replacement rate 中文意思是什麼

Meanwhile, fundamental principles about electroless tin plating by reducing agent and disproportionation reaction were explained. function of every component in the bath was explained that complexing agent can effectively change the potential of copper and tin, and accelerate the beginning of replacement reaction favorably ; reducing agent can increase the rate of chemical reaction and has the effect of promoting reaction dynamics too ; antioxidant can effectively prevent sn2 + in the bath from being oxidated ; additive agent a can improve the stability of the bath ; additive agent b has such effects as refining and brightening for the tin deposits, and it enlarges the range of brightening section ; additive agent c used as leveling agent can not only make the depostis level off, but also improve the dispersive ability of the bath ; surface - active agent can solve bubble problem which gathered on the surface of the deposits, and improve the surface quality of the deposits and the bath stability

闡述了鍍液中各組分的作用：絡合劑能有效地改變銅、錫的電位，促使初期的置換反應順利進行；還原劑能加快化學反應速度，對反應動力學有積極的促進作用；抗氧化劑能有效地防止鍍液中sn ~ （ 2 + ）的氧化；添加劑a能提高鍍液的穩定性，添加劑b對鍍層能有細化和光亮作用，擴大了鍍層光亮區的范圍；添加劑c作為平滑劑，不僅能增強鍍層表面的平整性，而且能提高鍍液的分散能力；表面活性劑較好地解決了化學鍍過程中汽泡在鍍件表面聚集的問題，提高了鍍層的表面質量和鍍液的穩定性。

Hair loss, baldness or alopecia results when hair loss occurs at an abnormally high rate, while hair replacement occurs at an abnormally slow rate, or while normal hairs are replaced by thinner and shorter ones

如出現異常過量地脫發、新生頭發的生長速度異常緩慢，或正常頭發被較稀疏或較短的頭發取代，便會形成脫發或禿頭的現象。

For taxpayer providing processing, repairs and replacement services ( hereinafter referred to as " taxable ' s services " ), the tax rate shall be 17 %

（四）納稅人提供加工、修理修配勞務（以下簡稱應稅勞務） ，稅率為17 。

Under this program, a community area is divided into independent blocks and each block is installed with flow meters to measure the water revenue rate. then improvement measures, such as examination, repair, pipe replacement and gauging are followed

其主要作法是將社區以街廓畫分成獨立區塊，再裝表計量以核算該區塊售水率，繼而實施檢測修漏抽換管線換表等改善措施。

From the viewpoint of the interactive relationship between modern pension scheme and productivity, this paper observed the function and prospect of occupational pensions in china within a background consisting of population structure, labor productivity, and finance environment, utilized simulation and scenario analysis in actuarial models to estimate and analyze the effect of occupational pensions in the replacement rate of urban retired employees, then pointed out the magnification effect of occupational pensions in increasing the replacement rate and the higher efficiency in improving retirement income of urban retired employees. it also predicted the size expectation of occupational pensions during 2002 - 2010 in china, described the function of occupational pensions in developing the capital market and improving the labor productivity, especially emphasized the higher probability of occupational pensions to play the role of institutional investors compared with basic pension. in short, this paper proved the positive meaning of developing occupational pensions from micro - level and macro - level respectively, and brought forward corresponding policy suggestions

本文立足於現代社會養老保險制度與生產力之間的互動關系這一視角，把對我國企業年金作用與發展空間的考察置於包括人口結構、勞動生產率、金融環境等諸多因素的經濟大背景下，在精算模型中運用模擬（ simulation ）和情景分析方法，對企業年金對我國退休職工養老保險收入替代率的影響進行了定量分析和預測，指出了企業年金在提高退休職工收入替代率方面的放大作用，以及比基本養老保險在提高退休職工收入方面的更高效率；並對我國企業年金2002年- 2010年的預計發展規模做了預測，闡述了企業年金對我國發展資本市場和提高勞動生產率的意義，著重指出了企業年金較之基本養老保險基金充當資本市場機構投資者的更大可能性。

