最低定價法 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [zuìdīdìngjiàfǎ]
最低定價法
英文
floor pricing-
After generalizing the characteristic of modern equipment, the mission of equipment management and general situation of chinese equipment management, basied on two forms of equipment management - - - - - - practicality & value, the author combined quantitative & qualitative methods with example to analyze and discuss questions, especially the reasonable update & depreciation, accordingly achieving the optimization of the technical efficiency & economic benefit 0 one of emphases of the thesis is methods application of equipment reasonable update, that is starting with economic benefit to looking for reasonable using fixed number of year. the thesis used inferior - converted numeric method and rate equation which based on the theory square and combined with harbor loading machines & tugboat ' s actual facts, calculated the economic life of the same machine in order to make sure harbor machines " reasonable using fixed number of year. at the same time, the author made use of midpoint value regress method and stochastic trapeziform forecast method to calculate and analyze and gain the reasonable conclusion o the other emphases is questions of harbor equipment
本文概括介紹了現代設備的特點、設備管理的任務以及我國設備管理發展的概況后，作者從設備經濟管理的兩種形態? ?實物形態和價值形態出發，採取定量與定性相結合，以定量為主，結合實例進行分析與論述，對港口設備的合理更新與折舊問題進行了著重研究，從而實現設備的技術效能和經濟效益的最優化。本文研究的重點之一是設備合理更新的方法應用，即從經濟效益出發，來尋求設備的合理使用年限。本文結合港口裝卸機械和港作拖輪的實際，運用以正方形理論為基礎的低劣化數值法和費用方程兩種方法，計算了同一種機械設備的經濟壽命，從而確定港機合理的使用年限，同時，運用了中點值回歸法和隨機梯形預測法進行計算和分析，得到了合理的結論。The study concludes the following : the purpose of issuing a bid s for the issuer or the owner of a business to select its best business partner, and to select products or services with good quality and pricing ; the bid issuer is ultimately responsible for the bidding process ; bidding document is the key element in a bid ; awarding a contract to the lowest responsive bidder is not always the best approach
摘要闡明招標的目的是為招標人或稱業主選擇最佳合作對象，選擇質優價廉的物質產品或服務；招標的最終責任者是招標人；招標文件是招投標中最重要的內容；低價中標不一定都是最佳的評標辦法。This approach is adopted by the american laws when dealing with " unorthodox transactions " and according to this approach, the insider ' s possibility to make use of the inside information should be taken into consideration. as for the enforcement of the disgorgement, this paper comes up with the following suggestions. first, besides the board of directors, the supervisory board should also be entitled to enforce it in certain circumstances
在歸入權的行使方面，除董事會可以行使外，應賦予監事會在一定場合可以代表公司行使歸入權的權利；股東的代位訴訟權利也有待補充規定；賦予中國證券監督管理委員會查處內部人短線交易的權力也是一種值得考慮的思路；歸入權的行使期間需要立法上的補充規定；法律還應就短線交易利益的計算方法作出明確規定， 「最高賣價減最低買價法」值得肯定。This says regarding our country market economy development and the modernization, the new company law will provide the more superior investment condition and the environment for the investor, will encourage each kind of social main body the investment behavior, effectively will develop the society to invest the resources and the expansion investment channel, will impel the company enterprise the establishment and the development, will create the more employment opportunity for the society and effectively alleviates the employment pressure, and will promote our country entire market economy healthy development by this
