scope of economics 中文意思是什麼
scope of economics
解釋
范圍（縱向）-
In chapter one, this paper analyzes laborer in demography, management of human resources, labor economics, labor demotics and labor jurisprudence and concludes that the scope of laborer is widest in demotics, which is greater than that in labor economics by half and emphasizes that laborer is the father
同時，建議在修改我國勞動法時應當注重與國際接軌，明確勞動者、勞動關系等基本概念的涵義，擴大勞動法的適用范圍，促進經濟發展，保障社會穩定。 -
Directed by the theory of system and using theory of region geography economics theory and system economics theory, this thesis mainly discloses the movement mechanism of international direct investment ( i. e. fdi ) and its condition path, by researching the influence of esp system of host country, the characteristic of investor ' s oil and the international environment in order to enrich the theory of fdi and develop the research scope of the humane geography
本文以系統思想為指導，綜合應用區域地理學、經濟學以及制度經濟學等多學科理論，通過研究東道國esp系統、投資主體oil特徵及國際環境對國際生產資本地域運動的影響，揭示國際直接投資結構的動因機制及其傳導路徑。擬在豐富國際直接投資理論的研究內容，拓展人文地理學研究范圍。 -
Starting with the traditional theory of industrial cluster, taking the fundamental principles of industrial economics, ecological economics and west economics, and on the basis of the present situation of the high - tech industrial clusters of each country all over the world, and trying to construct a comparatively complete theoretical system of the high - tech industrial cluster theory, including high - tech linkage theory, high - tech convergence theory, high - tech coexistence theory, high - tech ecology theory etc. putting forward the scope of high - tech industrial cluster theory and bringing to light the inner relationship of the high - tech industrial cluster
本文從產業聚群的傳統理論入手，以產業經濟學、生態經濟學、西方經濟學的基本原理為工具，以國內外高技術產業聚群區的發展現狀為研究基礎，構建了以高技術產業關聯理論、高技術產業波及理論、高技術產業共生理論、高技術產業融合理論、以及高技術產業生態理論五大理論為支柱的高技術產業聚群理論體系，提出了高技術產業聚群理論的研究范疇，並在該理論體系的基礎上進一步分析了高技術產業聚群現象的內在理論依據，揭示了高技術產業聚群的內在機理。 -
With fast development of our country " s gas industry and air ' s increasingly serious contamination in city, using gas instead of coal and supplying energy in high efficiency and cleanliness has become necessary way in city. there are different problems in the current heating ( air conditioning ) systems. in the cogeneration system, heat and power affect each other, heating - pump heating ( aie conditioning ) system can not satisfy the peak load very well, the cost of gas fuel in boilor heating sestem is so high. the high generating efficiency of the diesel - engine two - sourse heating ( air conditioning ) systems is limited in range of 100kw - 1000kw, the heating scope is so limited. combined cycle of two sourse heating ( air conditioning ) system is most suitable selection to buesness community with big scope my paper aim at this syetem ' s primary question when it is applied in our country - - - - bringing project into execution and technology economy feasibility and off - design performence, combined with a certain demonstrating project in beijing buesness community, going along with calculating and analyzing, drawing out some efficient datas and conclusions, based on this, bringing out primary alements affecting combined cycle of two sourse heating ( air conditioning ) system " economics
熱電聯產系統熱電相互牽連，熱泵供暖（空調）系統不容易很好地滿足尖峰負荷，鍋爐供暖系統供熱中天然氣燃料構成的成本過高，內燃機雙源供暖（空調）系統的高發電效率僅限於100kw - 1000kw負荷范圍，供熱面積有限。對于大面積的商業園區、居民小區，燃燒天然氣的燃氣-蒸汽聯合循環雙源供暖（空調）系統是最佳選擇之一。本論文針對該系統在我國應用時的主要問題- - -方案的技術實施與技術經濟可行性，結合北京某一商業園區示範工程，進行了系統的計算與分析，得到了有效的數據與結論，在此基礎上，提出影響聯合循環雙源供暖（空調）系統經濟性的主要因素，並進行敏感性分析，得出有益的結論；最後通過各種供暖方案的比較分析回答了某些人對該系統的疑慮和不解，並指出系統的優化方向。 -