After studying the contents with " sx - 10 law " concerning the oil and gas ( o & g ) cost of the international oil company, the article has systematically analyzed and compared the sinopec and foreign oil company ' s o & g cost ' s differences, such as its classifications structures, and cost accounting etc. by analyzing the international oil company ' s common o & g cost ' s movement tendency and rule which has been outlined and showing in the recent 10 years, that is between 1991 and 2000, the article has compared and studied the differences in o & g costs between the sinopec and foreign oil company, furthermore, it has taken impersonally part the real and internal reasons in details which has resulted in the differences at home and abroad. for instance, it has concluded the reasons that contribute to the long - lasting higher production cost of the sinopec upstream in three aspects : firstly, it is due to the difference in its resource stratagem, that is, the foreign oil company can realize their o & g resource optimization by the way of resource electing and o & g assets replacement in the world market ; secondly, since most of the sinopec key oilfields have been in the middle or last development period which characterizing the " three high " ( high water containing, high yield and high lifting rate ), it has been an impersonal rule with a higher level of production cost ; finally, another factor resulting in the higher production cost lies in the execrable operating and social environment which has been facing by the domestic oil company and a great amount of non - producing payout which owes to the bad environment

本論文從美國證監會（ sec ）對國外石油公司油氣成本的《 sx4 - 10條例》的內容研究出發，系統地分析和比較了中外石油公司在油氣成本的分類、構成以及核算等方面的差異，並結合近十年來（ 1991 - 2000 ）國外石油公司油氣成本的變化趨勢和變化規律，對中外油氣成本結構和變化呈現出的差異進行了比較和研究，並就導致該差異產生的深層次原因進行了客觀翔實的剖析，文章特別指出，造成中石化上游油氣生產成本居高不下的原因有三個方面： （ 1 ）資源戰略方面，國外石油公司可以通過資源優選和資產置換來實現油氣資源的最優化選擇： （ 2 ）從開發程度上，中石化上游普遍進入以「三高」為特徵的開發階段，生產成本高是客觀規律： （ 3 ）企業面臨的惡劣經營和社會環境以及由此產生的大量非生產支出，也是構成企業生產成本較高的原因之一。

17. when fertility drops to a particularly low level below replacement and the mortality rate remains low, the pace of population aging inevitably quickens

17 .若生育率下降至遠低於更替水平，而死亡率繼續維持在低水平，人口老化無可避免會加快。

In short, hormone replacement therapy has a place in the treatment of specific age - associated disorders, but evidence that it affects the rate of aging is lacking

簡言之，荷爾蒙補充療法對某些特定的老化相關疾病，是有其重要性，但若要說它會影響老化速率，則是沒有根據的。

This part expounds constructive suggestions and studies a way, which integrates several methods such as discounted cash flow ( dcf ) economic value added ( eva ) multiplier method of market surplus rate replacement cost approach, to evaluate the company and measure founder ' s contribution to enterprises

本部分提出一些建設性意見，並將現金流量貼現法、經濟增長模型、市盈率乘數法、重置成本法結合起來，探討出適合我國管理層收購價值評估的方法和量化創業者對企業貢獻的方法。

The analysis show that the influence given by the area replacement rate is very little, while the modular ratio of pile and soil is a important influence factor. the research about the deformation modular of 17 gravel piles show that the variation rage of gravel pile deformation modular is little, so long as the construction quality is good

通過對17根碎石樁變形模量的研究發現，在施工質量得以保證的情況下，變形模量取值變化范圍不大，對n的取值影響不大，對此我們給出碎石樁變形模量隨荷載變化的關系模型。

" the awts ii has faster flow rate and larger filter size. in addition, the integrated monitor serves as reminder for filter and uv lamp replacement.