例如新公司法允許設立一人公司，從片面強調資本信用到兼顧資本信用和資產信用的立法理念的調整，降低了企業設立的門檻，放鬆了對公司的國度管制，大幅度地降低了公司設立的最低注冊資本，放寬了股東出資形式的限制，允許出資的分期繳納，取消了公司轉投資的限制。這些規定都是鼓勵投資價值理念的具體體現，新公司法的出臺，將會推動公司的設立，促進資本市場的發展和繁榮，並依此促進社會主義市場經濟的發展。The other classfies the calculation of mbps into the solution of inequation based on heuristic knowledge of mbps of optimal directional coordination setting in complex multiloop network and comes into equivalence of 0 - 1 integral second layout problem. on the basis of the principle of gene optimal evolution, a new approach to determine mbps is first presented and decreases the computational complexity of mbps problem
其二，利用復雜環網方向保護最優整定配合中最小斷點集（ mbps ）的啟發知識，將mbps的計算歸結為解不等式，進而等價為0 ? 1整數二次規劃問題，基於基因遺傳優化計算原理，首次提出了mbps問題的基因遺傳演算法，降低了問題的計算復雜性。On the basis of the study of the theory and appraise method on land use in the small towns from home and abroad, this paper at first conducts a deep study on the development and role of the small towns, indicating that its development has sawn an uneven development phrase and becomes a carrier of the enterprises, a pool of surplus laborers, a hub of material exchanges between the rural and urban areas, a base of spiritual civilization, an important way to achieve urbanization. second, it conducts a study on the situation and features and the problems the land use, indicating that the efficiency of the land use is low, which has a direct influence on the development of agriculture and the role of the small towns. and the study of the demand of the land indicates the shortage of land is serious, and the small town must rationally use the land and increases its intensive role and the economical efficiency to meet the demand
在分析國內外已有關于小城鎮土地利用的理論與評價方法的基礎上，首先對小城鎮在我國的發展、地位和作用進行了深入的分析，判明我國小城鎮發展經歷了一個曲折向上的發展階段，已成為鄉鎮企業的載體，農村剩餘勞動力的蓄水池，城鄉物資交流的樞紐，農村精神文明的基地，是我國城市化的重要途徑；其次，對小城鎮土地資源利用現狀和特徵進行了探討，並對發展小城鎮建設導致的土地利用問題進行了剖析，表明目前我國大多數小城鎮土地效益和規模效益低下，佔用耕地過多，直接影響農業的發展，影響小城鎮的地位和作用；通過小城鎮土地供需分析研究表明，我國土地短缺十分嚴峻，小城鎮土地需求缺口較大，小城鎮必須合理利用現有土地，增強集約功能和土地經濟效益，從而緩解需求壓力；最後，論文通過運用特爾菲法，描述統計分析法、多元統計分析（主成分分析）法和系統分析法中的層次分析法（ ahp ）等一系列方法，結合定性和定量兩方面，從土地質量、土地資源數量與結構、土地經濟效益、環境效益、社會效益等五個方面進行分析，篩選、建立了土地資源利用評價指標體系，在因子評價的基礎上，建立了土地利用綜合評價模型，並給出了評價過程和方法。On the condition that the width of section is invariable, the height of section is confirmed by structural optimization method. this will change traditional method to optimize the height of section so that design is simplified and cost is lower. this paper presents one optimization design method
在給定抗滑樁截面寬度的條件下，運用結構優化的方法來確定抗滑樁截面高度，改變傳統的確定樁截面尺寸這一迭代計演算法，使抗滑樁截面高度取最優值，達到簡化設計和降低工程造價之目的。For example, the administratively monopolized access regulation that caused the upper section ( railway network operation ) and lower section ( the transportation businesses ) integrated ; the relatively closed investment mechanism that at first mainly depended on government allocation, then mainly relied on railway ' s building fund ; the price regulation that controls the right of price setting strictly and keeps a low price level for a long time ; the income distribution regulation that with its income and expense carried out in two separate ways ; finally, the regulation framework that with the roles wrongly arranged and with inadequate supervision and lagged legislation
