scale of economics 中文意思是什麼
scale of economics
解釋
規模（橫向）-
With the rapid development of the security stock market especially the stock market in chian ， issuing stock and circulating on market became the first choice of financing for more and more enterprise at the same time ， more and more investors are attracted by the relately high initial return of stock however ， the problem of ipos underpricing always exists in the stock market according to the data of more than one thousand chinese stocks ， most new issues had great raise in the first trade day ， and investors could acquire higher initial return than the average return of the stock market or the same industry we find that initial returns on a - share ipos average reached 132. 24 percent the main body of this paper is made up of six sections ： in the first part ， we introduced the method of the estimate of pricing decision ； in the second part ， we analyzed the method of the pricing decision and issuing system in china ， discussed the advantage and weakness of the various issuing methods ， and compared the economic efficiency between the examine and approve system and authorization system ； in the third part ， we analyzed the reason of ipo ' s underpricing in detail from information economics and other factors and combined with the environment of the chinese stock markets ， we analyzed the special characteristics in china and how they effect the ipo ' s underpricing in the fourth part ， we analyzed the data of chinese stock market with spss ， made a analysis of the administrative pricing decision and market pricing decision ， studied the underpricing phenomena of chinese stock market ， and analyzed it ' s causes ； in the fifth part ， we made a analysis of the examine approve system and authorization system ； and in the last part ， we drew some conclusions and put forth some policy advices the follow are the conclusions and policy advices in this dissertation ： （ 1 ） from the results of this empirical study ， we found that the issuing price - earning ratio and the market situation before ipos are strongly and positively associated with the underpricing of shares ， the issuing scale of ipo and the hit rate are strongly and negatively associated with the underpricing ； （ 2 ） we found that after the abolishing of ipo ' s p / e ratio and the using of authorization system ， there is no significant difference among the underpricing of shares ， but considered with the market entironment ， we think that the ipo ' s underpricing has been correspondingly reduced （ 3 ） to reduce difference between the primary market and the second market ， we suggested that we shall bring the " over - allotment option ( oao ) " to bear and resume the state - owned share and corporate - owned share to circulate on market as soon possible
本文的主體由六個部分組成：第一部分介紹新股發行定價的估值方法；第二部分對我國的發行定價方式和發行制度進行分析，探討不同發行定價方式的優缺點，以及審批制和核準制經濟效率分析；第三部分從信息經濟學角度和其他因素的角度詳細分析造成新股發行抑價的原因，並結合我國股票市場實際情況，分析了我國市場的特有因素是否及如何影響一級市場的發行抑價程度的；第四部分利用統計分析軟體spss對我國新股行政化和市場化定價進行實證分析，主要包括新股發行行政化和市場化定價方式的實施情況和效果分析、新股發行行政化定價方式的實證分析，以及新股發行行政化和市場化定價方式的比較實證分析；第五部分利用統計分析軟體spss對我國新股發行審批制和核準制進行實證分析；第六部分是本論文的主要結論。本文的主要結論和建議有： （ 1 ）從實證分析結果看，我國新股發行抑價與市場環境、發行市盈率呈顯著正向關系，與發行規模、申購中簽率等呈顯著反向關系。 （ 2 ）取消發行市盈率限制和實施核準制等市場化改革措施並沒有降低發行抑價的絕對水平，只是由於市場環境的因素，發行抑價的相對水平才有所降低。 -
But real evidence resulting that effect of scale economics coming from merger and acquisitio
從混合併購來看，其動因主要是尋求協同效應、產業效應和風險分散效應。 -