The whole dissertation can be divided into 9 chapters, which are mainly engaged on the comparative theories of the common balance and the partial balance, and the methodology of the demonstration and criterion economics to do the analysis and res earch on the purpose of making relatively thorough and deep assessment on the policy - making and related improvement suggestions on such areas as the implement performance of the agriculture policies, the requirement structure of agriculture, the structure of employment, the basic elements and arrangement of agriculture production, the sustainable development of agriculture and the agriculture internationalization etc. the basic innovative points of the dissertation are as follows : ( 1 ) to establish a systematic framework for the research on the policies of agriculture industry and the structure of agriculture industry ; the framework for grand agriculture industry structure ; the framework of subject relationship in the agriculture socialized service system ; the circulation framework of sustainable development for agriculture ; the model framework for corporation development for agriculture institution ; ( 2 ) to expand the external scope of the concept of agriculture ; ( 3 ) to put forward the ideas of the corporation orientation by restructuring and innovating the present agriculture operational institution ; ( 4 ) to raise the viewpoints to set up the quality standard system for agriculture produce and to initiate the same system of the internal and external trade ; ( 5 ) to offer the suggestions on guiding the development of the township and private enterprises through the industry policies ; ( 6 ) to raise the innovative viewpoint by way of the systematic analysis on agriculture and the employment structure of the countryside, the district arrangement, technological innovation and the marketing system of agriculture produce ; ( 7 ) to put forward the comprehensive thinking way to broaden the logistics services for agriculture produce ; ( 8 ) to raise the new idea of the agriculture supporting system and the policy suggestions on expanding the areas for the government to support agriculture industry, reorganization of agriculture insurance system and aid to the weak masses of the countryside
本課題是在國家農業產業政策不斷完善和產業經濟學科科學發展的背景下，從農業產業政策的實踐出發，從大農業產業結構、組織、技術、資金、勞動力、土地等資源配置以及區域布局、國內外關聯等角度，以農業產業政策與農業發展的互動關系為切入點，提出了農業產業政策調整取向，初步形成和發展了政策理論。全文共分9章，主要運用一般均衡和局部均衡比較等理論，實證、規范經濟學研究等方法進行探討，對農業產業政策實施績效、農村需求結構、就業結構、農業生產要素和布局、農業可持續發展、農業國際化等命題以及對策建議作了比較全面深入的評析。本課題研究主要有以下創新觀點：初步搭建了農業產業政策和結構理論框架，設計了政策和結構體系圖；延伸了「農業」概念外延，提出了「大農業」的構想；提出了農業產業經營組織再造和創新的公司化發展方向，設置了農業產業化、公司化發展模式圖和產業化公司模型圖；設計了農業可持續發展良性循環圖和農業資金投入效益模型圖；提出了建立農產品質量標準體系、推行內外貿一體制的觀點；建立了農業保障體系參照圖，建議通過產業政策引導鄉鎮、私營企業和「三資」企業發展；剖析農村勞動力就業結構、區域布局、科技創新、農產品市場體系；提出了加大農產品物流配送的整體思路；提出了農業支撐體系新觀念及擴大政府支農范圍、重構農業保險體系、扶持弱勢群體的政策建議。 -
By analysing the asymmetric flexibility, we know, it is important that intrest rate is monetary price essentially and decided by supply and demand in monetary market ; goods price and wage rate is only the part or price group ; it is available that " complete flexibility " of intrest rate is applied as one " endogenous " explanation to the " sticky state " of goods price and wage rate. above - mentioned conclusions bring forth not only explanation on the peculiarity of keynesian economics theory and application, but also the related revelation to the process of monetary and financial policies of our county in its applicable scope
具體分析這種不對稱的伸縮性可知：利率本身及其受「貨幣市場供求」決定很重要；物價（及貨幣工資率）只是價格集合的一個組成部分而已；可用利率的「充分伸縮性」作為物價、貨幣工資率至少在短期呈「剛性」或「粘性」 （即不易伸縮性）的一個「內生性」解釋。上述結論在其適用范圍內既說明了凱恩斯經濟理論及其運用具有特殊性，又對我國當前的貨幣、財政政策制定與實施有重要的相關啟示。 -
We made a study on outsourcing, and point out that the strategy of outsourcing can help the enterprise put all its resources into the development of core competence. with outsourcing, the enterprise can predigest the organization, increase the flexibility of the organization, and gain the scale, scope and speed economics, we develop a model of outsourcing strategy : the core business - specificity model, and provide a management method of outsourcing, and at last, we make a discussion on the application of outsourcing in our country
