實質成本 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [shízhíchéngběn]
實質成本 英文
real cost
  • 實 : Ⅰ形容詞1 （內部完全填滿 沒有空隙） solid 2 （真實; 實在） true; real; honest Ⅱ名詞1 （實際; 事實...
  • 質 : Ⅰ名詞1 （性質; 本質） nature; character; essence 2 （質量） quality 3 （物質） matter; substance;...
  • 成 : Ⅰ動詞1 （完成; 成功） accomplish; succeed 2 （成為; 變為） become; turn into 3 （成全） help comp...
  • 本 : i 名詞1 （草木的莖或根）stem or root of plants 2 （事物的根源）foundation; origin; basis 3 （本錢...
  • 實質 : substance; essence; texture; parenchyma; quiddity; parenchima
  1. Based on the frequent occurrence of international aerial crimes, the rampancy and cruelty of criminals and the reality of brutal consequence, the essay analyses the features of the crime of aircraft hijacking, the crime of imperiling international civil aerial security and the crime of obstructing international aerial navigation with the component terms from three important international conventions on punishing aerial crimes in order to help people to appreciate the appearance and the essence of typical international aerial crimes deeply, to regard the motion of the crimes and to overwhelm the offence forcefully. based on the core of the legislative status of international civil aerial security, the jurisdiction of the aerial crimes, one emphasis of the article is to clarify concrete clauses on jurisdiction in the three conventions and analyses the important principle of " aut reddere, aut punire ". based on the problems on the jurisdiction of crimes in international society, it quests the implementation of t he principles of jurisdiction, pleading and extradition in the three conventions deeply

    基於目前國際社會航空犯罪時有發生，犯罪分子猖獗狠毒，危害後果十分殘重的現實，本文從國際社會關于懲治航空犯罪的三個重要國際公約（東京、海牙、蒙特利爾公約）中規定的各種航空犯罪的定義入手，深入展開了對劫持航空器罪、危害航空器飛行安全罪、危害國際民用航空機場安全罪的犯罪特徵及其構成條件的分析，以期幫助人們更深刻認識這些典型的國際航空犯罪的表現及其實質，嚴密注視這些犯罪的動向，對其進行及時有力的打擊；鑒于國際民用航空安全法律地位問題的核心是解決航空犯罪的管轄權問題，本文重點闡釋了三個公約關于管轄的具體規定，並側重分析了「或引渡或起訴」的重要原則；鑒于目前國際社會打擊國際航空犯罪管轄方面存在諸多實際問題，本文對公約規定的管轄、起訴、引渡原則的實現方式作了深入探討；鑒于各國在國內立法上對于空中犯罪的懲治、對違約國的制裁、對這類犯罪的預防措施等方面存在一些漏洞，本文根據目前掌握的一些資料，在獨立思考的基礎上，提出了一些不成熟的看法及建議，以期對國際社會懲治航空犯罪貢獻自己微薄之力。
  2. From the textual expounding of the " wolf totem ", it is held that for the works taking " totem " as the prototype, the true meaning of the literary criticism is to comprehend the essence of the totem culture, to figure out the substantial meaning and value orientation of the works contained in the totem, to clarify the contradictions and puzzlement in the course of the formation of the totem, to examine the main body of creation and main body of works, and receive the soul analysis and introspection of the spiritual totem faced by the main boxy in anticipation of revealing the secret of totem and seeking the way to the spiritual essence of works

    摘要從《狼圖騰》的文本解讀出發，認為對以「圖騰」為原型的作品而言，文學批評的真諦在於對其圖騰文化的實質的解讀與闡釋；挖掘作品蘊涵于圖騰之中的本質意義和價值趨向；梳理在圖騰形成過程中的矛盾與困惑；審視創作主體、作品主體和接受主體面對精神圖騰的靈魂剖析與自我反省；以期揭開圖騰的隱秘，探尋通往作品精神實質的路徑。
  3. Because of the huge memory space and rapd calculation speed that compuer possesses, we can manage the ekisted drawings central1y and search them rapidiy in conclusion, the high quality and low price product wtth the help of applytng the cad technology will not only satisfy the requiremen of the market but also help factory amer apply the compeer technology in the process of production ( for example, haher production managemen0 we has applied thes systetn in extuion embranchmen factory and obtained favorable effect wich reveds tha thes system has widely applytng prospect and uti1ity value

