independent liability 中文意思是什麼

independent liability 解釋
單獨的責任
  • independent : adj 1 獨立的，自主的，自治的，有主見的。2 自食其力的，收入足夠維持閉居生活的。3 願意獨立的，獨立...
  • liability : n. 1. 責任，義務。2. 〈pl. 〉 負債，債務 （opp. assets）. 3. 傾向；易於…的傾向[性質]。4. 不利條件。
  1. The structure of this paper goes like this, the first chapter introduce the development of e - b / l in practice and in laws. and draw a conclution that the electrification of the b / l is a history tide. in the second chapter, on the basic of reseach the security trap in e - b / l running, 1 conclude six security elements of, e - b / l : the liability of the system, the authenticity of dealers ' identity. the integrity and secrecy of electronic data, and the validity and evidence effectiveness of electronic data. from the third chapter to the eighth, 1 reseach these elements one by one. the third chapter introduce the establishment of the e - b / l security system, and some related laws the fourth chapter introduce the certification authority of e - b / l. in the fifth chapter, 1 introduce the encrypt of electronic information and some countries ' control on use / import / export crytography. the sixth chapter introduce the concept and principle of digital signature, and reseach some related legal issues. the seventh chapter reseach the legal demand of validity, then come to a conclution that to establish a independent electronic information system is necessary. in the eighth chapter, 1 reseach some countries " regulation on the evidence effectiveness of electronic data

    第二章在分析電子提單運作中的安全隱患的基礎上，歸納出其六大安全要素，即系統的可靠性、交易者身份的真實性、數據電訊的機密性和完整性、數據電訊的合法有效性以及交易者行為的不可抵賴性。第三章到第八章分別對這六大要素進行分析：第三章介紹了電子提單網路安全體系的建立以及系統安全保護法規，第四章則介紹了電子提單的安全認證機構，第五章介紹了信息加密技術以及各國立法對密碼技術的進出口及使用的控制，第六章介紹了數字簽名的概念及原理，並以bolero為例介紹了數字簽名的技術方式，對有關法律問題作了論述；第七章首先論述了電子提單對有效性的法律需求，然後結合國內法和國際規則的規定論證了數據電訊制度產生的必然性；第八章通過對各國立法對電子證據的法律效力的規定，論述了對電子交易至關重要的數據電訊的不可抵賴性。
  2. Fault liability of contracting as an independent civil obligation

    論締約過失責任的獨立性
  3. Contract law introduces the anglo - american conception of partially disclosed principal and undisclosed principle to solve the problem. the civil legal relationship between freight forward, principle and the third party was stipulated by civil law and contract law. the lecture lays the emphasis on trust contract ; trust relationship and each party ' s liability. freight forward acting as an independent operator, concerning practical condition included two contract and two bills of lading

    《民法通則》和《合同法》共同調整國際貨運代理人與被代理人、第三人之間的民事法律關系；本文在論述的過程中對委託關系、委託合同、國際貨運代理人與被代理人、第三人之間的關系重點進行了論述，對國際貨運代理的權利義務進行了分析。
  4. Second, the writer points the meaning of criterion of liability system. then discusses two central questions : can the equitable liability become an independent criterion of liability ? can the fault - presumption liability become an independent criterion of liability ? furthmore, the writer thinks the criterion of liability including fault liability and no - fault liability

    從而得出:過錯推定責任是過錯責任原則適用中的一種特殊情形，不應從過錯責任原則中獨立出來。過錯推定責任是責任標準，但不是獨立的歸責原則。
  5. Vat liability is independent of the type of tax invoices used

    是否負有增值稅納稅義務與所使用發票沒有必然關系。
  6. The principle of independence means that civil liability in security transaction is independent to the administrative liability and also the criminal liability, three of them can not mix up mutually. each of them can not b e replaced by the other and none of them can be remitted

    獨立原則是指證券交易民事責任既獨立於行政責任又獨立於刑事責任，三者不能互相混同，不能以一種責任替代另一種責任，也不能因承擔一種責任免除另一種責任。
  7. It is an independent civil liability of tort

    是一種與違約責任、侵權責任並列的獨立民事責任。
  8. Through comparing negative prescription and the time of the contract guaranteeing, the author draws a conclusion out of the common namely the contract is exercised and during liability exemption by a kind of special right when guaranteed, and it is a independent form

    合同保證期間是保證之債的消滅期間，通過對訴訟時效、除斥期間、合同保證期間比較，得出的結論是：合同保證期間是一種獨立的期間類型。
  9. The company introduces someone the electronic technology limited liability company is the specialized production babies and infants thing enterprise, has the formidable independent research and development ability and the productivity, guides the colleague industry product the development direction, many item of products have the honor to receive the national monopoly

    某某電子技術有限責任公司是專業生產嬰幼兒用品的企業，具有強大的自主研發能力和生產能力，引導同行業產品的發展方向，多項產品榮獲國家專利。
  10. In a different light, the liability of com - mercial subject can be divided into independent liability and dependent li - ability or limited liability and unlimited liability

    商主體制度中的有限責任和無限責任是特指商主體的出資人承擔責任范圍的有限和無?限。
  11. A18 liability of multiple tortfeasors for indivisible harm if the independent tortious conduct of two or more persons is a legal cause of an indivisible injury ， each person is jointly and severally liable for the recoverable damages caused by the tortious conduct