本文對資源外包進行了研究，指出資源外包能使企業專注于核心能力的培養，精簡組織，提高組織的柔性，還可以獲得規模經濟、范圍經濟和速度經濟，提出了外包決策的核心業務? ?資產專用性模型和外包的管理思路，最後對國內企業應用資源外包進行了戰略性探討。 -
From several basic conceptions, this part clarifies the thesis components range from topic scope, research method and structure to innovation points on the cards. chapter two : comments on the sutra theory of the inter - firm network. we put forward the unique characteristic of this thesis different form the existing literature, which we have reviewed in the former section of this part including five perspectives as the dividing the work and specialization, transaction cost economics, modern
鑒于企業網路在整個社會分工系統的層級體系中位於中間層位置，具有復合結構，為此，適應性問題首先表現為企業網路的整體生存空間及其結構和制度的形成過程，這是關于組織系統的整體適應性問題，也是這一命題的基本規定性問題;其次表現為企業網路內部成員企業的生存適應狀態，這是關于組織系統的局部適應性問題，也是這一命題的根本規定性問題。 -
The innovation direction of financial management explains the development tendency of chinese financial management under the knowledge economy circumstances. the objective innovation direction of financial management is the structure that revolves around the broad financial resources allocation ; the conception innovation direction of financial management includes the management finance conception based on human management finance conception of united competition and corporation management finance conception of risk, management finance conception of information and management finance conception of knowledge ; the method innovation direction of financial management embodies the trends about network, reproduction, system, project and strategy ; the institution innovation direction of financial management which is based on the financial administration structure highlights that the interest - related participates in decision - making, the holder of maximum human capital possesses the most important financial administration rights, financial administration is adjusted according to opportunities, the knowledge and economics experts participate in the financial administration ; the content innovation direction of financial management insists admitting the knowledge capital into financial management scope admitting the capital operation into financial management system, building the interest - related financial management system, reforming the method and content of cost management, valuing the promotion of risk management level
財務管理目標的創新方向是以泛財務資源配置為核心的體系結構；財務管理觀念創新的方向包括與知識經濟緊密相連人文化理財觀念、競爭與合作想統一的理財觀念、信息理財觀念和知識化理財觀念；財務管理方法創新的方向體現了網路化、再生化、系統化、工程化和戰略化的趨勢；財務管理制度創新的方向以財務治理結構為基礎，強調利益相關者共同參與財務治理、人力資本最大者擁有最重要的財務治理權、財務相機治理、以及知識與信息專家參與財務治理；財務管理內容創新的方向考慮將知識資本納入財務學體系、建立利益相關者財務學體系、改革成本管理的內容和方法、重視風險管理水平的提高。 -
While confirming the opinions of the economists at home and abroad about the theoretical research of the cause of formation of enterprise group, the paper points out the limitation of the opinions, that research the cause of formation from the different angles of economics of scale, scope and speed, the collective effect and the decrease of transaction cost
本文在充分肯定國內外學者關于企業集團成因理論研究成果的同時，指出了目前從規模經濟性、范圍經濟性、速度經濟性、集合效應性以及交易費用節省等角度分析企業集團成因的局限性。 -
This text is divided into six parts totally : a part elaborated the electric power market in the scope of economics and point out the possibility and important meaning concerning the marketlization of electric power industry. the second part relatively analyzed the types and the characteristics of electric power market. the third part introduced the formation of the electricity price system under the conditions of the electric power market
本文共分六個部分:第一部分對電力市場化進行經濟學分析，指出電力市場化的可能性及重要意義;第二部分比較分析了電力市場化模式的類型和特徵;第三部分介紹了開放電力市場條件下電價體系的形成;第四部分討論分析了目前我國電力市場現狀;第五部分提出了我國電力市場化的模式選擇及步驟;第六部分指出了我國電力體制改革所要解決的關鍵問題與對策。 -
The economics of scale and scope in natural monopolistic industry and the reform on management system
以鐵路運輸業的管理改革為例 -