Firstly, by an in - depth study on chinese commercial banking and their foreign counterparts, this paper points out the great differences of intermediate business innovation between chinese and western commercial banks regarding innovation products variety, scale, technology, etc. secondly, comparing the institution regarding intermediate business innovation and microeconomic - body behavior of chinese commercial banking with foreign ones within an analysis framework from the perspective of institutional economics and game theories, this paper shows that a number of reasons account for the emerging of intermediate business innovation, including external economic environments as well as internal factors within the financial system and technology, among which the institutional factors within the financial system being the most important. at the same time, by comparison with western developed countries " counterparts, the innovation of chinese banking institution lags far behind the development of banking business in main aspects of property rights, managerial system, compensation arrangement and organization system. thus, the backward innovation of banking institutions and twisting microeconomic - body behavior seriously strict intermediate business innovation
本文首先通過對中外商業銀行進行較為深入的調查研究指出，與西方發達國家商業銀行相比，我國商業銀行中間業務創新無論是在業務創新品種、規模上還是在技術手段上，都存在著巨大差距；其次，運用制度學分析和博弈分析框架將中外商業銀行中間業務創新制度及微觀主體行為進行比較得出：商業銀行中間業務創新產生的原因有多種，如外部經濟環境因素、金融體系內部因素和技術因素等，其中最根本的是金融體系內部的制度性因素；與西方發達國家商業銀行制度相比，我國銀行制度創新遠遠落後于銀行業務的發展，主要表現在產權制度、經營制度、分配製度和組織制度等方面；銀行制度創新的滯后及其微觀主體行為的扭曲嚴重製約著中間業務創新，尤其是我國銀行產權關系不明晰，在國有獨資產權框架下政府? ?行長及上級行長? ?下級行長兩種委託代理行為帶來了嚴重的問題，導致了我國銀行中間業務創新動力不足。 -
The development of international trade helps to distribute resources worldwide rationally and effectively, thus pushes global economics forward, at the same time, it provides environment protection more financial support and better technological assistance. however, the negative effect trade imposes on environment cannot be omitted as the scale of international trade enlarges, over - exploitation of natural resources worsens ecological environment. transboundary movements of hazardous wastes even deteriorate the environment of developing countries
國際貿易的發展使世界資源獲得更為合理有效的配置，推動了世界經濟的快速發展，也為環境保護提供了更多的資金和先進的技術，然而其對環境保護的負面影響也同樣不容忽視，隨著國際貿易規模的日益擴大，對自然資源的過度開發加劇了生態環境的破壞，危險廢物的越境轉移使得發展中國家的環境狀況進一步惡化。 -
Based on the economics, the management science and the statistics, the author researched the pattern of shareholding system transformation and the enterprise reforming of the china chem group which is one of large - scale state - owned material distribution corporation
論文運用經濟學、管理學和統計學等方法，以中化供銷集團為研究對象，以該企業股份制改造為研究內容，對企業股份制改造的模式和企業重組問題進行研究。 -
Economics of scale and selecting economic scale of enterprise
規模經濟與企業經濟規模選擇 -
So it is considered that the theory of the way to expand reproduction based on scale benefit theory, property right theory of system - economics, exchange expense theory and consignation substitution theory are theoretical bases of system innovation of macro universities. and resource sharing, deploying, recomposing theories are its theoretical support
論文首先對巨型大學組織變革理論進行了梳理，認為90年代以來關于擴大規模，提高效益，走內涵發展的政策；制度經濟學的產權理論、交易費用理論、委託代理理論；以及資源共享、資源配置、資源重組理論等是巨型大學形成的理論基礎。 -
Jinchang is a new resource industry city mainly based on nonferrous metals and heavy chemical industry. it was founded in 1982, with the high - develop of economics and fast - spread of scale, now the citizens are more than 200, 000
金昌市是以有色金屬、重化工為主體的新興資源型工業城市，自1982年建市以來，隨著經濟的高速發展，城市規模迅速擴充，如今城區人口己達20餘萬。 -
However, the research of baumol showed, in fact, industries with large - scale economics have the nature of competitiveness same as others have and relaxing the regulation of these industries can benefit consumers
然而，鮑莫爾等人的研究表明，實際上，具有規模經濟的行業同其它行業一樣是可競爭的，並且放鬆對規模收益遞增行業的規制能夠使消費者獲益。 -
Such economics of scale of information production and collection tend to enhance the advantages to savers of using fis rather than directly investing themselves
這樣的經濟信息收集規模優勢使運用金融中間人進行投資的儲戶比獨立投資的儲戶更勝一籌。 -
Whether from the government in the planning or natural law of economics perspective, it will focus on a more comprehensive scale commercial projects that support
