groundwater surface 中文意思是什麼

So these karst series problems are lowness ability of making soils, distributing odds of surface water and groundwater, leakiness of fountain, alkalescence of circumstance, lowness of bio - diversity, rapidness converse succession of vegetation and fragility of soil character and entironment. and karst region produces many problems, e. g. rock desert, soil erosion and degeneration because of artificial influence and destruction

巖溶空間介質具有地上地下雙層結構，可溶巖造壤能力低，巖溶水空間分佈不均、地表地下水關系密切、水源易漏失，偏堿性環境、生物資源集聚程度低，植被逆向演替快、順向演替難，巖溶地質與生態環境十分脆弱，受到人為因素的影響和破壞，極易產生石漠化、土壤侵蝕與退化等一系列問題。

Based on consider hereinbefore, this dissertation discusses several aspects on the problem of the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources as follows : ( 1 ) reviewed entirely the origin and evolvement of the concept " sustainable development ", stated and commented the study status in queue on " sustainable development " around national and international range, thorough discussed the science connotation about the concept " sustainable development " ; ( 2 ) looked back and commented across - the aboard some furthest basic concept and proposition related to groundwater resources, put forward self opinions on a few existent mistake points of view and chaos understandings ; ( 3 ) expatiated entirely on the content and meaning of the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, contrast with the traditional methods of groundwater resources calculation and evaluation, combined example to show the application of this theory ; ( 4 ) thorough analyzed the difficult and complexity to forecast the groundwater resources, fully stated the traditional methods of groundwater resources forecasting, pointed out the characteristic and applying condition of these forecasting method, introduced the main ideas and methods of wavelet analysis developed recently, and the matlab software be known as the fifths era computer language, and its accessory wavelet analysis toolbox, applied these methods and tools to analyze the groundwater dynamic curve, adopted the b - j method and morte - carlo method, combined with the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, discussed the new view on the forecast of groundwater resources ; ( 5 ) synthetically analyzed the characteristics and limitations of the present all kind of groundwater manage model, combined mathematical programming mathematical statistics random process and the theory of variation system of groundwater resources on the unite optimum attempter of surface water and groundwater, emphasized how to make the model more nicety, more simple, more practicality ; ( 6 ) analyzed the inside condition and outside condition to assure the sustainable and optimum exploi tation of groundwater resources, the inside conditions are the follows : correct resources idea, scientific methods of resources calculation and evaluation, credible forecast methods of resources, exercisable measures of resources management, the outside conditions are the follows : the development idea of high layer, the transform of manage system, the matched policy and rule of law, the adjusted of economy lever, the improve of cultural diathesis, the boosting up of water - saving consciousness and detail measures, the control of population rising, the prevention and cure of water pollute, the renew and rebuild of ecology ; ( 7 ) scan the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources from the high level of metagalaxy, earth system science, and philosophy ; lint out the more directions on groundwater resources

基於以上考慮，論文主要從以下幾方面對地下水資源可持續開發問題進行了比較深入的探討：全面回顧了「可持續發展」概念的由來與演變，對國內外「可持續發展」的研究現狀進行了述評，並對「可持續發展」概念的科學內涵進行了深入探討；對涉及地下水資源的一些最基本的概念和命題進行了全面的回顧和評述，對目前仍然存在的一些錯誤觀點和混亂認識提出了自己的見解；全面闡述了地下水資源變值系統理論的內容和意義，並與傳統的地下水資源計算評價方法進行了對比分析，結合實例具體說明了方法的應用；深入分析了地下水資源預測預報工作的極端重要性和復雜性，對傳統的地下水資源動態預測方法進行了全面的評述，指出了各類預測預報方法的特點及適用條件，對最近二十多年剛發展起來的小波分析技術的主要思想和方法及其應用范圍，以及號稱第五代計算機語言的matlab軟體和附帶的小波分析工具箱進行了介紹，並應用於地下水動態過程線的分析，採用時間序列中的b ? j法，蒙特卡羅方法，與地下水資源變值系統理論相結合，探討了地下水動態資料分析和地下水資源預測預報的新思路；綜合分析了現今各類地下水管理模型的特點及缺陷，將數學規劃、數理統計、隨機過程等與地下水變值系統理論相結合進行地表水地下水或多水源的聯合優化調度，使模型更準確、更實用；對保證地下水資源可持續開發的內部條件和外部條件進行了分析，內部河海人學博卜學位論文前言、摘要、目錄條件主要是正確的資源觀，科學的資源計算與評價方法，可靠的資源預測預報技術，可操作的資源管理措施，外部條件主要是高層發展思路、管理體制的變革、配套的政策法規、經濟杠桿的調節、人文素質的提高、節水意識的增強及具體節水措施、人口增長的控制、水體污染的防治、生態的恢復和重建等;從宇宙科學、地球系統科學及哲學的高度審視地下水資源的可持續開發;指出了地下水資源可持續開發的進一步研究方向。

