normal to surface 中文意思是什麼
normal to surface
解釋
與曲面正交-
And the explicit finite difference method, the combining method of the central difference method and newmark s constant average acceleration method, and the transmitting boundary are used. by comparing the acceleration determined by the several methods of the displacements or velocities, a computing method of acceleration employed the one side difference of velocity is more practicality in this research. corresponding to normal incidence of the body waves, p waves or svwaves, and rayleigh surface waves, two two - dimensional finite difference programs are compiled to compu te the dynamic response of two - phase media
以土力學模型為基礎，利用以土骨架和孔隙流體的四個位移為基本未知量的數值方法去模擬二維飽水介質中的地震波傳播，採用了顯式差分方法（中心差分法和newmark常平均加速度法結合）和透射邊界，通過比較利用幾種差分格式求解的加速度結果，發現一種用速度單邊差分求解加速度的方法在本文研究中較為實用，分別編制了體波（ p波或sv波） 、 rayleigh面波輸入時求解兩相介質動力響應的兩個二維數值分析程序。 -
This is necessary because the loads are usually applied normal to the calibration fixture surface.
之所以有此需要，是因為所加載荷通常是垂直於校準裝置平面的。 -
Heat convected, a mode of motion developed by such combustion, was constantly and increasingly conveyed from the source of calorification to the liquid contained in the vessel, being radiated through the uneven unpolished dark surface of the metal iron, in part reflected, in part absorbed, in part transmitted, gradually raising the temperature of the water from normal to boiling point, a rise in temperature expressible as the result of an expenditure of 72 thermal units needed to raise i pound of water from 50 to 212 fahrenheit
燃燒所引起的運動形式之一-熱對流傳熱，不斷地加速度地從熱源體傳導給容器中的液體，由那凹凸不平未經打磨的黑色鑄鐵面把熱向周圍發散出去一部分反射回來，一部分被吸收，另一部分被傳導，使水的溫度從常溫逐漸升到沸點。這種溫度的上升可作為消費結果標志如下：將一磅水從華氏五十度加熱到二百十二度，需耗七十二熱量單位。 -
The angle drawn at the point of incidence ( intersection of ) a reflected ray and the normal line perpendicular to the reflecting surface
中義光線在物體表面的投射點上反射出來的光線與物體表面垂直法線所夾的角度。 -
To do the investigating and studying work about the achievements of tackling key problem of the quondam exploration of front - zone of mountain, to analyze and study the applicability about the gathering technology used in the seismic exploration of the complicated construction belt of front - zone of mountainous ; 2. combining the quondam achievements, researching the design method of observation system objective of the complicated construction belt based on seismic - geology model, firstly, building the surface level and deep layer seismic - geology model of complicated construction belt and analyzing the forward model, secondly, designing the observation system aiming at the overthrust nappe structure in section and in area ; 3. aiming at the complicated earth ' s surface condition of front - zone of mountain, how to select the exciting method and the parameter, how to optimize the environment of exciting method and reception, how to pledge the normal combination of the datum of different exciting method ; 4
根據山前帶的地震地質條件特點，本文主要研究了以下幾個方面的內容： 1 、對以往山前帶地震攻關成果開展調研工作，分析研究在山地山前復雜構造帶所採用的地震勘探採集技術的適用性； 2 、研究基於地震地質模型的復雜構造帶觀測系統目標設計方法：如何建立復雜構造帶的表層、深層地震地質模型，利用正演分析目標區的觀測系統；針對逆掩推覆體構造，如何分區分段有針對性設計觀測系統等； 3 、針對復雜地表條件的山地山前帶，如何選擇激發方式、參數，如何優選激發、接收環境，如何保證不同激發方式的資料能正常拼接； 4 、山前帶巨厚礫石區的表層結構調查技術及靜校正方法研究。 -
Using the normal and neighbor relationship, classification of scattered data points is realized according to the quadric surface. the typical algorithms of surface reconstruction from 3d scattered data points are introduced, and then we discuss the current surface tessellation algorithms about their adaptive range, low efficiency
本文首先對三維散亂數據點重構曲面的典型演算法和現有的曲面網格劃分演算法進行了分類與比較，針對現有的散亂點曲面重建演算法存在的低效率和局限性問題提出了相應的解決方案。 -
The planes of the wave front and the reflecting surface are also normal to the plane of the figure.
