price of labor 中文意思是什麼
price of labor
解釋
勞動價格-
It took 20 years of labor for an antebellum american slave to repay his or her purchase price and maintenance costs ; today it takes two years for a bonded laborer in south asia to do the same
美國在南北戰爭之前，一個奴隸必須工作20年，才能償還奴隸主人當初付出的身價與日常開銷；今天在南亞，一個奴工只要花兩年就可以了。 -
Because of the advantages of climate and bargain labor force, the production cost and price of vegetables in our country have evident advantages in competition in the international market
我國蔬菜行業由於氣候和廉價勞動力的優勢，生產成本和價格在國際市場上具有明顯競爭優勢。 -
The price of labor is sometimes determined through collective bargaining between a union and an employer or his representative.
勞動力的價格有時是通過工會和它的僱主或僱主代表進行集體談判決定的。 -
The pre - tender price shall take into consideration factors affecting price fluctuation, including labor, materials, number and shift of machinery, etc., as well as the contingency sum, lump sum fee and measure - taking fee
（四）標底價格應考慮人工、材料、機械臺班等價格變動因素，還應包括施工不可預見費、包干費和措施費等。 -
Our study shows through economic channels ( reduction in labor demand, relative price change, fiscal retrenchment, changes in the value of assets, worsen of social environment ), and via the channels of financial transfer which from non - participants to participants of the financial sector, financial crises and it ' s resolution worsened the distribution of income and poverty in ldcs
我們的研究顯示：通過勞動要求的減少、商品相對價格的變化、公共支出的削減、實物與金融資產價格變化和社會環境的惡化等經濟渠道，以及由非參與者到金融系統參與者的金融轉移渠道，金融危機及其治理加重了發展中國家的貧困程度，惡化了收入分配狀況。 -
Price for materials and skilled labor to be imported by a wholly foreign - owned enterprise may not be higher than the normal prices of materials and skilled labor of the same kind prevailing on the international market
外資企業進口的物資以及技術勞務的價格不得高於當時的國際市場同類物資以及技術勞務的正常價格。 -
The main issues of the research are put as following : firstly, with the international comparing of market sharing rate and trading competitive index, it was revealed that wheat in china has inferior international competitiveness with a bit rising during current years, however, which is still behind that of the main wheat export countries. secondly, after the international comparing of the main factors that affect the international competitiveness of wheat, it was discovered that chinese wheat has the obvious cost advantage on unit product, while because of the high circulation fee, it results in inferior advantage on the price ; low and unstable quality is another factor which leads to inferior wheat competitiveness ; the input of fertilizer and labor makes little impact on the productivity of chinese wheat, while the input of seeds, irrigation and machine makes a strong impact, so it should be more invested in seeds, irrigation and machine to reduce wheat ' s unit cost. the assistant industries of the wheat, such as breed, production materials and processing industries, have inferior international competitiveness and lagged development
其次，通過對影響小麥國際競爭力的主要因素的國際比較發現：中國小麥單位產品生產成本具有明顯優勢，但由於較高的流通費用，導致在價格上不具有優勢；小麥質量較差、品質不穩定是導致中國小麥國際競爭力較低的主要因素；生產要素中化肥和勞動力投入對中國小麥生產力水平的影響程度較小，而種子、灌溉和機械投入對小麥生產力水平的的影響程度較大，因此小麥生產投入要以增加種子、灌溉和機械的投入為主，代替大量的化肥和勞動力投入，進一步降低小麥單位產品成本，增強中國小麥國際競爭力；中國小麥的上下游輔助產業（包括品種資源、生產資料和加工業）的國際競爭力較弱，發展較為滯后；中國小麥生產者的組織化程度較低嚴重製約了中國小麥質量的提高、流通費用的降低和加工業的發展；小麥生產經營活動本身的特點決定了在充分發揮市場機製作用的基礎上，必須通過政府的宏觀調控來克服其市場機制的失靈，保障市場機制有效運行，但通過國際比較研究發現：中國政府在生產者支持、市場體系建設和國際貿易政策上對小麥的支持水平較低，與提高中國小麥國際競爭力的要求有較大差距，尤其是較低的生產者支持水平和市場體系建設程度制約了中國小麥國際競爭力的提高。 -
Price subsidiaries standards : according to the rules of the ministry of finance, foreign - funded enterprises should hand in the various price allowances rmb 30 yuan per month for each chinese employee in the enterprise to the local financial authorities that the state pays to the employees, in accordance with the standards verified by local financial and labor departments of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government
