surface water resources 中文意思是什麼

The space - time distribution of chinese semi - ari d region surface water is n ' t even, the differences in a year are obvious ; the differences of underground water between years are not so obvious as surface water, but it still has a decreasing tendency, especially in shanxi and sha ' anxi provinces. there is a significant linear correlation between the precipitation and water resources in semi - arid region, the dynamic regularity of water resources is basically same as the dynamic regularity of precipitation

半乾旱地區地表水資源時空分佈不均勻，年內分配差別大，地下水資源年際間變化率不大，但總體有減少的趨勢，尤以陜西和山西突出。半乾旱地區降水量與水資源量線性相關顯著，降水量的變化規律基本上與水資源量的變化規律吻合。

Based on consider hereinbefore, this dissertation discusses several aspects on the problem of the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources as follows : ( 1 ) reviewed entirely the origin and evolvement of the concept " sustainable development ", stated and commented the study status in queue on " sustainable development " around national and international range, thorough discussed the science connotation about the concept " sustainable development " ; ( 2 ) looked back and commented across - the aboard some furthest basic concept and proposition related to groundwater resources, put forward self opinions on a few existent mistake points of view and chaos understandings ; ( 3 ) expatiated entirely on the content and meaning of the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, contrast with the traditional methods of groundwater resources calculation and evaluation, combined example to show the application of this theory ; ( 4 ) thorough analyzed the difficult and complexity to forecast the groundwater resources, fully stated the traditional methods of groundwater resources forecasting, pointed out the characteristic and applying condition of these forecasting method, introduced the main ideas and methods of wavelet analysis developed recently, and the matlab software be known as the fifths era computer language, and its accessory wavelet analysis toolbox, applied these methods and tools to analyze the groundwater dynamic curve, adopted the b - j method and morte - carlo method, combined with the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, discussed the new view on the forecast of groundwater resources ; ( 5 ) synthetically analyzed the characteristics and limitations of the present all kind of groundwater manage model, combined mathematical programming mathematical statistics random process and the theory of variation system of groundwater resources on the unite optimum attempter of surface water and groundwater, emphasized how to make the model more nicety, more simple, more practicality ; ( 6 ) analyzed the inside condition and outside condition to assure the sustainable and optimum exploi tation of groundwater resources, the inside conditions are the follows : correct resources idea, scientific methods of resources calculation and evaluation, credible forecast methods of resources, exercisable measures of resources management, the outside conditions are the follows : the development idea of high layer, the transform of manage system, the matched policy and rule of law, the adjusted of economy lever, the improve of cultural diathesis, the boosting up of water - saving consciousness and detail measures, the control of population rising, the prevention and cure of water pollute, the renew and rebuild of ecology ; ( 7 ) scan the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources from the high level of metagalaxy, earth system science, and philosophy ; lint out the more directions on groundwater resources

基於以上考慮，論文主要從以下幾方面對地下水資源可持續開發問題進行了比較深入的探討：全面回顧了「可持續發展」概念的由來與演變，對國內外「可持續發展」的研究現狀進行了述評，並對「可持續發展」概念的科學內涵進行了深入探討；對涉及地下水資源的一些最基本的概念和命題進行了全面的回顧和評述，對目前仍然存在的一些錯誤觀點和混亂認識提出了自己的見解；全面闡述了地下水資源變值系統理論的內容和意義，並與傳統的地下水資源計算評價方法進行了對比分析，結合實例具體說明了方法的應用；深入分析了地下水資源預測預報工作的極端重要性和復雜性，對傳統的地下水資源動態預測方法進行了全面的評述，指出了各類預測預報方法的特點及適用條件，對最近二十多年剛發展起來的小波分析技術的主要思想和方法及其應用范圍，以及號稱第五代計算機語言的matlab軟體和附帶的小波分析工具箱進行了介紹，並應用於地下水動態過程線的分析，採用時間序列中的b ? j法，蒙特卡羅方法，與地下水資源變值系統理論相結合，探討了地下水動態資料分析和地下水資源預測預報的新思路；綜合分析了現今各類地下水管理模型的特點及缺陷，將數學規劃、數理統計、隨機過程等與地下水變值系統理論相結合進行地表水地下水或多水源的聯合優化調度，使模型更準確、更實用；對保證地下水資源可持續開發的內部條件和外部條件進行了分析，內部河海人學博卜學位論文前言、摘要、目錄條件主要是正確的資源觀，科學的資源計算與評價方法，可靠的資源預測預報技術，可操作的資源管理措施，外部條件主要是高層發展思路、管理體制的變革、配套的政策法規、經濟杠桿的調節、人文素質的提高、節水意識的增強及具體節水措施、人口增長的控制、水體污染的防治、生態的恢復和重建等;從宇宙科學、地球系統科學及哲學的高度審視地下水資源的可持續開發;指出了地下水資源可持續開發的進一步研究方向。

