value-based pricing 中文意思是什麼
value-based pricing
解釋
以價值為基礎的定價-
Market manipulation generally refers to such practices as wash sale, matched orders or rigged prices. these practices are all ultimately intended to produce a market for the securities, which has little or no bearing on the true value of the securities based on the real business of the issuer and its true prospects. that is to say, market manipulation violates the integrity of the market because it alters the independent trading and pricing mechanisms of the market
從私法的角度言之，操縱市場行為嚴重地侵害了證券市場上廣大投資者的合法權益，因而，不同國家和地區的證券立法在禁止操縱市場行為的同時，大都注重發揮操縱市場的民事責任制度的功能，對操縱市場行為的受害人的合法民事權益給予私法上的救濟，並加大違法行為人的違法成本，以有效地遏制或制裁操縱市場的違法行為。 -
Specially, based on risk - metric and factor variables, the author discusses multi - factor asset pricing model. in theoretical analysis, the author attempts to release the assumption of index ' s random walk, proves a portfolio selection model suitable for the linear index level moreover, based on assets un - exchangeable, the author brings forward asset pricing models for b - shares, h - shares and non - circulated - shares. the author also brings forward multi - factor asset pricing model based on risk - metric indices, such as coefficient of beta, standard variance, standard semi - variance, average absolute deviation, value at risk, and factor variables, such as circulated market equity, exchange ratio, short - term historical return
在理論分析時，作者嘗試放鬆指數水平滿足隨機遊走過程的假設，推導出指數水平呈線性趨勢的資產組合選擇模型；此外，作者基於資產不可交易這一假設，提出了b股、 h股和非流通股等情形的資產定價模型，並基於系數、標準差、標準半方差、平均絕對離差和風險價值等風險度量指標以及流通市值、換手率、短期歷史收益率等因素變量提出了四因素資產定價模型。 -
On the one hand, the author discusses markowitz ' s mean - variance portfolio selection model, single - index portfolio selection model, and simplified model of optimal portfolio selection. at the same time, based on the rules of optimal portfolio selection and other risk - metric indices, the author also discusses mean - absolute deviation model, mean - semivariance model and mean - value at risk model. on the other hand, the author discusses the asset pricing model, including the capital asset pricing model ( capm ), the multi - factor asset pricing model, and the arbitrage pricing model ( apt )
一方面，作者討論了馬科維茲的均值-方差資產組合選擇模型、單指數資產組合選擇模型、最優資產組合選擇的簡化模型，同時根據最優資產組合選擇原則和其他風險度量指標，討論了均值-絕對離差、均值-半方差和均值-風險價值資產組合選擇模型；另一方面，作者討論了資產定價模型，包括多因素資產定價模型和套利定價模型，特別是在四種因素變量的基礎上，探討多因素資產定價模型。 -
Chapter three analyses the suitable pricing model of our country ' s mbs, and by studying secular trend and fluctuation of risk free interest rate and the term structure of interest rate of national debt, i propose an option model based on floating interest rate mbs which will be issued in our country. next, cash flow current value method is used to carry out the empirical test
第三章分析了適合我國住房抵押支持證券的定價模型，通過研究我國無風險利率長期趨勢值、波動性以及國債利率期限結構，提出我國發行浮動利率抵押支持證券的期權定價模型，並應用現金流現值定價法對我國發行固定利率住房抵押傳遞證券的定價進行實例分析。 -
This thesis supposes that customer value - based difference pricing will be the present erp pricing trend. analyzing the tangible benefits and intangible benefits the enterprises get from using erp, this thesis chooses the electronic industry and calculates the benefits from using erp system based some data, which provides good theoretic reference when the enterprises face multiple erp price bidding
在對通過使用erp軟體可以給企業帶來的包括有形效益和無形效益在內的經濟效益進行分析之後，以電子行業為例，結合具體數據，對其應用erp系統所獲效益進行測算，從而為企業面對諸多報價進行erp選擇時，提供了較好的理論參考。 -
Thus, this paper introduces the kmv model, which is designed for credit ranking, and is widely adopted by much famous finance company in the world. this model is based on options pricing theory, and it takes a company ' s value and its debt owned others as a call options. that the company ' s value is greater than its debt in the future is just like a call options whose primary asset value is greater than its strike price, and the company will carry out this option, which means the company will execute the contract, and vice versa