物價補貼標準：根據財政部規定，外商投資企業應按所在地的省自治區直轄市財政勞動部門核定的標準，支付國家對職工的物價等各項補貼，並上交當地財政部門。按企業內中國籍職工每人每月30元。 -
Due to the decrease of disposable income of people resulted from the tax, it changes the stucture of the price, influences the optimal behavior of the economic person, the capital accumulation, and the supply of labor, thereby slows down the growth of economy
稅收由於減少了私人經濟主體的可支配收入，改變了商品的相對價格結構，影響理性經濟人的最優化行為，影響資本積累和勞動供給，從而最終會影響經濟增長。 -
From the second to the fifth chapter such problems concerning state - owned property right are illustrated respectively as its definition, valuation and price fixing and capital sources of undertaking party and the disposal and use of transfer income. problems are raised with regard to the process of current property right system diversity in state - owned enterprises, such as the disagreement to the definition of state - owned property right, no standard of evaluation, imperfection of price fixing system and relative confusion of transfer income disposal and use. what ' s more, new solutions are offered : the probe into state - owned property right definition " changsha model " is confirmed positively ; two specific ways of quantification - - " the method of average growth rate of state - owned property right " and " the method of average cost of labor in market " ; the concept " present value of earnings " is applied to the property evaluation of receivable accounts, finished goods, invisible assets and so on ; the unjust in price fixing of state - owned property right can be avoided by improving property valuation methods, perfecting capital market especially property right trading market and bettering information publishing system ; as to the guarantee problem of human resources financial contribution, an original key is offered
第一章運用產權理論對國企產權多元化改革進行經濟學分析；第二章至第五章主要圍繞國有產權的界定問題、評估問題、定價問題、承接方的資金來源問題、轉讓收入的處置運用問題分別進行闡述，指出了當前國企產權多元化過程中存在著國有產權界定不統一、評估不規范、定價機制不完善、處置運用相對混亂等諸多問題，並提出新的解決思路：肯定國有產權界定「長沙模式」的積極探索意義，提出量化職工創造剩餘價值的「國有資產平均增長率法」和「平均市場勞動成本法」 ；將「收益現值」概念運用到對應收賬款、產成品、無形資產等資產評估之中；應從完善資產評估方法、完善資本市場特別是產權交易市場和健全信息公開機制三個方面來解決國有產權定價不公問題；就人力資本出資的擔保問題提出實際債務承擔額（比例）應小於名義出資額（比例）的新思路，並認為人力資本市場上的交易價格應包括絕對出資額和相對出資額兩部分。 -
On the basis of the above summary the creativities of the sharing systems of the shanxi merchants are discussed : ( 1 ) concentrating capital was the result of the average division in the form of organizing capital not the foremost motivation, witch was in fact in order to ensure the rights and benefits of shareholders ; ( 2 ) introducing labor - sharing system was the measure which the shanxi merchants adopt to the rise of the price of labor factor relative to that of capital factor in qing dynasty ; the labor - sharing system promoted the increase of profits of the shanxi merchants " enterprises greatly. however, that effectiveness came into existence only in normal condition. if enterprises were into the red or drawing near bankruptcy the labor - sharing system would otherwise steep up the decline of the enterprises
在此基礎上，對晉商股份制的上述創新進行了討論：集中資本是資本股份化的結果，而不是最初動因，內在動因是維護股東權益；在收益股份化的基礎上，引入頂身股制是清代晉商企業應對勞動要素價值相對提高的舉措；頂身股制極大地促進了晉商企業利潤的增加，但這僅限於企業處于正常經營狀態時，當企業面臨虧損或瀕臨倒閉，頂身股制反而會加速企業的衰亡；晉商產權制度創新（包括產權結構、組織結構的創新）迫於清代晉商企業的內外部條件變化，具體形式的產權制度是創新主體面對環境變化從成本收益角度出發仔細斟酌、權衡的結果。 -
( 1 ) the key factors of production investment refer to labor, capital, technology and other factors. ( 2 ) the term technology refers to those independent production factors which can be acquired in the market of production factors and whose cost and price are locked. ( 3 ) total production costs include not only the costs of labor and capital investments, but also the costs of technology and other production factors
首先，在對傳統生產函數模型進行考察分析的基礎上，對傳統生產函數進行了重新定義： （ 1 ）將生產投入的要素歸結為勞動、資本、技術和其它生產要素； （ 2 ）技術是指生產廠商可以從生產要素市場上獲得的、具有一定成本和價格的獨立的生產要素； （ 3 ）生產總成本中，不僅包括勞動和資本的投入成本，也包括技術和其它生產要素的成本，因而，技術的增長也是有成本、有代價的。 -
The price of labor is also an extremely important economic factor on the input side.