由此可以看出，我國鐵路規制體制的計劃經濟痕跡非常明顯：在進入上，實行「上下一體」的行政性壟斷；在投資上，實行先以國家為主而後以鐵路建設基金為主的相對封閉的投資體制；在運價上，國家嚴格控制定價權，並長期以來保持低價位；在收益分配上，實行收支兩條線的清算制度；最後，在規制的組織架構方面，不僅角色錯位，而且缺乏監督，立法滯后。5. definite the purpose of transferring of collective construction land of our country 6. regulate the main measures of transferring 7. regulate transferring of utilizing right on house land 8. allocate the transferring income of collective construction land of our country 9. make the lowest protective price of collective construction land of our country 10. make the combination between transferring and small town construction 11. do other related work to make the collective construction land of our country perfect 12. create the systems, administrate under law, enact related regulations as fast as possible
針對這些矛盾，作者提出了相應的完善建議： 1 、理順集體土地產權關系，構建完整的集體土地產權體系2 、改革現行土地征地制度3 、實現集體建設用地有償使用4 、明確集體建設用地流轉的條件和適當擴大流轉范圍5 、適當限定流轉的土地用途6 、規范流轉的主要方式7 、規范宅基地使用權流轉8 、合理分配集體建設用地流轉的土地收益，保障農民土地財產權9 、確定集體建設用地流轉最低保護價10 、流轉要與小城鎮建設有機結合11 、確保對土地的統一規劃管理，做好集體建設用地使用權流轉的相關工作12 、以制度創新為前提，以依法行政為保障，盡快制定相關的法律規章。Therefor whenever the flood was coming, it is very important that we were prepared to control flood at any moment and safeguard our lives and property and did our best to minimized the damage by some science means, the dss of controlling the flood this paper introduced ought to reflect flood disaster real - timely, list all feasible projects by referring to historic experiences and pre - making plans, find out the optimization of all projects by integrated evaluating for decision maker
因此，當洪水到來時，作好防洪準備，採取有效措施，隨時保護人民的生命財產的安全，盡量把損失降低到最低程度，意義十分重大。防洪決策支持系統的建立，必須能為決策者展現洪災實時的具體情況，參照歷史經驗和預先制定的防洪預案，列出適合當前洪水狀態的全部防洪方案可行集，利用綜合評價方法求出洪災損失最小的最優防洪方案。Appraise the test scheme of dynamic consolidation of each test district before test and make optimization suggestions ; 4. the grain - size distrilidation of the underlayer of dynamic consolidation has great on consumption of the energy i, the better the dynamic consolidation effect is ; 5. the deformation effect of dynamic consolidation foundation is that not only the settlement deformation of foundation will decrease greatly after pounding, but residual settlement deformation in each test district are compared, it can be concluded that the deformation stability of foundation of the runway engineering of pu - dong airport can satisfy the design requirment through dynamic consolidation according to optimized test scheme. but the underlayer of dynamic consolidation should be made when pounding
論文的主要工作和研究認識如下： （ 1 ）確定必要的強夯施工參數； （ 2 ）對既有砂性土又有粘性土地基的最佳夯擊次數的確定方法進行了探討； （ 3 ）對試驗前各試驗小區的強夯試驗方案進行了評價，並提出了優化建議； （ 4 ）強夯墊層材料的級配對夯擊能的消耗有很大影響，級配好的墊層對夯擊能的傳遞比級配差的墊層效果好； （ 5 ）強夯地基的變形效應主要是指夯后地基不但沉降變形會大幅度降低，而且剩餘沉降變形會緩慢地發生； （ 6 ）在比較各試驗小區的變形穩定性后，按照優化后的試驗方案進行強夯處理，則浦東機場場道工程地基的變形穩定性能滿足設計要求，但須在處理時施加強夯墊層。