該模型基於期權定價理論，認為公司價值與其所欠債務類似於一份看漲期權，當未來公司價值高於其所欠債務時，就相當于期權的基礎資產的市場價值高於期權執行價值，公司會行使期權，即償付所欠債務，因而不會違約；當公司未來價值低於其所欠債務時，就相當于期權的基礎資產的市場價值低於期權執行價值，公司就不會行使期權，即沒有能力償付所欠債務，因而導致違約。 -
The primary difficulty in this text is to the choice of the pricing method of the assets based on the value theory. the study on this question contributes to looking for the rule of development of the historical cost measures attribute, even whole assets measure
本文以價值論對資產計價方法的選擇進行評價，有助於探求歷史成本計量屬性乃至整個資產計價的發展規律；同時，本文也從會計學本身的理論和實踐等多個角度研究了各種計量屬性現實存在的必要性。 -
At last, the author puts forward five marketing tactics, including : choosing service items, segmenting market based on organizational buying behavior, the combinative communication tactics based on the decision process of consumer, pricing tactic building on perceived value of customer, the distribution tactics of establishing branches in economic development zones
最後根據調研結果提出五條營銷策略，分別是： （ 1 ）業務定位策略； （ 2 ）基於購買行為的市場細分策略； （ 3 ）基於購買決策過程的整合溝通策略； （ 4 ）基於顧客認知價值的定價策略； （ 5 ）在開發區成立分公司的渠道策略。 -
Supposing the company ' s value satisfies a certain probability distribution, then, we can calculate the company ' s value in the future as well as its connotative undulation basing on the relationship and a certain option pricing formula, which is based on the supposing talked above. further, we can calculate the company ' s expected default frequency. by now, the goal to measuring the company ' s credit risk has realized
如果假設公司價值波動服從某一概率分佈，那麼根據與此概率分佈相對應的期權定價公式，以及股票價格波動率與公司資產價值波動率之間的函數關系，即可求出公司未來某個時點的期望價值及其隱含波動率，並進一步計算出此時點公司違約的概率，由此便實現了對公司信用評級的目的。 -
With regard to a fair value hedging of interest rate risk portfolio, the relevant items separately presented in the balance sheet shall, during the period from the adjustment date to the relevant date on which the re - pricing period ends, be amortized based on the effective interest rate re - calculated on the adjustment date
對利率風險組合的公允價值套期，在資產負債表中單列的相關項目，也應當按照調整日重新計算的實際利率在調整日至相關的重新定價期間結束日的期間內攤銷。 -
But after the safety premium and after - tax cash flow advantage are considered, the explanation of the wealth transferring effect is enhanced. the above research does not consider the restriction of hard call requirement and soft call requirement on call behavior, and the call notice period is only analyzed with experiences. therefore, starting from the pricing model and after considering the restrictions of various convertible bonds contracts, this article proceeds to build a model based on binomial tree, calculate the value of convertible bonds using the numerical method of forward shooting grid and gain the operation principle of optimal call of corporations
上述的研究沒有考慮硬贖回要求和軟贖回要求對贖回行為的限製作用，對贖回通知期的考察也只是採取了一個經驗值來刻畫，因此本文接著從定價模型出發，在綜合考慮了各種可轉換債券合約對贖回行為的限制條款后，構建了一個基於二叉樹模型並應用向前網格射擊的數值方法來求解可轉換債券的價值，並推導出了公司的最優贖回運演算法則。 -
According to the optional character of the technology innovative projects " investment, the thesis has investigated the choice and decision - making of these projects systemically with the real option theory. the main points of this thesis are as follows : firstly, it compares the similarity between real option of the technology innovative projects and option based on the summary of option pricing theory and systems analysis of these projects and their characters, which can be made as the theory and evidence of the real option approach to value these projects. secondly, based on the synthesized analysis of these projects " option, it sets up three models to value the different real option respectively in these projects such as the delaying option, growing option and multiple option