This paper expatiates the malpractice that exists through comparing with the other institutions of taking over land, such as broader bound, narrower scope for compensation, littler standard on compensation, nonlucency progress, incomplete safeguard by law and code and kickback for such above factors, then it analyzes the causes for them. and it draws a conclusion that it is unfit for changing economics system and social conditions greatly of the old institutions fallowed from planning economics
本文通過國內外征地制度的比較研究，闡述了我國征地制度存在的弊端，如征地范圍過寬，征地補償范圍窄、補償標準低，征地程序不透明，沒有健全土地徵用法律法規作保障等，以及由這些弊端所帶來的不良後果，剖析了這些弊端產生的原因，主要是我國征地制度是計劃經濟時代的產物，與現在已發生巨變的宏觀經體制和社會條件不相適宜。 -
Medium industry ( especially accounting and audit service industry ) is the important symbol of a country ’ s economic development level, and the important basis and supporting terms of promoting business ’ even area ’ s and country ’ s core competencies 。 with the entry into wto, chinese cpa firms ’ outer and inner environments have changed greatly, international competition has changed into chinese competition and chinese competition has internationalized 。 under such complex environments, whether the chinese cpa firms will occupy a place of their own and will not be eliminated through various market competition is decided by core competition 。 on the basis of introducing of research background and the meaning of this title ’ s choice, the paper first probes into the profound learning of core competition theory, retrospects and evaluates the primary views of core competition theory of overseas and chinese scholars, then analyzes and evaluates the cultivating theory of core competition and analyzes the sources and theory basis of core competition from economics and management course 。 on the basis of the above analysis, the paper analyzes the inner restraint factors of chinese cpa firm ’ s gaining competition advantages, in the meanwhile, the paper discusses the outer opportunity and challenge of chinese cpa firms 。 in the end, the paper puts forward large scale business strategy according to “ scale economics ” theory ’ s explanation to core competition and non ? audit service strategy according to “ economics of scope ” theory ’ s explanation to core competition 。
本文在介紹了研究背景和選題意義的基礎上首先從探尋核心競爭力的理論淵源出發，回顧並評價了國內外學者關于核心競爭力的主要理論觀點，接著分析並評價了核心競爭力的培育理論，並從經濟學和管理學兩個學科層面分析了核心競爭力培育的源泉和理論基礎。在此基礎上分析了影響我國會計師事務所核心競爭優勢獲取的內部制約因素，並探討了我國會計師事務所面臨的外部機遇和挑戰。最後，以經濟學中「規模經濟」理論對企業核心競爭力的解釋為理論基礎提出我國會計師事務所核心競爭力培育的規模經營戰略，以「范圍經濟」理論對企業核心競爭力的解釋為理論基礎提出我國會計師事務所核心競爭力培育的非審計服務戰略。 -
On the basis of reviewing explanation of economic development by economic growth theories, welfare economics, sustainable development theories and new institution economics, it proposes a new angle to explain economic development with industrial clusters. it holds that knowledge capital, organizational capital and social capital based on industrial clusters are new endogenous factors of economic development. industrial clusters " specialization division leads to increasing returns, external scale economies and scope economies, and accelerates economic development
在回顧經濟增長理論、福利經濟學、可持續發展理論和新制度經濟學解釋經濟發展的基礎上，提出基於產業集群解釋經濟發展的新視角，認為基於產業集群的知識資本、組織資本和社會資本是經濟發展新內生要素，產業集群的專業化分工導致收益遞增、外部規模經濟和范圍經濟實現，從而推動經濟發展。 -
Chapter 4, firstly, introduces the economic effects of virtual enterprise including economics of scale effects, economics of scope effects and economics of speed effects
第4章首先介紹了虛擬企業的經濟效應，包括規模經濟效應、范圍經濟效應及速度經濟效應。 -
For a long time, our country claiming to be vast territory and abundant resources and carrying out planned economics system, the chinese government did not pay more attention to optimal allocation of land resource. the aim of reform of urban land system that urban land should be allocated by market became bright and clear along with deepening practice of reform and theory research. because theory reearch laged behind practice development, theory did not give full scope to practice. as a kind of very important and basic product element, socialism market economics incorporates urban land allocated by market. but the reality is that degree of urban land allocated by market falls behind of other kinds of product elements. how to eliminate obstacle of reform course as quick as possible and promote the realization of urban land allocated by market, many theory problems should be answered. that is the background and start of the study