    該系統將成組技術的分類編碼原理和計算機輔助設計技術應用於擠壓鋁型材的產品開發設計和產品圖紙的管理中，不僅可以極大地提高產品設計質量、縮短產品開發周期，還可以減少重復繪圖工作及規范制圖方法；同時，利用計算機存儲空間大、運行速度快的優點，可實現對已有產品圖紙的集中管理和快速檢索。利用計算機輔助產品開發，不僅能以高質量、低成本的產品迅速滿足市場需求，還可為工廠進一步實施計算機應用工程（如后續生產管理等）奠定良好的基礎。
  4. In this book, liu xin has not only successfully summarized the existence of the chinese in the transitional period as " the otherness of self " but also brought up some enlightening views on the development of ethnographical methods in the new period as follows : the analysis of the characters should develop into a special method in anthropology for understanding a given society or history ; there should be a re - xamination of the concept of " truthfulness " in the classical ethnographies ; a historical standpoint should be adopted to avoid taking subjectivity as a kind of entity or nature in ethnographies

    其不僅成功地將轉型時期中國人的存在狀態概括為「自我的他性」 ，而且對人類學民族志方法在新時期的發展提出了極具啟發性的見解：對人物的分析應當發展成為人類學理解社會和歷史的特殊方式；經典民族志所呈現的「真實」的概念需要重新加以審視；反對在民族志中將主體性當作一種類似實體或本質的東西，而應採取歷史主義的立場。
  5. At the end of the first 36 months, an entrant who wishes to further extend his stay must be able to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the director of immigration that he has settled in hong kong and is making contribution to hong kong such as by having obtained gainful employment in a graduate specialist senior level job, or by having established a business of a reasonable size here

    在首36個月完結前，根據本計劃獲批準來港的人士如欲繼續在港居留，他們必須向入境事務處處長證明並令其信納，他們已在港定居及對香港作出貢獻，例如覓得屬于學位程度、專家水平或高級職位並有實質報酬的工作或已在港成立具合理規模的業務。
  6. Another good example is the composting experiment. the sfagm project experts taught them how to make organic fertilizer from the residue of sanlu processing like hemlock parsley stalk residue and mushroom dregs. this technology application can reduce environmental pollution ; lower farmers production cost for fertilizer, improves the soil fertility and enhances the food quality

    物，川芎秸桿，菌渣用生物菌種進行堆肥實驗，希望能變廢為寶，使這些廢棄物變為能改善土壤結構的有機肥，這對減少環境污染，降低農戶使用化肥的成本，改善土壤環境，提高農產品品質都有極大的好處。
  7. So, you see, the elements here involve that which you can see, which is by definition illusory ? and i mean by that, because it is constituted of definitions ? and the intangible but meaningful experience of the homing beacon

    你看到了沒，這里牽涉兩個因素：一是你所能見、但究其根本是虛幻之境（我這樣說，是因它是由定義形成的） ，一是無形無相卻有實質意義的家鄉燈塔的經驗。
  8. With this purpose, this paper researches the state of dometic and overseas seal technique ; uses other enterprise ' s successful experiments for reference ; combines the factory set ' s structural property, technics characteristic and the different request of medium leakage degree ; considers the respective strongpoints of floating ring seal, conical floating seal, suction labyrinth seal, inflator labyrinth seal, mechanical seal, dry gas seal ; finds out the optimum, dependable seal techinique fiting for each set on the base of entire analysis on the centrifugal compressor. and in the end by putting this plan into practice the factory achieves localized reconstructs, reduces the production cost and fulfils the demands of secular safe use

