pricing costs 中文意思是什麼
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The model of asian put option pricing with geometric averaging and transaction costs under the cev process
下有交易費用的亞式看跌期權定價模型 -
Following this viewpoint of the firm, if the costs of pricing intangible knowledge is too high, or if transacting this intangible goods between its owner and the buyer is so difficult, it tends to be economical to forgo any direct pricing of this intangible knowledge as an input, and to price the tangible its output instead
這樣看來，如果直接就創新型知識產品這樣一種投入在它的所有者與消費者之間進行交易和定價的費用太高，那麼放棄這種交易方式，而代之以對經由這種知識生產出來的最終有形產品進行交易和定價，通常要花費較少的交易費用。 -
Evading risk in financial trading market cries for pricing options to a nicety. asian option, as the most flourish options in the finace market, the pricing has been focused on always. the exact pricing formula for the geometric average asian option had existed, but as to the european - style arithmetic average asian option, due to the dependence structure between the prices of the underlying asset, no analytical formula exists. on the hypothesis that the market is frictionless and without transaction costs 、 on the base of b - s ’ s and in the binomial tree model, we provide several algorithms for computing an accurate value of the european - style arithmetic average asian option. following rogers and shi and by jensen ’ s inequality, many different upper and lower bounds are provided ; meanwhile a formula have got by the comonotonicity and approximating the distribution function. all of the algorithms are easy for programming. with the development of computer, more accurater price can be computed quickly. and numerical example proved that these algorithms are very accurate
對于幾何平均亞式期權它的定價相對簡單，已經給出了定價公式。對于算術平均亞式期權，它的未定權益具有軌道依賴特性，一直沒有得到它的定價方程的解析解形式。本文基於對市場是無摩擦且在沒有交易費用的情況下，在b - s模型下，利用二叉樹模型給出了算術平均亞式期權定價方法;並總結了利用jensen 』 s不等式給出的各種不同情況下的上下界;同時應用共單調性和近似分佈函數的方法也給出了算術平均亞式期權價格的近似公式。 -
3. while the author introduces the existing pricing models, he also elaborates the advantage and disadvantage of the models, and lays particular stress on the determination of capital costs in rappaport model
筆者並未簡單地介紹現有的目標企業定價模型，而是在介紹的同時闡述了各類模型的優點與缺陷，並且著重討論了rappaport模型中資本成本的確定。 -
This course focuses on the following topics : basic theory of consumer behavior ; production and costs ; partial equilibrium analysis of pricing in competitive and monopolistic markets ; general equilibrium ; welfare ; and externalities
本課程的重點放在以下的主題上：消費者行為的基本理論；生產與成本；競爭與獨占市場中定價的部分均衡分析；一般均衡；福利；以及外部性。 -
Article 55 for pharmaceuticals controlled by the fixed and directive pricing system of the government, the competent authority of pricing of the government shall fix and adjust the price with reason in conformity with the principles for fixing prices as prescribed by the price law of the prc and according to the considerations of societal average costs, market supply and demand, and the level of societal tolerance to achieve accord between quality and price, to avoid excessive prices, and to safeguard the due interests of the users of the pharmaceuticals
第五十五條依法實行政府定價、政府指導價的藥品，政府價格主管部門應當依照《中華人民共和國價格法》規定的定價原則，依據社會平均成本、市場供求狀況和社會承受能力合理制定和調整價格，做到質價相符，消除虛高價格，保護用藥者的正當利益。 -
Mr raymond cheng chor - kit, chairman of kin yat holdings, said : " the past six months continued to be a very difficult one for the toys industry, amidst mounting competition, sustaining pricing pressure, higher material costs and shortages in power and labor
建溢集團主席鄭楚傑先生表示：過去六個月玩具業的經營環境仍然相當困難。愈趨激烈的競爭價格持續受壓物料成本上升，以及電力和勞工短缺，在在都是集團面對的挑戰。 -
A strategic move, according to schelling is “ one that influence the other person ’ s choice in a manner favorable to oneself by affecting the other person ’ s expectation on how one ’ s self will behave. ” strategic interaction among firms occurs along several dimensions : capacity, pricing, product policy and r & d. most of these involve substantial investments ; the last represents largely irreversible commitments to the industry and are an integral part of the process of establishing the firms ’ relative positions in terms of market share, costs and products