To this area precipitation materials for many years, evaporate materials, surface flow materials, hydrometeorological materials, hydrogeological materials carry on exhaustive analysis, have analysed the state of water resource of the sand district, proceed from the heat of the earth ' s surface is balanced, water yield balanced basic theories, combine the amount of regional water resource set up of the materials, such as scene, hydrology, soil of the sand district, etc. and estimate models, have calculated the surface water, groundwater of this area, has carried on models to examine according to the real data, and has predicted to the state of water resource under different climate change scenes of future that analyse. have put forward the scheme that the water resource in this area utilized rationally, use the non - linear motive force model to predict the precipitation, utilize the materials of actual observation, the natural supply amount of calculating out groundwater of sand ground of balanced principle of the amount of water used at the same time, and can exploiting amount predict to groundwater, district of sand,

本文以寧夏半乾旱地區鹽池縣沙地水資源為研究對象，對該地區多年降水資料、蒸發資料、徑流資料、水文氣象資料、水文地質資料進行了詳盡的分析，分析了沙區的水資源狀況，從地表熱量平衡、水量平衡的基本理論出發，結合沙區的氣象、水文、土壤等資料建立了區域水資源量估算模型，計算了該地區的地表水、地下水，根據實際資料進行了模型檢驗，並對未來不同氣候變化情景下的水資源狀況進行了預測分析，提出了該地區水資源合理利用的方案，運用非線性動力模型對降水量進行預測，同時利用實際觀測資料，運用水量平衡原理計算出沙地地下水的天然補給量，並對沙區地下水可開采量進行預測。

The results are as follows : ( 1 ) if we increase the pumping water by 493 x 104m3, the amount of leakage recharge of rubber dam will rise by 231x 104m3 ; which indicates pumping by rubber dam can excite much more surface water infiltrate so as to supply groundwater. thus the utilization ratio of water source is increased, and it provides the reliable guaranty for enough supply of the groundwater storage in wet year. ( 2 ) under the condition of present status, the groundwater exploitable resource in wet year is 3670 104m3

最後，通過數值法反復調算計算出本區地下水的允許開采量，計算結果表明，在現狀開採的條件下，大沽河地下水庫豐水年（ p = 20 ）時地下水允許開采量為13670 10 ~ 4m ~ 3 ，平水年（ p = 50 ）時地下水允許開采量為12054 10 ~ 4m ~ 3 ，枯水年（ p =加% ）時地下水允許開采量為10951xl了砰。

Surface water supplies, problems and solutions ; the small farm dam how to construct one ; well drilling the von der rigg ; spring and groundwater protection ; urban water supply and sanitation ; water vending ; roof catchment systems

地表水供給的問題與解決方法；如何建造農場小蓄水池；鑿井；泉水與地下水的保護；城市供水與衛生設備；水的銷售；屋頂排水系統。

On the regional karst water, it has been primarily clarified that the distributing trait, the cause of formation, and the environment background, and it has been confirmed that the source, the height, and the location about the karst groundwater replenishment. we have found out the relationship of developing circulation among the atmospheric water, the surface water, and the groundwater in the research area, and have compartmentalized the different geohydrology structures about the karst water. 2