    本文在把握國內外離心壓縮機密封技術的發展狀況，借鑒其他企業的成功經驗基礎上，根據我廠機組結構特性、工藝特性、介質泄漏程度要求的不同，以及浮環密封、錐形浮環密封、抽充氣式迷宮密封、機械密封、干氣密封的各自特點，對離心壓縮機存在的密封問題進行了全面剖析，研究了適合每臺機組最佳、可靠的密封技術，實施了本地化技術改造，降低了生產成本，滿足了機組長期穩定運行的生產要求，取得了顯著的經濟效益和社會效益。
  9. The research is significant in the situation that home information just comes into being and its growing is inevitable, by funding experiences and rendering new means for industry developing, its significance are embodied, to reach the goals above, our research focuses on four key issues, which arc as follows : ( 1 ) the concept, essence and behavior of the information home, which is still in the sprout period, is analyzed and discussed in detail from its intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. the characters and requirements are discussed from both the microcosmic and macroscopical points

    針對以上目標，本文主要從以下幾個方面對信息家居進行了深入的理論研究： 1 ）從信息家居產生的內因與外因出發，對這一處于萌芽狀態的家居形式的概念、實質和表現進行了深入的分析和論述，從微觀和宏觀的角度分析了信息家居的特性和需求，在這一思想的指導下對信息家居的體系和形式進行深入的研究，以促進信息家居的發展和成熟。
  10. In order to benefit from this new technique without any dangers, on the basis of the arguable contents, the paper put forward a series of principals with the knowledge of systematical philosophy, mathematics and ecological. agriculture : welfare principal, invariable principal of gene, non - spread principal of gene, equal principal of substance and informed perfectible principal. and then we establish a model of evaluating the social effects of gmo

    為了從這種新技術成果中獲得好處，同時又不會帶來風險，本文以爭論的內容為基礎，從轉基因作物能比傳統農作物帶來更多的社會效益的角度出發，運用系統哲學、生態農業和數學的一些知識，提出了轉基因作物研究和推廣中遵循的一系列原則：福利原則、基因穩定性原則、基因不擴散原則、實質等同性原則、以及知情選擇原則，並進而建立起評價具體的轉基因作物的社會效益的模型。
  11. This project which is based on the demand of increasing the electron tube ’ s qualities totally and reducing the manufacture cost has done a large amount of investigative work as follows to improve and perfect the technologies for the important part of electron tube manufacture ? the grid surface processing : on the surface processing of the molybdenum grid, the primary purpose is to reduce thermionic emission and secondary electronic emission of the grid. by the constantly experiment and grabbling the different technology routes, we have successfully developed these new technologies on the tac and zrc electrophoresis and electroplating platinum black of the grid, and made its surface cladding quality very stable and reliable

    本課題是基於整體提高電子管的質量和降低生產成本的要求，對電子管生產中的重要部分? ?柵極的表面處理技術進行改進和完善，主要在以下方面進行了深入研究:在鉬柵極表面處理方面，主要為實現降低柵極的熱電子發射和二次電子發射，通過不同工藝路線的不斷試驗和摸索，成功開發出柵極電泳tac 、 zrc和電鍍鉑黑的新工藝，使柵極的塗覆質量穩定可靠。
  12. Fourthly, under the structure of general equilibrium, it analyzes the speculative bubbles " impact on the economy with overlapping generation model which considers the technology advances and random real capital gain ratio. it not only introduces the achievements of foreign economists ( tirole, 1985, weil, 1987 ; blanchard and fisher, 1989 ) ; but also does the creative research on the movable economic efficiency during the transitional period

    第四，在一般均衡框架下，採用具有技術進步和隨機實質資本投資收益內容提要率的跨時迭代模型研究投機泡沫對經濟的影響，推廣了國外經濟學家（五role ， 2955 ; weil ， 1957 : blanch出妞助dfisher ， 1989 ）的研究成果。
  13. As a new generation of micro - satellite based on micro - electro - mechanic system ( mems ), pico - satellite, in virtue of its low weight ( 1kg or lighter ), is unburdened from high - cost large sending sets. thereby research of pico - satellite can be progressed with much lower cost without huge experimental establishments and wide - span workshops so that institutions, mostly universities, became the main researching force. besides reduced expenses, another advantage of research in university laboratories is the potential high privacy