4 in order to make. the decision adjust to the practice, and use the limited water resources more rationally. a multi - objective fuzzy decision method for irrigation district is presented considering fuzzy connection, then a method is given to get the changeable objective weight of each stage. this model can solve the decision in conjunctive use of ground and surface water

4 、為合理利用水資源，使渠井結合灌區的地表、地下水聯合調度決策與實際結合更緊密，本文在陳守煜建立的多指標模糊關系優選決策理論基礎上，提出了考慮時段指標變權重的多指標模糊關系優選決策方法，模型中各指標的權重隨作物所處生長階段的不同發生變化，並將模型與演算法應用於實際例子中，取得了較為滿意的結果。

Discusion on surface water resources status and utilization in fengshun county

豐順縣地表水資源現狀及其開發利用

Article 3 the term “ water resources ” as referred herein shall mean utilization of artificial means or control of surface or ground waters for the purposes of flood control, tide water defense, irrigation, drainage, leaching of injurious salt, soil conservation, water reservation, silt dredge, water supply, pier construction, navigation, and water power development

第3條（水利事業之定義）本法所稱水利事業，謂用人為方法控馭，或利用地面水或地下水，以防洪、御潮、灌溉、排水、洗咸、保土、蓄水、放淤、給水、築港、便利水運及發展水力。

Abstract : by considering the water resources, agriculture and channel system condition of different counties or zones in jinghui irrigation region, the large system decomposition - coordination model and fuzzy method were applied to study the optimal model of surface and underground water utilization the irrigation region optimal operation schemes of wet, normal and dry years were computed in comparison with the present schemes used in the irrigation regions, the result indicated that the optimal result is practical and feasible

文摘:在考慮涇惠渠灌區各縣區水資源、農業生產、渠系工程現狀差異基礎上，利用大系統分解協調模型和模糊技術研究該灌區地表、地下水聯合優化調度模型，得出其豐、平、枯年水資源利用方案，並與現有用水方案比較分析，表明該研究結果切合實際，可操作性較好。

The paper main contents including : ( 1 ) the paper analyzed spatial variability of hydrology geological parameters ; and studied on the tendency and regulation of annual water table resource in shandianhe river in inner mongolia ; and analyzed the general changing tendency of water table with time ; analyzed and illustrated the conditions of supply, penetration and drainage of ground water. ( 2 ) the paper analyzed the data of rainfall, evaporation, transpiration and runoff, assessed the surface water resources. ( 3 ) the paper used drainage method of ground water and finite element method assessed groundwater resources and forecasted the water table in the future six years

內容包括: （ 1 ）分析了水文地質參數的空間變異性並分析研究了地下水的歷年動態變化趨勢和規律及其補給、徑流和排泄條件; （ 2 ）整理和分析了研究區的降水、蒸發和徑流資料，評價了地表水資源量; （ 3 ）採用總排泄法和有限元法對研究區地下水資源量進行了評價，並對未來6年地下水水位進行了預測。

Normally water resources is affected by human activities and climatic change, but it is affected mainly by climatic change in runoff forming regions located in the high and middle mountainous area in the northwestern china. river runoff in the hexi inland arid region all originates from the qilian mt. area and the change of mountainous runoff resulted from global weather warming up and will bring an important effect to the development of society and economy in the hexi region. so the response on mountainous runoff and its changing trends are analyzed on the basis of the measured data of precipitation, air temperature, and discharges observed from some weather and hydrologic stations in the studied area. the results show that seasonal variation of mountainous runoff in the hexi inland region is mainly affected by the river ' s geographical location and supply source, and the yearly change by precipitation and that in the west of the region by air temperature besides precipitation. there are some obviously regional differences in the influences of climatic change on surface runoff in the hexi inland arid region, that is, rivers runoff in the west of the hexi area have been increasing and rivers in the east part have been decreasing, and the rivers runoff in the central part presented slowly increase trend, such as the heihe river, but it is not quite obvious

