patchiness 中文意思是什麼

Anthropogenic activities ( e. g. development, over - grazing, timber harvest ) can disrupt the structural integrity of oasis - desert landscapes and is expected to impede diversity communities across the landscape and make it fragmented. with human dimension and activities enhancing, the patchiness grain, edge density and landscape contrast become large, landscape diversity and patch fractal dimension decreased

隨著人類活動的增強，斑塊粒度、邊緣密度、分散度、對比度變大，而景觀多樣性下降，斑塊分維數變小，人類生產經營活動導致了綠洲-荒漠景觀破碎化，綠洲和荒漠生態系統界面上的突變性、對比度和異質性增強。

Abstract : biological invasions are a continuous feature of a non - equilibrium world, ever more so as a result of accidental and deliberate introductions by mankind. while many of these introductions are apparently harmless, others have significant consequences for organisms native to the invaded range, and entire communities may be affected. here we provide a survey of common models of range expansion, and outline the consequences these models have for patterns in genetic diversity and population structure. we describe how patterns of genetic diversity at a range of markers can be used to infer invasion routes, and to reveal the roles of selection and drift in shaping population genetic patterns that accompany range expansion. we summarise a growing range of population genetic techniques that allow large changes in population size ( bottlenecks and population expansions ) to be inferred over a range of timescales. finally, we illustrate some of the approaches described using data for a suite of invasions by oak gallwasps ( hymenoptera, cynipidae, cynipini ) in europe. we show that over timescales ranging from 500 10000 years, allele frequency data for polymorphic allozymes reveal ( a ) a consistent loss of genetic diversity along invasion routes, confirming the role of glacial refugia as centres of genetic diversity over these timescales, and ( b ) that populations in the invaded range are more subdivided genetically than those in the native range of each species. this spatial variation in population structure may be the result of variation in the patchiness of resources exploited by gallwasps, particularly host oak plants

文摘:生物入侵是不均衡世界的一個永恆話題，尤其是當人類有意或無意地引入物種后.很多引入顯然是無害的，但另外一些則有著嚴重的後果，會給入侵地的生物以至於整個生物群落造成影響.本文總結了分佈區擴張的常見模式，概述了它們對遺傳多樣性和種群結構式樣所造成的影響.描述了如何根據以一批遺傳標記所得到的遺傳多樣性式樣來推斷入侵途徑，來揭示伴隨擴張選擇和漂變在形成種群遺傳樣式中的作用.本文對日益增多的群體遺傳學方法進行了總結，這些技術可以用來在不同的時間尺度上推斷種群規模所發生的巨大變化（瓶頸效應及種群擴張） .最後，我們以歐洲櫟癭蜂（膜翅目，癭蜂科，癭蜂族）一系列入侵的數據為例對一些方法進行了說明.從500 10000年的時間尺度上，多態的等位酶位點上等位基因頻率的數據表明: 1 ）遺傳多樣性沿入侵路線呈不斷下降的趨勢，支持了冰河期避難所作為遺傳多樣性中心的作用; 2 ）入侵地區的種群與該物種原產地的種群相比，遺傳上的分化更為強烈.這種種群結構在空間上的變異可能是被櫟癭蜂開發的資源尤其是櫟樹寄主在斑塊上出現變異的反映

It is concluded that clonal plasticity is an alternative means for clonal plants to battle environmental heterogeneity. in another greenhouse experiment, we addressed the responses of three stoloniferous clonal herbs inhabiting different habitats to artificial environments with reciprocal patchiness of light and nutrients

在另一溫室實驗中，研究了三種匍匐莖克隆草本鵝絨委陵菜、金戴戴和絹毛匍匐委陵菜對光照和養分資源交互斑塊性環境的反應。

The annual variation of runoff turned to uniform with the landscape patchiness index and landscape diversity index increased, and it turned to extreme with the landscape contagion index and landscape dominant index increased, and it did not relate to landscape shape index

隨著景觀破碎度和景觀多樣性的增大，流域徑流年內分配趨于均衡；而隨景觀聚集度的增大，流域徑流年內分配則趨向集中，景觀形狀對流域徑流調節作用不明顯。

We studied its distribution pattem by using the following measures f the test for fitting to the poisson, negative binomial and neyman a distribution. at the same time, we use negative binomial parametef, dispersal index, patchiness index, cassie s index and clumping index, estimated the aggregation intensity. the results showed that the distribution pattern is typically aggregated, and the intensity of aggregation vari

經統計分析，青島百合復合種群、各局部種群內個體的分佈格局離散分佈擬合的結果符合負二項分佈；各聚集強度參數中，叢生指標）和cassie指標（二k ）均大於o ，負h項參數限）均較小，擴散系數k卜擴散型指數）和聚塊性指標（ m m ）均大於1 ，以上這些表明各個局部種群的分佈格局都為聚集分佈。

These results indicate that the three studied clonal herbs demonstrated division of labor induced by reciprocal patchiness of light and nutrients

這表明，三種克隆植物發生了環境誘導的克隆內分工行為。

The death rate of individuals in dongwenquan population shows another pattern with slowly raise along with the age. 3 with the use of the dispersal index ( di ) clump intensity ( ci ' s ) mean crowding ( m * ) patchiness index ( pai ). green ' s index ( gi ) and intensity index as parameters, we further studied the spatial distribution patterns of the three populations

， chtoran ， hoidesyaog ）種群結構與動態研究3 、用leshe矩陣模型定量預測三個種群未來20a的數量與年齡結構變化的結果顯示，北溫泉緒雲衛矛種群數量在未來4a內會有一定程度的減少，以後的種群數量逐漸增加，呈不斷擴大的趨勢，而這其中幼齡個體所佔的比例越來越大，老齡個體的比例越來越小。

The landscape diversity index, dominance index, patch average area and patchiness have changed respectively from 1. 72 to 1. 886, 0. 139 to 0. 359, 3. 220 to 3. 103 and from 27. 361 to 26. 878 in different time from 1986 to 2000, which shows that the degree of landscape fragmentation has increased. such increase reflects severe interference of humankind. the result also shows that the spatial pattern of urban landscape has many problems such as unreasonable distribution, single configuration, reduced connectedness, increased fragmentation, decreased types of natural landscape and increased loss of soil and water

將1986年的指數與2000年的指數進行比較發現，景觀的多樣性指數和優勢度指數都增加了，分別由1 . 72增加到1 . 886和由0 . 193增加到0 . 359 ；而平均斑塊面積和景觀鑲嵌度指數都減小了，分別由3 . 22減到3 . 103和27 . 361減為26 . 878 。