    皮型衛星是新一代以mems技術為核心的微小衛星，由於質量很輕（ 1kg以下） ，可不使用高成本的大型運載工具進行發射，其成本可比一般衛星大大降低；此外，皮型衛星的研製將不再需要大型的實驗設施和高跨度廠房，因此目前大學等研究機構是研製皮型衛星的主要科研力量，在大學的實驗室里研製皮型衛星，可以降低它們的研製費用。
  14. Meanwhile, based on the magnetic material theory, a complete analysis and summary are carried out on the three crystal structure and technology theory ; especially the ingredient analysis is made on the microscopical morphology and x - ray diffraction and its mixtures existence and relevant metallurgy about the typical second resource such as coldrolling iron and oxide red, steelmaking sludge and feso4 based on the practeal investigation of the pre - burning materials in domestic products plant, especially the analysis on the domestic markets and components, and connecting with reality and material characters in panzhihua iron and steel ( group ) cmpany, we established the product orientation and developing direction in panzhihua iron and steel ( group ) company ; after carrying out the technology reform on the old no. 1 magnetic product plant of enterprise company, making a detailed study on the various conditions for establishing a plant, the feasible research report is formed of 1400 tons ( per year ) feo preburning material and 3000 tons ( per year ) middle and high quality magnetic products ; so a necessary and reliable supports are provided both theoretically and practically for the development of the magnetic industry in panzhihua iron and s teel ( group ) cmpany

    同時，對磁性材料的理論基礎，尖晶石、磁鉛石、石榴石三大晶系結構以及其工工藝理論進行了較為全面的歸納、分析和總結；尤其針對攀鋼產生的二次資源如冷軋鐵紅、煉鋼污泥、硫酸亞鐵等三種典型原料分別作了成分分析、微觀物理形態以及x光衍射分析、其夾雜物的存在形式及相應的金相分析。對國內鐵氧體磁性材料的預燒料及磁件生產廠家的工藝、設備、技術、成本、質量狀況進行了實地的調研，特別是對國內磁性材料的市場及競爭對手進行了詳盡的分析，在此基礎上，結合攀鋼實際及原料特點確立了攀鋼發展磁材產業的產品定位及發展方向；對企業公司原有磁件一廠進行了技術工藝改造，對建廠各項條件進行了詳細的分析，形成了了年產14000噸年鐵氧體預燒料以及3000噸年中高檔磁件產品的可行性研究報告，從理論上和實踐上為攀鋼磁性產業的發展提供了必要的可靠的依據。
  15. Next, evaluation of cooperative and related theories has been made in social and historical origin, effect and the influence and development, and pointed out : cooperative is resulted from the combination between fair need and marketing system ; cooperative can not achieve the society objectives that the utopian socialism person sought ; nowadays economy productivity makes the cooperative one kind of available form of organization for the weak power colony for seeking the economic interest possesses extensively

    從成本最小化與交易費用的角度出發，人們選擇合作經濟組織形式的實質是合作社所做的作業比合作成員個別完成更能節省生產成本和交易成本，並從中分享規模經濟和范圍經濟的利益。 3合作經濟的所有制形式以合作經濟理論述評和合作經濟質的分析為基礎，本章探討合作經濟的所有制性質與形式。第一，生產資料全部屬勞動者個人所有的形式。
  16. In fact, the protection of shareholders ' rights to dividends has foundation by way of analyzing the two kinds of characters, that is prospecting rights and vesting rights ; the realization of shareholders ' rights has solid basis by way of reconstructing the concept and means of company ' s profits allocation ; the study from the perspective of the cost of tax and investment make the allocation of dividends more practical ; the system of legal liability is the last safeguard

    實際上，通過解析股利分配請求權的兩種權利屬性期待權和既得權，該項股東權的分層次保護獲得了依據；通過重構股利分配的公司利潤基礎以及利潤分配方式等提供了該項股東權實現的充實基礎；稅收成本以及資本投資性質的研究角度使股利分配更具有可操作性；而法律責任機制的完善是最後一道保障。
  17. It takes agency theory as its premise, human resource property right as its core, and modern distribution theory and risk theory as its foundation. its basic idea is to give high - level managers headed by chief executive officer the right to purchase common stocks of the company at a certain price and time in the future. through this equity system, it ' s expected to inspirit organizations " management in the long run, avoid operators " short - term behavior, and thus reduce agency cost, improve organizations " management structure, and promote the stability of management, so that both constituents ( stake holders ) and vicegerents " ( operators ) targets of gaining profit will be realized finally