In this paper, the so preparing self - compacting concrete with low and middle strength using super fine mountain sand artifical sand and phosphorus slag is studied systemically. through the study the influence of the shape, the proportion of the dust and the grade of sand to the workability and the mechanical property of self - compacting concrete, it is found that super fine mountain sand artifical sand are not suit to prepare low and middle strength self - compacting concrete, but when they are combined and the additive and assistant band material are used, c20 - c40 high performance self - compacting concrete is prepared ; the corresponding additive is developed to solve the delamination caused by the low proportion of banding material ; the evaluating system for the workability of low and middle strength self - compacting concrete is built ; the controlling method for production, construction and curing was set up. and the result of the research is applied into several projects
通過分析特細山砂和機制砂的顆粒形態、粉末含量、顆粒級配等特性對自密實混凝土的工作性能和力學性能的影響，發現特細山砂、機制砂不宜單獨用於配製中低強度等級自密實混凝土，宜將特細山砂和機制砂進行合理復配，並選擇合適的外加劑和礦物摻合料，優化配合比設計，可生產c20 c40中低強度等級自密實高性能混凝土；研製開發出了具有高效減水、保塑、抗離析功能的外加劑，有效解決了中低強度等級自密實混凝土由於膠凝材料用量少而出現的離析、泌水問題；應用正交設計方法，對因素和水平進行合理選擇，確定了生產中低等級自密實混凝土的最優配合比；建立了中低強度等級自密實混凝土的工作性評價體系；提出了生產、施工及養護的質量控制技術方法。The land ordinance of 1785 reflected the prevalent conservative view that public land should be a major source of federal revenues
《 1785年土地法令》反映了較為盛行的保守主義觀點，即公共土地應成為政府的一個主要收入來源，有關最低購地面積、價格及購買條件的規定很苛刻。One kind of legal mandatory focuses on the financial rations, such as equity insolvency test, balance sheet test, liability / asset ratio, and cash flow test. another kind of legal mandatory focuses on the " stated capital " and fixed - ratio reserves fund. i pay much attention to the issue of " which part of the value can be distributed "
接近之處在於：採用法定資本的概念，法定了最低注冊資本，強制計提資本公積金和盈餘公積金，以維護公示資本，並在公示資本之外增加對債權的擔保，以及限制實繳出資的分配，限制減資分配和股票回購，傾向于把可分配的價值限定於利潤、限定於資本的增值部分。The antitrust laws, however, give a manufacturer latitude to adopt a policy regarding a desired level of resale prices and to deal only with retailers who independently decide to follow that policy
反托拉斯法充許製造商在一定的價格浮動范圍內採用其所意願的最低轉售價格政策，及只與可獨立貫徹該政策的零售商交易。After 1989, the increase of demand slowed down and facing the complexion of low degree of industrial concentration of product market and financial strain of medi um and small - sized enterprises caused by the circulating trap of " credit squeeze - - - bad loan ", the advantageous enterprises " " wallow in money ", specifically, those listed companies that could finance from the stock market, began to take predatory pricing strategy in succession and tried to enlarge market share and obtain high return by squeezing medium and small - sized enterprises out of the market after 1998, the vicious circle of deflation and " credit grudging " of banks in product and credit markets, overcapacity, the difficulty of retreating of loss - incurring enterprises in some industries from the market for institutional reasons and over - competition in some industries, led to the incessant decrease of enterprises " global income, persistent increase of rate of debts and constant rise of ratio of bad assets of banks, which further intensified the vicious circle of deflation and " credit grudging " of banks