在信息完全性的假定條件下，考慮到資產的專用性，通過對允許對手進入的斯塔克爾伯格均衡和阻止對手進入的過剩生產能力（ excesscapacity ）可置信威脅策略性行為的比較分析，數理論證了壟斷企業中存在過剩生產能力的一種可能原因，是一種特定條件下各利益主體最大化其效用時出現的相對穩定狀態。 -
The empirical results show that the banks with larger scale tend to have lower prime rates and that bank capital costs and operating expenses have positive effects on the prime rate pricing
實證結果發現，銀行資金成本及營業費用對基本放款利率有正向影響，而規模愈大的銀行則會有較低的基本放款利率。 -
A study on option pricing with transaction costs
有交易成本的期權定價研究 -
Pricing formulae for european options with transaction costs
有交易成本的歐式期權定價公式 -
A study on the rainbow option pricing model with transaction costs
有交易費用的彩虹期權定價模型的研究 -
3. in no - effective market, investors will face trading costs which can n ' t be neglected. based on defining the trading costs, this paper set up a no - linear option pricing model with discrete trading time, and discuss european option long position and option short position with trading cost ( 3. 33 )
本文在界定交易成本的基礎上，建立了離散交易時間條件下的非線性期權定價模型（見方程3 . 33 ） ，並分別討論了有交易成本的歐式期權多頭和空頭的定價方法。 -
On this basis, the paper mainly proves that the value process { v ( t tl h, s ) ; 0 t t } of european continuous - time knock - out double - barrier put option is a martingale in the complete market without transaction costs, and the martingale property of single - barrier put option is given. at the same time, the pricing problem of american knock - out double - barrier put option is also being discussed, and the formula for determining its value at any time t ( 0 t t ) is obtained
在此基礎上，本文主要證明了在不存在交易成本的完全市場條件下連續時間歐式觸銷式雙障礙賣權貼現到0時刻的價值過程{ v （ t _ l _ h ， s _ （ t _ l _ h ） ） ； 0 t t ） }為鞅，並且給出了對應單障礙賣權價值過程的鞅性質。 -
Already, early studies of potential revenues from road pricing confirm what traditional cost - benefit analysis has long shown : that the gains from many road schemes ( unlike those from many rail schemes ) far outweigh their costs
對徵收過路費可能帶來的收益進行初步考察便可發現，傳統成分效益分析所得出的結論是對的，許多公路項目的成本都要遠遠低於它所能帶來的收益（與鐵路項目相反） 。 -
It will also examine the efficiency, pricing and costs, degree of market access, and level of competition present in the provision of retail payment services and assess whether there are any significant concerns in these areas
此外，檢討將會探討零售支付服務的效率價格及成本，可供使用的容易程度，以及市場競爭的現況，從而評估這些環節是否存在任何重大的問題。 -
Dr benby chan, deputy chairman ceo, asia aluminum explained : " although we adopt a cost plus approach in pricing our products which protects our group from exposure to risks associated with aluminum price fluctuations, we had taken the strategy to absorb part of the exceptional increase in costs of raw material and fuel during the first half in order to strengthen client relationship and further penetration for defined market segment.
亞洲鋁業副主席兼首席執行長陳耀全博士解釋：盡管集團的產品向按鋁價加上加工費計算，保障集團免受鋁價波動帶之風險，但為了鞏固亞洲鋁業與客戶的合作關系，並加強在個別市場上的優勢，集團在上半年度在策略上特為客戶承擔部分因原料及燃料價格飆升而增加的成本。 -
Option pricing of the models of stock pricing fluctuation with transaction costs
有交易費用的股價波動源模型期權定價 -
On the basis of deeply comprehending, the thesis considers the internal cause of cb financing is to decrease many types of financing costs in the status of asymmetric information. so, creatively and systematacially, we divide them into agency costs, under - pricing and financial distress costs and risk uncertainty costs. by using two models and existing evidences, the thesis then discusses the relative advantages and appropriate firm ' s characteristics of cb financing
基於對可轉換債券融資原因的深入理解，本文認為公司應用可轉換債券融資的內因在於減輕信息不對稱狀態下的多種融資成本，創造性和系統性的將之分為代理成本、價值低估及財務危機成本和風險不確定性成本三大方面，應用兩個模型的論述，輔以已有的實證結果，詳細論述了可回購可轉換債券融資的相對優勢和適用公司特徵。 -
If an intruder modifies pricing information for certain products or deletes entire data sets, an organization would face costs associated with correcting transactions affected by the erroneous data, the costs associated with reconstructing the correct values, and possible loss of consumer confidence and revenue
如果入侵者修改了某些產品的定價信息或者刪除了全部的數據集，機構將會面臨的代價是：與改正由於受錯誤數據影響的交易相關聯的費用、與重新建立正確價值相關聯的費用以及消費者信心以及收入方面的可能的損失。
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