勞動力價格也是投入方面的一個非常重要的經濟因素。 -
The paper suggest that expanding the supply and suppress the demand, making the education price in order and sharing the educational price, combining the labor market and establishing the system of labor market information is the way to realize rational consume
要實現教育的理性消費，就要從這些因素入手進行調節。擴大供給、抑制需求，理順教育價格、按收益原則分擔教育價格，整合勞動力（就業）市場、建立勞動力市場信息體系是本文給出的建議。 -
People pursues the salary make a general reference of broad sense the monetary income that all sorts of labor gain or content having price
廣義的工資泛指人們從事各種勞動獲得的貨幣收入或有價物。 -
The small amount of copper added to sterling has very little effect on the metal s value. instead, the price of the silver item is affected by the labor involved in making the item, the skill of the craftsperson, and the intricacy of the design. most high quality silver items are stamped with a " fineness ", " 925 " or " quality " mark
2 、折彎法：用手輕折銀首飾，易彎不易斷的成色較高；僵硬、勉強折動的成色較低；經折彎或用錘子敲幾下就會裂開的為包銀首飾；經不起輕折，且易斷的為假貨。 -
In the lean production strategy, there are the thinking of lean production should foster up, so as to reduce the cost as we can as possible, take advantage of the superiorities of labor and resources, to achieve the lower price and here are something that we should pay more attention to. in the third strategy, some questions have been answered about how to operate the capital flow, how to optimize the resources and to expand with lower cost, and how to utilize the resources in the tide of the reestablish
實行精益生產方式，推行產品精益化戰略，則提出了汽車企業應該貫徹精益思想，盡量減少成本，利用國內的勞動力成本優勢和資源優勢實現產品的低成本，並指出了企業在實施該戰略過程中應注意的問題。利用資本市場，實施資本運營戰略，探討了汽車企業如何運用資本市場，進行低成本擴張，優化資源配置以及如何在重組浪潮中運用好企業的資源問題。 -
The export trade in zhejiang province keeps continuous high - rate growth, but faces the pressure of the rise in price, frequent occurrence of international trade friction and intensification of labor - intensive competition
摘要浙江省出口貿易保持了連續高速增長，但面臨著物價上漲、國際貿易摩擦頻發和勞動密集型產品競爭加劇等壓力。 -
According to the principle of the same satisfactory degree on each production, society assigns the social necessary labor - time in the social labor time available. the significance of recognizing the social necessary labor - time is that it is use to ending the contests on the social necessary labor - time, mastering and improving marxism theoretically, to interpreting the puzzle in life, indicating the value and price of production and serves, which including monopolistic production, non - marker production, the action of official and the employee in enterprise and facilities
重新認識社會必要勞動時間含義的重要意義：理論上，它有助於結束社會必要勞動時間的爭論，徹底解決商品價值量的訣定問題，有助於澄清和統一對勞動價值論的認識，從而有利於堅持和發展勞動價值論，也有助於理解馬克思主義和發展馬克思主義；從實踐上，有助於解釋現實生活中的疑惑問題；有助於解釋、指導產品和服務的價值和價格的確定，這些產品和服務包括：壟斷性產品、非市場化的產品、公務員和企業事業單位某些職工的活動。 -
Seller reserves the right to adjust the contracted price, if prior to delivery, there is any variation in the cost of labor or raw material or component parts
如果在交貨前勞動力原材料成本或其組成部分發生任何變化，賣方有權調整合同價格。
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