無論從政府規劃還是自然經濟規律的角度分析，都將會集中較為全面、規模性商業配套項目。 -
While confirming the opinions of the economists at home and abroad about the theoretical research of the cause of formation of enterprise group, the paper points out the limitation of the opinions, that research the cause of formation from the different angles of economics of scale, scope and speed, the collective effect and the decrease of transaction cost
本文在充分肯定國內外學者關于企業集團成因理論研究成果的同時，指出了目前從規模經濟性、范圍經濟性、速度經濟性、集合效應性以及交易費用節省等角度分析企業集團成因的局限性。 -
The analysis on the economics of scale of steel industry in china
我國鋼鐵行業規模經濟的實證分析 -
Besides, the thesis reviews m & a in terms of cost effect, indicating that the positive effect of m & a is to decrease transaction cost and that the negative effect is to increase administration cost, followed by analyzing the cause of these effects in detail. founded on these analyses, the thesis discusses the adequacy of scale of acquiring enterprise by means of marginal analysis method in economics
此外，本章還從成本效應角度對企業並購行為進行了考察，指出企業並購的正面效應是帶來交易費用的降低，企業並購的負面效應是導致管理費用的上升，同時對正、負效應的成因進行了詳細分析，在此基礎上，利用西方經濟學中的邊際分析方法對主並企業適度規模問題進行了探討。 -
From the analysis of traffic flow of huang - huang expressway, the paper reveals the problems of operating administration and trends of traffic flow of huang - huang expressway, reviews and references the advanced experiences of expressway operating administration of national expressway department and overseas, studies and sums the problems including of operating environment, traffic accident, roll standard, system of perform laws, population of environment, scale of the service zone and " holiday economics ", puts forward the suggestion of perfecting operating system, reforming roll manner and practicing comprehensive performing laws
本文從黃黃高速公路交通流特性分析角度出發，分析了黃黃公路運營管理的現狀、存在的問題和未來發展趨勢，在總結和借鑒國內國外高速公路運營管理經驗的基礎上，對高速公路運營環境、交通事故、收費標準、執法體制、環境污染、服務區規模以及在國家經濟運行中新出現的經濟現象如「假日經濟」等若干運營管理問題進行較深入地研究和探討。提出了完善運行保障系統、改革收費標準制定模式、實行綜合執法等建議。 -
It produces three patterns regular chain operation, voluntary chain operation and special permission chain operation. from the high plane of economics of scale economy division of labour theory and exchange expense theory, the author explains the interior rationality and advantages
第一章論述了連鎖經營的概念、特徵、結構、原則和優勢，概括了連鎖經營的一般理論，明確了連鎖經營的發展方向，並探討了連鎖經營的經濟內涵。 -
Chapter 4, firstly, introduces the economic effects of virtual enterprise including economics of scale effects, economics of scope effects and economics of speed effects
第4章首先介紹了虛擬企業的經濟效應，包括規模經濟效應、范圍經濟效應及速度經濟效應。 -
With the development of science and technology, the scale of economics has enlarged
科學技術的發展導致經濟規模的擴大，作為一種最適當的形式的股份公司應運而生。 -
The second part gives the definition and characteristics of proper scale of fdi and the critical elements as well as some indices to judge the proper scale, and analyze the proper scale of fdi by the methods of traditional economics - marginal analysis and supply - demand model. the third part compares the fdi scale in china with other developed, developing and newly born industrialized countries
本文第二部分，對外國直接投資適度規模的概念及特徵做出了鑒定，提出了外資規模適度的決定因素及判斷外國直接投資規模是否適度的各種指標，最後利用傳統的經濟學分析方法?邊際分析法及供給?需求模型對中國引進外國直接投資的適度規模進行分析。 -
Author believe that industrial clusters can strengthen industrially competitive power of a region and promote long - run growth of the regional economy for it can gain the advantage of economics of scale and scope economy, lower transaction cost of enterprises, possess learning effect and polarization effect, benefit innovation, adapt to the variation of market demand, favour to construct regional brand and implement region marketing
本文認為，由於產業集群能獲得規模經濟和范圍經濟的好處、降低企業的交易費用、具有學習效應和極化效應、有利於創新、能夠適應市場需求的變化、有利於創立區域品牌和實施區域營銷，因而能有效促進區域產業競爭力的提高和區域經濟的長期增長。
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