逼近演算法-
With the rapid development of the security stock market especially the stock market in chian ， issuing stock and circulating on market became the first choice of financing for more and more enterprise at the same time ， more and more investors are attracted by the relately high initial return of stock however ， the problem of ipos underpricing always exists in the stock market according to the data of more than one thousand chinese stocks ， most new issues had great raise in the first trade day ， and investors could acquire higher initial return than the average return of the stock market or the same industry we find that initial returns on a - share ipos average reached 132. 24 percent the main body of this paper is made up of six sections ： in the first part ， we introduced the method of the estimate of pricing decision ； in the second part ， we analyzed the method of the pricing decision and issuing system in china ， discussed the advantage and weakness of the various issuing methods ， and compared the economic efficiency between the examine and approve system and authorization system ； in the third part ， we analyzed the reason of ipo ' s underpricing in detail from information economics and other factors and combined with the environment of the chinese stock markets ， we analyzed the special characteristics in china and how they effect the ipo ' s underpricing in the fourth part ， we analyzed the data of chinese stock market with spss ， made a analysis of the administrative pricing decision and market pricing decision ， studied the underpricing phenomena of chinese stock market ， and analyzed it ' s causes ； in the fifth part ， we made a analysis of the examine approve system and authorization system ； and in the last part ， we drew some conclusions and put forth some policy advices the follow are the conclusions and policy advices in this dissertation ： （ 1 ） from the results of this empirical study ， we found that the issuing price - earning ratio and the market situation before ipos are strongly and positively associated with the underpricing of shares ， the issuing scale of ipo and the hit rate are strongly and negatively associated with the underpricing ； （ 2 ） we found that after the abolishing of ipo ' s p / e ratio and the using of authorization system ， there is no significant difference among the underpricing of shares ， but considered with the market entironment ， we think that the ipo ' s underpricing has been correspondingly reduced （ 3 ） to reduce difference between the primary market and the second market ， we suggested that we shall bring the " over - allotment option ( oao ) " to bear and resume the state - owned share and corporate - owned share to circulate on market as soon possible
本文的主體由六個部分組成：第一部分介紹新股發行定價的估值方法；第二部分對我國的發行定價方式和發行制度進行分析，探討不同發行定價方式的優缺點，以及審批制和核準制經濟效率分析；第三部分從信息經濟學角度和其他因素的角度詳細分析造成新股發行抑價的原因，並結合我國股票市場實際情況，分析了我國市場的特有因素是否及如何影響一級市場的發行抑價程度的；第四部分利用統計分析軟體spss對我國新股行政化和市場化定價進行實證分析，主要包括新股發行行政化和市場化定價方式的實施情況和效果分析、新股發行行政化定價方式的實證分析，以及新股發行行政化和市場化定價方式的比較實證分析；第五部分利用統計分析軟體spss對我國新股發行審批制和核準制進行實證分析；第六部分是本論文的主要結論。本文的主要結論和建議有： （ 1 ）從實證分析結果看，我國新股發行抑價與市場環境、發行市盈率呈顯著正向關系，與發行規模、申購中簽率等呈顯著反向關系。 （ 2 ）取消發行市盈率限制和實施核準制等市場化改革措施並沒有降低發行抑價的絕對水平，只是由於市場環境的因素，發行抑價的相對水平才有所降低。 -
It ' s the first time clearly and systematically to present the concepts of restraint influence coefficient of steel to strain increment, to curvature increment and to deflection increment due to creep which are different each other. theoretical formulae are established, and approximate formulae are also obtained while considering the characteristics of common - used concrete and ambient condition of real bridges in china. so, an approximate restraint influence coefficient method to analyze the effect due to creep and shrinkage in pc bridges is put forward, and the equations to estimate second - force due to creep considering influence of steel in system - transferred continuous pc bridges is also established
本文首次清晰而系統地提出了鋼筋對徐變的不同效應（徐變應變、徐變曲率、徐變上拱）約束影響系數的概念，建立了相應的計算式；結合我國普遍採用的混凝土的徐變特性和橋梁的構造特點及工作中南大學博士學位論文摘要環境特徵，給出了具有較高計算精度的實用計算式;在此基礎上，建立了橋梁徐變效應近似分析的鋼筋約束影響系數法，並推導出了考慮鋼筋影響的超靜定梁徐變次內力的近似計算式，可方便地應用於橋梁研究和設計中。 -
In this paper, these two methods are employed to consider three kinds of singular perturbation boundary value problems. in the first section, the existence of solution for a class of non - linear systems with three - point boundary problem is obtained by applying the differential inequality theory. in the second section, we use the differential inequality theory to discuss the non - monotone interior layer solution for one kind of singularly perturbed quasilinear boundary value problems with a turning point. in the third section, the diagonalization method is applied to study the existence of solution for a class of vector differential systems with two - point or three - point boundary problems. meanwhile, the asymptotic estimate of the solution as well as its first - order derivative and its second - order derivative is obtained
在第一部分中，我們應用微分不等式理論證明了一類非線性系統三點邊值問題解的存在性；在第二部分中，運用微分不等式理論研究了一類帶有轉向點的擬線性奇攝動邊值問題的非單調內層解；在第三部分中，利用對角化方法研究了一類向量二點或者三點邊值問題解的存在性，並獲得解及它的一、二階導數的漸近估計。 -
First, being based upon kalman filter, extended kalman filter formulas was established ; second, with using extended kalman filter in non - linear dynamics system maximum likelihood identification method, the self - contained formulas of estimating parameter was established ; third, according to the air layout of the missle, the aerodynamic parameters identification calculating model was gained, with applying to the non - linear dynamics system maximum likelihood identification method ; finally, with using the calculating model, the aerodynamic parameters were gained. the results which were gained from the calulating model were almost consistent with which were gained from the wind tunnel experiment. thus, it was viable to use the method to estimate the aerodynamic parameters
首先，以卡爾曼濾波為基礎，將其推廣于非線性動力學系統，建立了廣義卡爾曼濾波算式；其次，把廣義卡爾曼濾波算式應用於非線性動力學系統最大似然演算法和非線性動力學系統最大似然遞推演算法中，建立了各自的參數估計完備算式；再其次，以所建立的傾斜穩定導彈空間運動數學模型為基礎，根據該導彈的氣動布局，推導並建立了該導彈空間運動數學模型，將最大似然遞推演算法應用其中，建立了導彈氣動力參數辨識的數學模型；最後，利用該模型，估算出了氣動力參數，所得結果與風洞實驗數據基本吻合，從而認為採用此方法是可行的。
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