一般情況下，水資源的變化主要受氣候變化和人類活動的影響，但在位於我國西北內陸乾旱地區的中高山地帶，徑流的形成主要受前者的影響.甘肅省的河西內陸乾旱區是該省重要的工農業生產和經濟開發區，這里各項社會和經濟活動與出山徑流的變化都有著十分密切的關系.因此，筆者根據有關水文氣象臺站的降水、氣溫和徑流觀測資料，分析了以黑河、昌馬河、西營河等主要河流為代表的河西內陸區出山徑流的變化特徵與規律.結果表明，河西內陸區出山口徑流的季節變化主要受地理位置和河流補給來源的影響，而年際變幅則受山區降水量年際變化及變幅的影響十分明顯.目前，梨園河以西河流水量處于上升階段，梨園河以東的河流則處于下降的階段;以黑河幹流鶯落峽水文站年徑流為代表的走廊中部地區的出山口徑流正處於1990年開始的枯水段的上升段.但總體而言，河西內陸乾旱區出山口徑流的變化相對比較穩定.預計今後若干年內，河西內陸乾旱區東段河流出山口徑流的變化以偏枯為主，中段、西段河流出山口徑流的變化以平水或平水偏豐為主

On the basis of anatomizing the condition of hydrogeology with zhongliang water resources and power engineering, combined with the data analysis of flux with surface water, aquatic chemistry, and experiment of tracing, the condition of karst leakage in the region of reservoir is educed. the concept of reservoir leakage with these information is put forward, the leakage quantity of karst water in the region of reservoir with the method of water equilibrium is applied

在仔細分析中梁水利水電工程庫區水文地質條件的基礎上，結合地表水測流資料、水化學分析資料及示蹤連通試驗資料，得出水庫區巖溶滲漏條件，並在此基礎上提出水庫滲漏概念模型，採用水均衡法計算出庫區的巖溶水滲漏量。

Evaluation of surface water resources in lu ' an city

六安市地表水水資源評價

Calculation of quantity of soil evaporation takes an important part in moisture content prediction, rainfall surface flow calculation and evaluation of water resources

摘要土壤蒸散發量的計算，在墑情預報、降雨徑流計算及水資源評價中都佔有重要的地位。

Changes and influencing factors of surface water resources in the source region of the yellow river

黃河源區地表水資源變化及其影響因子

Developing and establishing macro - scale distributed hydrological model are required in order to make certain the regional water and energy cycle, study and resolve the hydrology and water resources problems under the changing environment according to the climatic prediction of gcm. as a branch of hydrologic cycle, land - surface hydrologic processes are nearly relative to atmospheric circle by water and energy exchange between land - surface and atmosphere

為了確定大尺度區域水文循環及能量收支、能夠根據gcm給出的氣候預測，研究和解決變化環境中的水文水資源問題，評估和監測大流域的徑流過程和水資源量的動態變化規律，需要研製和建立大尺度分散式水文模型。

The agricultural production holds an important position in baoding area, winter wheat and summer corn are the main grain crops and cotton is the main cash crop. the water resources used in agriculture include rainwater resources used directly by crops and surface water resources or underground water resources which is used through irrigation. there have been lots of rainwater waste because of lacking in research on rainwater resources utilization and in perfect engineering technology in baoding area. to make full use of rainwater is important to alleivate the water resources crisis and improve the ecological environment, the main objectives can make more rainwater turn into soilwater that can be utilized by crops directly and decrease the crops requirments for the surface and ground water resources

用於農業生產的水資源包括直接利用的雨水資源和通過灌溉補充的地表水資源和地下水資源。目前，保定市對直接用於農業生產的雨水資源尚未進行深入細致的研究，而且雨水資源的利用工程技術措施尚不完備，這種情況造成了雨水資源的浪費。顯然，充分利用雨水資源，即盡可能多的把天然降水轉化為可被作物利用的土壤水，減少作物對現有水資源（地表水資源和地下水資源）的需求，對于緩解保定市水資源供需矛盾，改善水環境與生態環境有重要的現實意義。

The utilization of surface water resources in areas of the loess plateau is in full extent, so the balance between supply and demand is a serious problem

黃土高原的水資源利用程度高，供需矛盾突出；地下水資源賦存有限，不宜開發利用。

Calculation and analysis of surface water resources quantity

水利工程防洪經濟效益的簡易計算

Quality standards for surface water resources

地表水資源質量標準

Dynamics and rational adjusting of surface water resources in hilly red soil regions

紅壤丘陵區地表水資源動態與合理調蓄利用研究

Analysis on the influencing factor of interval change of surface water resources in fuxin area

阜新地區地表水資源量時段衰減影響因素分析

Land surface water resources regulation by plant is realized through changing rainfall distribution features, rain interception by forest canopy makes up 10 % to 40 % of total rainfall

植物措施對地表水資源的調節是通過其對天然降水分配性質的改變而實現的，森林林冠截留的降水量約占降水量的10 % 40 。