presumption of negligence 中文意思是什麼
presumption of negligence
解釋
過失推定- presumption : n 1 推測，猜測，臆斷，假定；設想，想像。2 專橫，自以為是；不客氣，跋扈，冒昧，放肆，無禮；傲慢，...
- of : OF ＝Old French 古法語。
- negligence : n. 1. 玩忽,疏忽；失職；【法律】過失；不留心,粗心大意；不介意,冷淡。2. 懶散,邋遢,不整齊。3. 【文藝】奔放不羈。
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Environmental tort law in japan has originated in liability without negligence in public nuisance, today, liability without negligence and presumption of causation have become common legislation systems in environmental tort law all over the world, compensation and get rid of infringe are the major remedies in civil legal systems
各國環境侵權法律制度中，無過失責任原則和因果關系推定規則已成為通制。在民事救濟上，主要是賠償損失和排除侵害，其中，在排除侵害的適用上，各國都帶有濃厚的利益權衡色彩。 -
In the part of the summary, the thesis studies first how presumption of knowledge in legislation and jurisdiction is applied at home and abroad, with the conclusion that in main china it is primarily employed to presume the special knowledge and it mainly falls into category of judicial presumption. then the author explores and defines the concept of presumption of knowledge as a kind of rule or method of identifying the mental fact of knowledge at the time of commitment, which is inferred from and determined by some determined basic facts. then follows the discussion about the relations between presumption of knowledge and other categories such as careless and inadvertent negligence and strict liability
文章在「概述」部分，首先考察了明知推定現象在國外及我國立法、司法中的適用情況，得出明知推定在我國大陸主要用來推定特定之明知，種類上主要是司法推定；然後探討了明知推定的概念，將其界定為：基於確定的基礎事實而推知和確定行為人實施行為時，存在明知的心理事實的一種認定法則或者認定方法。 -
In the part of analysis of advantages and disadvantages of presumption of knowledge, it analyses that presumption of knowledge favorably serves to distribute reasonably the responsibility of producing ? evidence, to realize impartiality and efficiency of procedural law and to satisfy the needs of reality and criminal policy. on the other hand, it provides theoretical preparation for prevention of risk by pointing out its disadvantages of the inaccuracy in the presumed results and the possibility of presuming negligence as knowledge
「明知推定的利弊分析」部分，則分析了明知推定具有合理分配提供證據的責任，實現訴訟法之公正與效益價值，滿足現實需要與刑事政策需要等作用；同時也存在推定結果精確性有欠缺和疏忽大意過失可能被推定為明知等弊端，為防範風險提供理論準備。
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