初步查明了研究區的巖溶水分佈特點、巖溶水的成因及形成的環境背景，確定巖溶地下水的補給源區、補給高度、位置及巖溶區內大氣降水，地表水、地下水的動態循環關系，劃分出巖溶水不同的水文地質單元； 2

The metabolic adaptive control about groundwater surface

地下水位新陳代謝的自適應控制

As viewed from the hydrogeochemistry of cretaceous groundwater in the south of baiyu mountain of the ordos basin, the article is focus on the groundwater horizontal distribution and the water chemistry about surface water base - flow

摘要主要從水文地球化學的角度，以鄂爾多斯盆地白于山以南地區白翌系地下水的水化學水平分帶和地表水基流水化學特徵為主要依據，結合地質構造格局及巖相古地理條件，分析研究了該區白翌系地下水的補、徑、排條件。

The purpose of this web site is to share my experiences with workers in any country on water logging in agricultural lands, irrigation induced soil salinity, subsurface drainage for agriculture ( horizontal and vertical ), reuse of groundwater, ground - water hydraulics, ( geo ) hydrology, rainfall and surface runoff relations, reclamation and improvement of water logged saline, salty, sodic alkaline, and acid sulphate soils, plant growth, crop production and responses as well as statistical analysis consisting of segmented linear regression and cumulative frequency distributions

描述:探討農業耕地的水澇問題；灌溉導致的土壤鹽堿化；地表灌溉；地下水的再利用；地下水水力學；雨水與水流失的關系；淺地表排水；土壤開墾及水澇，酸性，堿性土壤的改良；片段線形回歸和累積頻數分佈的統計分析等。

The present utilization and existing problems in water resource of the north of huaihe river in anhui are introduced. based on such research objects as northern guo river of bozhou, jiangtang of fuyang and key city zones, a mathematical model with systems engineering viewpoint is established and used to investigate in water resource problems in the area. the main contents are as following : ( 1 ) groundwater resource and present utilization ; ( 2 ) mensuration of calculational parameters of groundwater and calculational methods ; ( 3 ) economic parameters of irrigation areas ; ( 4 ) establishing northern wo river forecast model with finite element method, areal well - group method and water balance method ; ( 5 ) establishing optimal water resource allocating model for northern jiangtang and new cihuaixin river irrigation area and investigating in the combination of surface water and groundwater, optimal agricultural planting - mode and optimal distribution proportion of various water sources ; ( 6 ) some existing exploitation problems and advices about water resource in the area

本論文針對淮北地區水資源開發利用現狀及存在問題，以安徽亳州渦河以北地區、阜陽姜堂鄉和重點城市區為研究對象，運用系統工程觀點，採用數學模型方法，對該區水資源問題進行了綜合研究，主要內容為： （ 1 ）地下水資源及開發利用現狀； （ 2 ）地下水計算參數測定和計算方法； （ 3 ）灌區經濟參數； （ 4 ）採用有限單元法、面狀井系法、水均衡法，建立亳州渦河以北地下水位預測模型； （ 5 ）建立阜陽姜堂及茨淮新河北部的農灌區水資源優化配置模型，應用系統分析的方法，研究地表水與地下水聯合運用，農業最優種植模式及各種水源的最佳分配比例； （ 6 ）淮北地區水資源開發利用存在問題及建議。

The region and the earth surface across this road are mainly water above ground and run - off and the ground water is mostly made up of groundwater and perched water ; the river bed is more obvious ; the overbank is covered by medium sand and gravel ect

路線所經地帶地面主要為地表水和徑流，地下水主要以潛水和上層滯水為主，河床較明顯，河灘覆蓋中砂、礫石等。地勢低洼地帶地表常年積水，影響路基穩定。

Since the shallow depth excavation is the main factor to cause ground settlement in shenzhen subway tunnel, this paper discusses some corresponding countermeasures including the improvement of ground property, appropriate draining of groundwater, scheduled excavation depth and width, etc, to control strata distortion and surface settlement, and argues that these measures are expected to effectively control surface settlement while constructing city subway in soft ground excavation