    如果兩個或兩個以上的共同侵權行為構成一不可分損害的法律原因，那麼每個人均對該侵權行為造成的可獲得損害賠償承擔連帶責任。
  12. We select correspondingly some specific indices after considering the automobile industrial characteristics, and then use the multiple regression method. the result shows the factors that affect the automobile industrial dividend policy, according to the influence degree, are the company ' s profitability, the circulation stock proportion, the company size, the turnover rate of total asset, but the asset liability ratio and so on are independent of it

    實證分析時主要應用多元線性回歸分析法，在結合了汽車製造業的行業特徵，並相應地選取一些特定指標后，得出了汽車製造業上市公司股利政策影響因素模型，其按影響程度大小依次為公司的盈利能力、流通股比例、公司規模、總資產周轉率，而與資產負債率等指標無關。
  13. Based on some relevent theories, this paper reviews the independent director system which have been fashined into effective insider control tools in some western countries, empirically examines the development and present situation of independent director system in china, presents some measures that may help china public companies put a well - functioning independent director system in place. the arsenal contains reinforced base for independent director system, balanced liability of independent directors, rational appointment and disengagement of independent directors, incentive machanism, professionalization of independent directors, independent directors ’ positive role in corporation governance. the paper is organised as follows

    本文從獨立董事制度的理論及國外執行情況入手，借鑒國外執行獨立董事制度的先進經驗，從實際操作的角度對我國獨立董事制度的執行情況進行探討，分析中國企業獨立董事制度的執行現狀和問題，並有針對性地提出一些完善措施，如構建獨立董事制度的基礎、構建獨立董事權責利的協調機制和產生退出機制、建立獨立董事的激勵約束機制，使獨立董事職業化，將獨立董事制度的執行融入到中國現有的公司內部治理結構之中去。
  14. In usa, although the legislation has adopted parallel models of vicarious liability and doctrine of identification, in judicial practice especially in the federal court the vicarious liability model dominates. further to that the us judicial practice has been very responsive to the latest theory and seeks to consider the internal independent mind of corporate crime and misconduct

    美國在立法上雖已形成替代責任與同一原則並存的格局，但在司法上特別是聯邦法院主要的依據仍然是替代責任；法院一直致力於擴展替代責任的范圍，並在司法實踐中繼續采納新的法人刑事責任理論，試圖撇開實施犯罪行為的自然人，直接考慮法人內在的獨立犯罪意志，以求擴大法人的刑事責任。
  15. With regard to product liability law ' s legislation system, our country adopts the comprehensive legislation mode which combines together public and private laws without establishing independent product liability law while most other countries adopt to establish product liability laws independently

    在產品責任立法體例方面，與國外大部分國家採取單獨制定產品責任法的立法模式不同，我國沒有制定單獨的產品責任法，而採用的是公、私法合一的綜合性立法模式。
  16. The independent director system is of so great significance in china that this dissertation aims to contribute my personal effort to better chinese independent directors system, either for theoretic reason or for practical reason, by anatomizing basic topics of chinese ids in concept independence and legal status with four subtopics in detail as of rights, duty. liability and coordination problem between independent directors and supervisory board

    獨立董事制度在中國的推行具有積極的意義，本文就獨立董事制度的概念、獨立董事的獨立性、獨立董事的法律地位? ?權利、義務和責任、獨立董事與公司監事會關系界定及協調四方面進行研究，用以豐富和完善中國的公司獨立董事制度理論與制度安排。
  17. And on the basis of that, it is of great significance to achieve healthy development of the profession. the dissertation defines the law concepts relative to cpa civil liability firstly, then it focuses on the analysis of the following controversial areas in law : definitive principles for auditing tort liability, the judging criteria of fault etc., and it states the legal status of independent auditing standards from the perspective of law ; further, to complete the law analysis, the dissertation analyzes definitive principles of the cpa ’ s legal liability and the game between the interest of social publics and the interest of cpa from the perspective of economics. then, by reviewing different legal status of generally accepted auditing standards in different historical periods in american, the author studies the legal status of independent auditing standards in china regarding our specific legal and economic environment

    本文首先從注冊會計師民事法律責任相關的法律概念入手，重點對審計侵權責任的歸責原則、過錯判斷標準等一些在法學界存在爭議的關鍵領域展開分析，從法律角度闡述了獨立審計準則法律地位問題;進而從經濟學的視角對注冊會計師民事責任歸責原則和社會公眾與注冊會計師的利益博弈展開了分析，作為對法律分析的輔證;然後在考察借鑒不同歷史時期美國獨立審計準則法律地位的基礎上，結合我國特定的法律和經濟等環境，對我國獨立審計準則的法律地位問題進行了研究，認為:獨立審計準則具有一定的法律地位，應當作為我國注冊會計師法律責任認定的一般原則，但並非判斷注冊會計師執業時是否存在「過失」的唯一基準。
  18. Only by so doing can the independent standing of the liability for wrongs in conclusion of contract be obtained in real sense and can the victim " s legal rights be totally absorbed into the domain of legal protection

    有義務即有責任，義務是貢任產生的前提，貢任是義務不履行的後果。 《合同法》第92條規定了后契約義務，也就承認了后契約責任。
  19. Thirdly, there are theories about the nature confirmation on civil liability such as those of contract liability, infringement act responsibility and independent responsibility

    對民事責任的性質認定有合同責任說、侵權責任說和獨立責任說三種理論。
  20. Generally speaking, commercial subject undertaking independent liability denies the unlimited liability of its investor

    其責任主體是商主體的出資人，而不是商主體本身。
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