波陣面的諸平面與反射面都與圖面垂直。 -
( 2 ) according to the forming model of the deep pull cracks, they can be divided into three classes pulled cracks -, pressed cracks and sheared cracks. ( 3 ) based on the two - dimensional and three - dimensional finite element methods. the following results can be affirmed : in the slope excavating process, the base surface will rebound in the direction of the excavating surface ' s excerior normal. the maximal displacements of the left and right bank are + 3. 6cm and + 2. 4cm ; the arch abutment will rebound in the direction of the river valley, the maximal displacements of the two bank are + 3. 5cm and + 2. 2cm ; the upstream and downstream surface will rebound in the direction of the normal direction. the maximal displacements are + 2. 1cm and + 1. 7cm. ( 4 ) the natural slope is stable
（ 3 ）通過二維及三維有限元分析得知，左右岸拱肩槽邊坡在開挖過程中，開挖底面主要表現為朝開挖面外法線方向發生回彈，左右岸最大位移量分別為+ 3 . 6cm 、 + 2 . 4cm ；拱端面主要表現為向河谷方向發生側向回彈，左右岸最大位移量分別為+ 3 . 5cm 、 + 2 . 2cm ；上下游坡面主要表現為向臨空方向的回彈，左右岸最大位移量分別為+ 2 . 1cm 、 + 1 . 7cm ；開挖使巖體產生由卸荷回彈導致的傾倒拉裂現象。 -
This is normal cervical non - keratinizing squamous epithelium. the squamous cells show maturation from basal layer to surface
圖示：正常宮頸鱗狀上皮，無角化。鱗狀上皮從基底層到表層逐步成熟。 -
The thermal visualizations of jet impingement cooling with single or double row holes inside semi - enclosed channel are measured by using infrared camera and then the impingement cooling heat transfer coefficients are deduced. the effects of flow and geometry parameters on convective heat coefficients are obtained. the results show that : for a single row normal impingement, the impingement cooling effectiveness is enhanced with the increase of impinging reynolds number or the decrease of hole space to diameter ratio, and the best effectiveness is achieved under the jet - to - surface spacing equals to 2 ; when the jet is oblique to the confined wall, the cooling effectiveness is weaken especially under the jet - to - surface spacing ratio is greater than 2 ; for double rows normal impingement cooling, the cooling effectiveness of rear row jet is weaker than the front row under lower impinging reynolds number or bigger jet - to - surface spacing
對于單排垂直射流，沖擊冷卻效果隨射流雷諾數的增加、孔間距與直徑比的減小而得到提高，沖擊間距比為2時換熱效果最好;沖擊孔中心線向通道封閉一側傾斜后，射流沖擊冷卻的范圍變窄，當沖擊間距比大於2時駐點區的對流換熱能力明顯降低;對于雙排沖擊射流，孔排間距與直徑比的增加使沖擊冷卻范圍變大，但在兩排孔之間區域的對流換熱系數有所下降;在較小的沖擊射流雷諾數和較大的沖擊間距比下，後排射流的沖擊換熱效果要遜於前排射流。 -
After being improved, the gear surface contact fatigue strength obeys weibull distribution and stress obeys normal distribution, the gear bottom bend fatigue strength and stress obey logarithm normal distribution, according to the relation of average safe rate and reliability, then the gear strength reliability design and check equations can be deduced
將齒面接觸疲勞強度按威布爾分佈、應力按正態分佈處理，將齒根彎曲疲勞強度和應力均按對數正態分佈處理，再根據平均安全系數和可靠度之間的關系，推導出了齒輪強度可靠性設計和校核公式。 -
The recombinants were constructed by transforming ppic9 a - xynb into p. pastoris gs115. the assay results revealed that the xylanase gene xynb was overexpressed and secreted effectually in p. pastoris. in 3l fermentor the expression level of xylanase xynba exceeded 1200iu / ml and the expressed xylanase had normal bioactivity. the molecule weight of xynba was determined as about 31kd which is higher than 23kd of original enzyme xynb from streptomyces olivaceoviridis a1. xynbb was gotten by deglycasylation of xynba, whose molecule weight returned to 23kd. we comparised the enzymatic properties of xynba expressed in p. pastoris, xynbb deglycasylated from xynba and xynb produced from streptomyces olivaceoviridis al : there was little difference among the three enzymes on optimal ph, the optimal ph of xynb and xynba were both 5. 2, the optimal ph of xynbb was 5. 0 ; the optimal temperature of xynb and xynba were both 60 c, while the optimal temperature of xynbb was 50 ? ; because of glycosylation the thermal stability of xynba was better than xynb and xynbb ; the specific activity of xynba and xynbb were 883. 88iu / mg and 832. 5hu / mg respectively, which were both lower than 2814. 45iu / mg of xynb ; the km values of xynb and xynba were similar to each other which were 21. 56 ( g / kg ) and 20. 87 ( g / kg ), while the km value of xynbb was 27. 