論文的主要工作有： 1 ）在概述期權定價法和系統分析技術創新項目及其實施過程特點的基礎上，比較了技術創新項目投資與金融期權投資的相似性，作為技術創新項目投資的實物期權評價法的理論與依據； 2 ）在綜合分析技術創新項目投資所具有期權的基礎上，分別建立了技術創新項目投資的延遲期權、增長期權和復合期權模型，並進行了相應的實證研究和比較研究； 3 ）對pindyck的期權定價模型進行了推廣和改進，利用模型探討了投資時機的選擇性及其對投資機會價值和投資決策的影響，並在此基礎上確定最優投資規則，為技術創新項目投資決策提供參考； 4 ）針對定量模型難以規避技術創新項目中組織風險的特點，進一步將定量模型和定性研究方法相結合，對技術創新項目投資評價的實物期權模型進行了改進，使得評價模型更合理。 -
From the broad definition of option, this paper derives the concept of real option. further, based on theories of net present value, decision tree, and real options, the risk - neutral pricing theory is introduced
本文從廣義的期權定義中引出實物期權的概念，從凈現值、決策樹和實物期權的比較著手，引入風險中性定價理論。 -
The studying is based on the characteristics of water resource of our country, the problems in water resource exploitation and utilization and current water resources price condition. according to sustainable development idea, on the basis of preceding research, the main contents of this paper are the concept, characteristic, value theory, pricing theory of water resource. at last, put forward the economic contents, forms, principles, pricing methods and calculation formulas of the price of water resource, which analyze the price of nanjing city drinking water resource
本文針對我國水資源特點、開發利用中出現的問題及水資源價格現狀，根據可持續發展理論，對水資源的定義、內涵、屬性進行了進一步的闡述，在分析水資源價值、價格理論的基礎上，提出了水資源價格經濟內容、組成、定價原則、定價方法和計算公式，並對南京市飲用水水資源價格進行了初步分析。 -
In this paper, the effects of invest cost profit on the feasibility analysis of human capital investment has been discussed in detail. this discussion is based on the general principle of human capital, assets property of human capital and cost profits of different investment methods of human capital. according to the capital assets pricing model, a theoretical model of human capital pricing has been established by analyzing quantitatively the value of human capital
本文以人力資本的一般理論為前提，從人力資本的資產性質出發，以人力資本的不同資產的投資方式的成本收益角度為基礎，詳細論述了人力資本投資成本收益在人力資本投資的可行性分析中的作用，在此基礎上，借鑒資本資產定價模型，對人力資本的價值進行定性、定量分析，並建立人力資本的定價理論模型。 -
The traditional cost - based pricing strategies ca n ' t be applied in the field of information goods and service, instead the value - based pricing strategies are always adopted by the monopolists to maximize their profits
傳統的基於成本的定價方法已經不適用信息產品/服務領域，廠商必須基於客戶效用進行定價才能夠獲得收益。 -
This system assigns " generic " pricing, counter to the principle of creating value - based pricing for devices as stated in the agreement
雖然饑荒的威脅大部分歸咎于北韓失敗的政策，我們認為此種苦難屬於人道而非政治問題。 -
Secondly, basing on the theoretical analysis to the model in customers purchasing behavior and brand selection, the paper, according to the characteristics of different segment markets as well as consumption classcs, standing at the angle of enterprise, theorctically explores how to make marketing strategies in limited markets, and gives a concise as well as empirical explanation by a variety of concrete cases, guined the primary idea how the real estate enterprises builds up the marketing strategics based on adapting to the features of buyer market, the real estate the thesis uses the methods of swot etc to analyse the strategic environment and the interior factors of chongqing longjingyuan real estate businesses. in the pricing strategy, along the optional rule which customers purchase commodities for value maximization and price minimization, the paper works out the delivery value pricing method which can guarantee both the delivery value attracting customers and the profit of enterpriscs, combined with philip kotlers delivery value theory for customer
本文首先對市場營銷管理的理論，特別是房地產營銷管理的特殊性、房地產市場發展的歷史和市場營銷管理的現狀進行了分析和總結，提出了本文的研究思路和以市場為導向的戰略理論指導思想。在本文運用的理論工具的指導下，應用市場調查理論、波特模型、市場細分理論，對本課題所處的市場環境，包括重慶市房地產市場和與本課題所在地區的宏觀經濟環境、區域環境、政策環境、城市規劃、行業環境以及消費者市場的收入水平、家庭結構、消費能力、消費心理、居住偏好、生活習慣等28個指標進行調查分析，對本課題的競爭環境進行了研究，提出了與本研究項目相適宜的市場需求和市場營銷機會，確定了項目要進入的目標市場。
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