摘要針對深圳地鐵淺埋暗挖隧道施工中影響地表下降及地層變形的因素，提出了遵循「十八字」原則、改善土體特性、適度排放地下水、根據地層條件選擇施工方法、增大左右線隧道開挖面的距離、合理確定開挖進尺、提高施工效率、加強初期支護、及時施作二次襯砌等對策。

We calculated the surface subsidence, horizontal displacement, incline, and current curvature using the groundwater drawdown, conical depression influence radius of water cone and ground property

根據地下水降深、降落漏斗影響半徑、巖土工程地質性質，計算降水引發的地表沉降值、水平移動、傾斜、曲率現狀值。

The paper main contents including : ( 1 ) the paper analyzed spatial variability of hydrology geological parameters ; and studied on the tendency and regulation of annual water table resource in shandianhe river in inner mongolia ; and analyzed the general changing tendency of water table with time ; analyzed and illustrated the conditions of supply, penetration and drainage of ground water. ( 2 ) the paper analyzed the data of rainfall, evaporation, transpiration and runoff, assessed the surface water resources. ( 3 ) the paper used drainage method of ground water and finite element method assessed groundwater resources and forecasted the water table in the future six years

內容包括: （ 1 ）分析了水文地質參數的空間變異性並分析研究了地下水的歷年動態變化趨勢和規律及其補給、徑流和排泄條件; （ 2 ）整理和分析了研究區的降水、蒸發和徑流資料，評價了地表水資源量; （ 3 ）採用總排泄法和有限元法對研究區地下水資源量進行了評價，並對未來6年地下水水位進行了預測。

Only on the condition that we ascertain reserve of groundwater, mark out and regulate unitedly, prevent water pollution, call for saving water, suggest uni - calling between surface water and groundwater positively, can we exploit and use groundwater rationally

研究表明，只有查明地下水儲量，對地下水實行統一規劃，統一管理，防止水污染，提倡節約用水，積極推行地表水和地下水聯合調度，才能合理開發利用地下水資源。

Taking surface water and groundwater as part of the whole water environment, this paper analyzes the relation between surface water and ground water, and examines the current water environment in dongguan city

摘要將地表水和地下水作為一個水環境的整體，分析地表水和地下水的關系；根據有機和無機污染的檢測結果，按地表水環境質量標準和地下水質量標準對東莞市的水環境現狀作出了評價。

On the basis of the work in xie et al. 5, xie et et al. 7 and liang et al. 8 established a dynamic repre - sentation of the groundwater table in a land surface model through reducing it to a moving boundary problem and solving it by the mass - dumped finite element method

基於以上工作，謝正輝等7 ， liang等8通過將地下水位動態表示問題歸歸結為運動邊界問題，用有限元集中質量法直接求解，建立了地下水位的動態表示模型

There are some main problems included surface water pollution, groundwater overdraft, excess fluorine of rural drinking water, deficiency of rural water supply, and low efficiency water use

存在的主要問題是地表水污染嚴重、地下水嚴重超采、農村飲水氟超標和水量不足、水資源浪費仍很嚴重，以及管理手段有待提高等。

The chemical information of the interaction of unconfined groundwater and surface water along the heihe river, northwestern china

黑河幹流淺層地下水與地表水相互轉化的水化學特徵

Investigated the water resources volume and quality and exploitation condition, conducted water balance for the present condition at 75 and 95 probability levels, and listed the problems in water resources development and management. 4. two methods, one looked into the percentage of surface water and groundwater ; and the other introduced fuzzy set theory, and took the social economy and water system as one system for analyzing

4 、對全市水資源開發利用程度用兩種方法進行了分析，一是用傳統的方法單一地對地表水、地下水的開發利用量占資源量的百分數進行了分析；二是引入模糊綜合評判的方法，將社會經濟和水資源納入一個系統進行分析研究，較為客觀地評價了水資源的開發利用程度，兩種方法的評價結果基本上是一致的。