由於城市土地制度改革的理論準備遠落後于改革實踐的發展，理論並沒有發揮應有的指導作用，對改革過程中出現的很多問題，理論界沒有能及時給出滿意的解釋，導致土地市場建設進展緩慢。土地作為一種極其重要、基礎的生產要素，其市場化配置是社會主義市場經濟的題中應有之義，但現實情況卻是，城市土地資源市場化配置的程度遠滯後於其他幾種生產要素。如何盡快消除目前改革進程中的障礙，更快地推進土地配置市場化的實現，諸多問題等待著理論界的解釋和回答，這是本研究的背景和出發點。 -
With the public choice theory, buchanan studies on the contractual rules and establishes the functional relation between the public base and feasibility of government, as has expanded the applying scope of economics and also enhanced the interpretive nature of political science
摘要布坎南採用公共選擇理論研究契約規則問題，在政府的民意基礎和政府的可行性之間建立起對應的函數關系，從而既擴大了經濟學的應用范圍，又增強了政治學的解釋力。 -
As an interfirm organization ， the virtual enterprise has ful ly showed great vitality in the past ten years some scholars even foretell that the virtual enterprise will be the main form of organization in the 2 1 st century following the creation of new techniques ， the development of institutions and the evolution of culture ， the virtual enterprise characterized by dynamism and flexibility is fit for the changing economic environments besides ， compared with other forms of organization ， the virtual enterprise may have low organization costs and high net profits due to its special organizational culture and mechanism this thesis analyzes two questions on the virtual enterprise in terms of the new institutional economics ， behavioral science ， game theory, management and so on ( 1 ) the nature of the virtual enterprise after building the model of organization selection ， i compare the virtue of the virtual enterprise with that of the market ， firms in the realistic economic background ， and i confirm that the change of environments determines the selection of the virtual enterprise in addition ， i analyze the border of the virtual enterprise ， which i mean is not the scale or scope of it but the extent to which firms ， composing the virtual enterprise ， can separate their organizational function so ， that is the shrinking border of firms ( 2 ) the construction of the virtual enterprise at first ， the operation of the virtual enterprise and the steady mechanism of maintaining this operation are analyzed then ， through the analyses of the organizational norms ， the life circle ， the thoughts of design ， the building of internal environments and organizational structure of the virtual enterprise i draw some valuable conclusions on the end of the thesis ， i introduce two cases about the virtual enterprise ， from which we can understand how the virtue of the virtual enterprise is realized and that the more important is to avoid the pitfalls when choosing the virtual operations
隨著技術的創新、制度的發展及文化的變遷，虛擬企業以動態靈活的品性在相當程度上適應了同樣變化著的經濟環境；此外，它特色的組織文化和組織機制使其在與其它組織形態相比時，依然可能具有低組織費用、高凈收益的特徵。本文運用了新制度經濟學、行為科學、博弈論及管理學等方面的知識，探討了虛擬企業兩大問題： 1 ）虛擬企業的性質。在構建了組織選擇模型的基礎上，筆者以現實的經濟環境為背景比較了虛擬企業與純市場形態及企業的組織優勢，證明了現實環境的變化決定了虛擬企業選擇；另外，筆者分析了虛擬企業的"邊界"問題，這里"邊界"的含義不是指虛擬企業的規模或范圍的大小，而是指構成虛擬企業的企業單元究竟能在多大程度將其一部分的組織職能分離出去，也就是指一個企業的"收縮"邊界。 -
Author believe that industrial clusters can strengthen industrially competitive power of a region and promote long - run growth of the regional economy for it can gain the advantage of economics of scale and scope economy, lower transaction cost of enterprises, possess learning effect and polarization effect, benefit innovation, adapt to the variation of market demand, favour to construct regional brand and implement region marketing
本文認為，由於產業集群能獲得規模經濟和范圍經濟的好處、降低企業的交易費用、具有學習效應和極化效應、有利於創新、能夠適應市場需求的變化、有利於創立區域品牌和實施區域營銷，因而能有效促進區域產業競爭力的提高和區域經濟的長期增長。
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