安利第二代凈水器的出水速度更快，凈水量更大；新增的電子監察顯示器功能，提示更換紫外光燈和濾心，讓我們用得更放心。

When fertility drops to a particularly low level below replacement and the mortality rate remains low, the pace of population aging inevitably quickens. the overall dependency ratio is projected to rise from 381 in 2002 to 562 in 2031. the elderly dependency ratio is expected to increase gradually from 158 in 2002 to 198 in 2016, followed by a marked rise to 380 in 2031

二零零二年，每千人的撫養率是381 ；到二零三一年，每千人的撫養率估計會上升至562 ；而老年撫養率會由二零零二年的158 ，逐漸上升至二零一六年的198 ；到了二零三一年，更會顯著上升至380 。

In 2001, hong kong s total fertility rate reached an extremely low level of 927 children per 1 000 women, well below the replacement level of 2 100 children per 1 000 women

二零零一年，香港的總和生育率處于極低水平，每千名婦女僅生育927名子女，遠低於每千名婦女生育2100名子女的更替水平。

4. in 2001, hong kong s total fertility rate reached an extremely low level of 927 children per 1 000 women, well below the replacement level of 2 100 children per 1 000 women

4 .二零零一年，香港的總和生育率處于極低水平，每千名婦女僅生育927名子女，遠低於每千名婦女生育2 100名子女的更替水平。

Associating example, the influence factors of the stress ratio of pile and soil are discussed, especially the replacement rate, the modular ratio of pile and soil, deformation modular of gravel pile, reyleigh wave velocity of soil between piles are given more effort

文章結合實例對樁土應力比的影響因素進行了討論，並重點分析了置換率、樁土模量比、碎石樁變形模量、樁間土瑞雷波速對樁土應力比的影響。

At present 1. 5 babies are born for every european union woman, when two births are required for the population " replacement rate " to be maintained

目前歐盟國家的婦女平均生1 . 5個孩子，而為了保持人口替代率，每個婦女至少要生2個孩子。

Were updated to include the disclosure of balance sheet information. the disclosure of credit risk weighted amounts and replacement costs of contingent liabilities and commitments, exchange rate contracts, interest rate contracts and other derivatives was also introduced

，把資產負債表資料納入須予披露的范圍內，並新增了有關披露或然負債及承擔、外匯合約、利率合約及其他衍生工具的信貸風險加權額及重置成本額的規定。

To a certain extent, alpine grassland habitat of eastern qilian mountains was fragmented by frequent disturbance ( including grazing, reclamation, etc ), which resulted in an increase of the diversity and species replacement rate was rapid in the condition of moderate soil moist and sunlight time

放牧干擾（放牧、人為不合理開發）引起生境的逐漸破碎化，使樣方內微生境或資源異質性減小，樣方間異質性增大，土壤濕度和日照時間適中時物種替代速率較快，從而導致多樣性增加。

For taxpayer providung processing, repairs and replacement services ( hereimafter referred to as " t - axables services " ), the tax rate shall be 17 %

（四）納稅人提供加工、修理修配勞務（以下簡稱應稅勞務） ，稅率為17 。

The paper designs some teams of different mix proportion concrete according to the different replacement of the recycled aggregates and fly ash, and researches their working properties and mechanical properties, and analyses influence factors of the working properties and the mechanical properties of the recycled concrete such as the replacement rate of recycled aggregates, the replacement amount of fly ash, surface treatment of recycled aggregates, adding the high range water reducing agents and mineral admixture, etc. the paper researches the durability of recycled concrete as to the sulphate - corrosion resistance, the permeability resistance, the frost - resistance, etc. and analyzes some factors, as to the replacement of recycled aggregates, the replacement of fly ash, the surface treatment of recycled aggregates, adding high range water reducing agent and mineral admixture, bring the influence to the properties of recycled concrete, and analyzes the economic feasibility of the application of the recycled concrete

本文根據再生骨料和粉煤灰的不同取代率設計了幾組不同配合比的再生混凝土，對其工作性能和力學性能進行了研究，分析了再生骨料的取代率、粉煤灰的取代量、表面處理再生骨料及摻加高效減水劑和礦物外加劑等因素對再生混凝土的工作性能和力學性能的影響。本文根據配製的再生混凝土對其抗硫酸鹽侵蝕性能、抗滲性、抗凍性等耐久性進行了研究，分析了再生骨料的取代率、粉煤灰的取代量、表面處理再生骨料及摻加高效減水劑和礦物外加劑等因素對再生混凝土的這些性能的影響。並對再生混凝土的應用進行了經濟可行性分析，為再生骨科和再生混凝土的應用提供了有利的支持。