    其本質是對經營者的一種薪酬安排；它以代理理論為前提，以人力資本產權理論為核心，以現代分配理論和風險理論為基礎；其基本內容是給予公司內以首席執行官為首的高級管理人員在未來某特定的時間按某一固定價格購買本公司普通股的權力；通過這種機制希望對公司管理層起到長期激勵的作用，避免經營者的短期行為，從而減少代理成本，改善企業的治理結構，促進穩健經營，最終實現委託者（股東）和受託者（經營者）雙贏的目的；它是把期權理論應用於現代激勵機制的一種制度創新，比較符合市場經濟條件下企業經營者的價值取向和企業發展的戰略要求。
  18. The main procedure and steps are following as : according the random characteristic of the time spent by each work procedure, computer simulation is applied to produce the most possible scheduling network. and by corresponding optimization and adjustment on the network, the cost and scheduling construction network can be obtained ; during the practical construction according to the network, the warp between the actual cost and expected scheduling is tracked dynamically. then the computer simulation system is used to predict the future cost and progress operation, and take corresponding precautionary measures to control beforehand

    其主要思想與步驟為：首先運用計算機模擬技術來模擬工序作業時間的隨機特性，產生概率最大的施工網路計劃，並對其進行優化和調整，以獲得滿足工期、質量要求的成本及網路計劃；在施工過程中動態跟蹤施工實際成本與進度與目標計劃所發生的偏差以及質量問題，然後根據已出現的偏差，利用計算機模擬技術對項目未實施部分進行進度、成本的預測和分析，根據現有信息對網路計劃未完成部分進行調整和優化，以盡可能把各項費用控制在預定計劃成本之內或使工程的綜合指標最優。
  19. The technological risk is shown as selecting type mistake of the software and the system supplier ' s choice risk mainly ; transform risk display and means the risk appeared in order to change and manage various kinds of required management ideas of the means, management way, and in order to meet the needs of erp system, revitalize risks of organizing brought to institutional framework and business procedure ; control project risk display to implement cycle lengthen, implement cost increase, implementation quality and implement result up to goal preconcerted ; human resources risk show as lack effective consultant of implementation, lack the risk with staff of the implementing ability mainly

    技術風險主要表現為軟體選型錯誤以及系統供應商的選擇風險；變革風險主要表現指為改變管理手段、管理方式所要求的各種管理觀念轉變所出現的風險，以及為了適應erp系統的需要，對組織結構以及業務流程進行重新調整所帶來組織風險；項目監控風險主要表現在對實施周期延長、實施成本的增加、實施質量以及實施效果沒有達到預定的目標；人力資源風險主要表現為缺乏有效的實施顧問指導、企業缺乏具有實施能力的員工的風險。
  20. The natures of the probe and formation mechanisms in these techniques are different ; therefore, the images of spm can reflect different properties of sample surface. in this work, related properties of ferroelectric thin film were investigated as followed : the main factors determining the image formation of piezoresponse force microscopy ( pfm ) and scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy ( sndm ) were studied. to avoid the misreading of the same conductive tip with different state, a new method of polarization distribution mapping with nonconductive tip was proposed, and the result of experiment demonstrated that the polarization distribution of ferroelectric thin films could be characterized well by the new approach

    本工作主要分為以下幾個部分:從研究鐵電薄膜的壓電響應力顯微鏡（ pfm ）和掃描非線性介電顯微鏡（ sndm ）成像的影響因素入手，討論了針尖對成像質量的影響;為降低實驗成本、減小導電探針針尖狀態變化對鐵電薄膜微區電性能測試的負面影響，提出了以非導電探針檢測微區極性分佈的方法，並在現有spa - 300hv型spm的實驗平臺上以pfm模式成功實現了新方法對鐵電薄膜極性分佈的表徵。
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