如在改革開放初期，在產品市場需求旺盛和信貸市場預算軟約束的情況下，各類企業的最優決策就是採用高負債、高擴張的「負債的有限責任效應」策略來搶占市場並獲得高回報； 1989年以後，需求增速開始放緩，面臨產品市場產業集中度較低和信貸市場「信貸緊縮-不良貸款」循環陷阱導致的中小企業資金緊張的局面， 「錢袋鼓鼓」的優勢企業（尤其是那些可以通過股票市場融通資金的上市公司）紛紛採用掠奪性定價策略，試圖通過把中小企業擠出市場來擴大市場份額並獲得高收益； 1998年以後，產品市場和信貸市場形成了通貨緊縮和銀行「惜貸」惡性循環的狀況。產品市場上部分行業生產能力嚴重過剩，且由於體制等原因導致虧損企業無法退出，因此這些行業中出現了過度競爭的現象，企業總體收益的不斷下滑、負債率不斷提高以及銀行不良資產率的持續上升，又進一步加強了通貨緊縮和銀行「惜貸」的惡性循環。In 1841, a general preemption act, granted, to anyone settling on land that was surveyed but not yet available for sale, the right to purchase 160 acres at the minimum price
1841年通過了優先購買權法，允許在已測量但未出售的土地上的定居者以最低價格購買160英畝土地。This is the main part of the thesis, the optimizing process of capital structure is classifies into three steps : the financing scheme is feasible or not ; effect of financial lever profit and financial risk ; the realization of the greatest value of enterprise and lowest wacc, which provide an effective analytical instrument for studying our country ' s enterprise capital structure
這部分是本文的重點所在，通常，企業融資結構的優化分三個步驟，即融資方案是否有利、財務杠桿利益和財務風險的影響、實現企業價值最大化和wacc最低。這個優化分析的通用方法為研究我國企業融資結構問題提供了一個有效的實證分析工具。第四部分：企業融資結構的決定因素及股利政策對企業價值的影響。It emphasize in the macro view that we should enhance the lawmaking, develop association about engineering cost management, and broaden the service field of the organization on engineering cost consultation etc. from the micro view, considering that the architecture ' s price may be totally formed by the market and it may connect with international tradition, we discussed how to ferry stream from quota price to bill - quantity price, how to ferry stream from government making - price to enterprise free making - price. also we discussed how to compile bill - of - quantity, how to determine price of bidding strategies of bidding and how to quote price under the bill - of - quantity model. study of a certain reasonable low price, problems and countermeasures of the lowest bid approach in making bid and inviting bid has been discussed too
強調：宏觀上，工程造價管理要加強立法、加強工程造價管理協會的建設、拓寬工程造價咨詢機構的服務面等；微觀上，針對建築產品價格完全由市場形成及與國際慣例接軌的要求，討論在剛剛開始推行工程量清單計價模式下，如何使定額計價向工程量清單計價過渡，建築產品如何由政府定價向企業自主定價過渡，以及工程量清單編制、標底價格的確定、施工企業的投標報價；研究在工程招投標過程中， 「合理低價」的確定方法，無標底招標可能出現的問題及對策；最後提出費用組成及計價方式的改革，使得工程造價更符合工程的實際情況，更有利於企業間的競爭。By analyzing and comparing with the comprise, pricing base pricing mode and reform course of the construction price of building and installation project both home and abroad, using the theory and method of the construction cost and market economy, this paper analyzes and dissertates how to confirm the construction cost on the planned economy period, the planned economy transiting to market economy period economy transiting to market economy period and the market economy period, and besides, proposes that it is the most reasonable method that determination of the construction cost should be market - oriented ; " controlling amount, loss up price, offering by enterprise ' s own and formed by market finally " is the best pricing mode for confirming the market - oriented construction cost, however, biding by electing the reasonable low - price to win the bid is the most effective means for realizing the pricing mode of market economy
工程造價管理的改革是我國建設市場改革的瓶頸和切入點。建立市場經濟的計價模式，合理確定工程造價是工程造價管理改革的目標。本文通過對國內外建安工程造價的構成、計價依據、計價模式及其改革過程的比較分析，運用工程造價及市場經濟的理論和方法，對計劃經濟時期、計劃經濟向市場經濟過渡期、市場經濟時期如何合理確定工程造價進行了研究論述，提出了工程造價的確定實行市場化是最合理的方法， 「控制量，放開價，企業自主報價，最終由市場形成工程造價」是工程造價確定市場化的最佳計價模式，而推行合理低價中標法招標是實現市場經濟計價模式最有效的手段。分享友人