10 ( g / kg ) ; the fmax of xynba and xynbb were 4568umol / mg. min and 5329umol / mg. min respectively which were lower than 27623 umol / mg. min of xynb ; additionally all of the three enzymes did not display cellulase activity. they all had well resistance to pepsion and trypsin, and were not sensitive to metal iron, surface active agent and chelating agent. the analysis of different xylans enzymatic hydrolysate revealed : by xynba, that the main constitutions of enzymatic hydrolysate of birch wood xylans were xylotriose and xyloquaiose, which account for 68. 43 % and 16. 50 % respectively, additionally there was 11. 79 % of xylobiose ; the main constitutions of enzymatic hydrolysate of corncobs xylans were xylobiose and xylotriose, which account for 81. 78 % and 11. 55 %. the result indicated that this xylanase was a kind of 1, 4 - b - d - xylanohydrolase and was fit to used in industrial procession of xylooligosacc harides
進一步對xynba進行了脫糖基化處理得到xynbb ，其分子量恢復到23kd ，證明xynba是糖基化蛋白。通過對畢赤酵母重組表達的木聚糖酶xynba 、脫糖基化的木聚糖酶xynbb以及橄欖綠鏈黴菌a1所產原酶xynb之間酶學性質的比較發現：三種酶的最適ph差異不大， xynb和xynba均為5 . 2 ， xynbb為5 . 0 ； xynb和xynba的最適溫度均為60 ， xynbb降為50 ：在耐熱性上， xynba由於糖基化作用熱穩定性明顯高於未糖基化的xynb和xynbb ； xynba和xynbb的比活性分別為883 . 88iu mg和832 . 51iu mg ，明顯低於原酶的比活2814 . 45iu mg ； xynb和xynba的km值相當，分別為21 . 56 （ g kg ）和20 . 87 （ g kg ） ，而xynbb的km值較大為27 . 10 （ g kg ） ； xynba和xynbb的vmax相差不大，分別為4568 mol mg ? min和5329 mol mg ? min ，明顯低於xynb的27623 mol mg ? min此外三種酶均無纖維素酶活性，對胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶有很好的抗性，且對作用環境中的各種離子、表面活性劑、螯合劑不敏感。通過對不同木聚糖的酶解產物的糖份分析發現：以樺木木聚糖為底物時，酶解產物主要為木三糖和木四糖，含量分別為68 . 43和16 . 50 ，另外還含有11 . 79的木二糖；以玉米芯木聚糖為底物時，酶解產物主要為木二糖和木三糖，含量分別為81 . 78和11 . 55 。 -
To avoid this problem, the authors improved the equipment of lab large - scale direct shear tests and developed a special new one which overcame the disadvantages of normal equipment, made the result more accurate and could be used to analyze the shear surface and dilatability of the mixture
本文對室內大型直剪試驗進行了改進，研發了新型的土石混合料室內大型直剪試驗系統，克服了常規直剪儀存在的主要問題，使得試驗結果更精確、可靠，試驗分析更完善。 -
? to make the solid have realistic surface, we adopt advanced solid modeling method - constructive solid geometry. ? to free end - user from overwork, we presents and realizes many auto - processing algorithms, such as searching of inner - point, definition of polygon ' s counter - clockwise direction, as well as generation of numeric control codes. ? to checkout the collision and interference between cutter and part, we accomplish numeric control machining simulation, which can help end - user validate the correctness and rationality of numeric control codes, so it is needless that do repetitive test - cut before normal manufacture
正如將在後續章節中所講述的那樣，我們在系統中採用了許多先進的技術，其中主要包括以下幾點：採用分層設計思想，使三維物體的設計得到了簡化；採用先進的實體造型方法，使所建立的實體真實感強；實現了內點自動查找、多邊形方向自動定義等演算法，提高了系統的自動化水平；實現了刀具軌跡的自動生成、優化；實現了數控代碼的自動編寫，克服了手動編寫的缺點；實現了數控加工模擬，能檢驗數控代碼的正確性和合理性，並能自動檢測刀具與工件之間的干涉。 -
The new technology of non - contact life - parameter detection is relative to that of the normal contact one, which uses microwave beams to illuminate the human subject, whose reflected wave will be modulated by the surface movement resulting from the physical activity. by this way, some parameters of the reflected wave, such as frequency and phase will be changed. if these changes can be detected, the life parameters such as respiration rate and heartbeat rate will be extracted from those changes
非接觸生命參數檢測是相對于常規的接觸式檢測而言的一種新技術，它利用微波束照射人體，其回波信號被人體生命活動引起的體表微動所調制，使得回波信號的某些參數（如頻率、相位）發生改變，檢測到這些變化就能從中提取出人體的生命參數（如呼吸或心跳） 。 -
This was due largely to the development of an el nino in the year, which was characterized by above normal sea surface temperatures in the equatorial eastern and central pacific. the associated change in atmospheric steering flow caused tropical cyclones over the western north pacific to turn towards the north before entering the south china sea
厄爾尼諾是指在赤道太平洋東部及中部出現海面溫度異常變暖的現象，它導致大氣環流的改變，將北太平洋西部的熱帶氣旋引導向北移動，相對減少了它們向西移入南海的機會。 -
Care should be taken to ensure that the probe is held normal to the test surface and pressed positively on to the test surface
應注意確認探頭通常的手握方式以直接接觸測試漆膜的表面。 -
Normal armament includes surface - to - surface missiles, surface - to - air missiles, anti - submarine mortars, a 100mm gun and two 30mm guns
「廣州號」上的軍事配備包括：地對地導彈、地對空導彈、反潛迫擊炮、 -
The assembly or piece part shall be viewed in two positions, normal to the inspector and perpendicular to the surface ( 45 degree )
將組品或單個部件放在檢測者前18到24英寸（手臂長）的位置執行檢測 -
As the sailing time involved is longer, surface mails to the usa will take about two weeks longer than normal to be delivered
基於上述的付運安排，寄往美國的平郵聖誕截郵日期將提前至：
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