櫟原 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [lìyuán]
櫟原
英文
hirabara-
The area of sclerophyllous oaks sprout forest decreased 69754 hectares than that in 1987, decreased 28. 16 % than before
櫟類萌生林比1987年減少了69754公頃，比原來減少了28 . 16 ，主要原因是人為破壞。The fractal dimension of the quercus liaotungensis, the grassland and the shrub landscape elements in wutai mountain is rather low, which shows that the quercus liaotungensis, the grassland and the shrub landscape are interfered quite little by human activities. summarily, we can conclude that the wutai mountain is a preferable site for ecological tour, but the rather big difference between the areas of each landscape element, the quite low diversity, the rather high degree of dominance as well as the influence of human activities are all the problems to be solved in the future management of the wutai mountain
從五臺山各類景觀要素的分維研究中可以看出，各景觀要素的分維數普遍較低，說明各景觀要素的斑塊形狀較為簡單，受人為干擾較小；分維數較低的有遼東櫟林景觀、溫帶灌叢景觀、溫帶灌草叢及溫帶草原景觀和山地草甸景觀，這說明在該地區與其它植被景觀相比，遼東櫟林景觀、溫帶灌叢景觀、溫帶灌草叢及溫帶草原景觀和山地草甸景觀受人為活動的干擾較小，干擾程度低，天然狀態保持較好。Abstract : biological invasions are a continuous feature of a non - equilibrium world, ever more so as a result of accidental and deliberate introductions by mankind. while many of these introductions are apparently harmless, others have significant consequences for organisms native to the invaded range, and entire communities may be affected. here we provide a survey of common models of range expansion, and outline the consequences these models have for patterns in genetic diversity and population structure. we describe how patterns of genetic diversity at a range of markers can be used to infer invasion routes, and to reveal the roles of selection and drift in shaping population genetic patterns that accompany range expansion. we summarise a growing range of population genetic techniques that allow large changes in population size ( bottlenecks and population expansions ) to be inferred over a range of timescales. finally, we illustrate some of the approaches described using data for a suite of invasions by oak gallwasps ( hymenoptera, cynipidae, cynipini ) in europe. we show that over timescales ranging from 500 10000 years, allele frequency data for polymorphic allozymes reveal ( a ) a consistent loss of genetic diversity along invasion routes, confirming the role of glacial refugia as centres of genetic diversity over these timescales, and ( b ) that populations in the invaded range are more subdivided genetically than those in the native range of each species. this spatial variation in population structure may be the result of variation in the patchiness of resources exploited by gallwasps, particularly host oak plants
文摘:生物入侵是不均衡世界的一個永恆話題，尤其是當人類有意或無意地引入物種后.很多引入顯然是無害的，但另外一些則有著嚴重的後果，會給入侵地的生物以至於整個生物群落造成影響.本文總結了分佈區擴張的常見模式，概述了它們對遺傳多樣性和種群結構式樣所造成的影響.描述了如何根據以一批遺傳標記所得到的遺傳多樣性式樣來推斷入侵途徑，來揭示伴隨擴張選擇和漂變在形成種群遺傳樣式中的作用.本文對日益增多的群體遺傳學方法進行了總結，這些技術可以用來在不同的時間尺度上推斷種群規模所發生的巨大變化（瓶頸效應及種群擴張） .最後，我們以歐洲櫟癭蜂（膜翅目，癭蜂科，癭蜂族）一系列入侵的數據為例對一些方法進行了說明.從500 10000年的時間尺度上，多態的等位酶位點上等位基因頻率的數據表明: 1 ）遺傳多樣性沿入侵路線呈不斷下降的趨勢，支持了冰河期避難所作為遺傳多樣性中心的作用; 2 ）入侵地區的種群與該物種原產地的種群相比，遺傳上的分化更為強烈.這種種群結構在空間上的變異可能是被櫟癭蜂開發的資源尤其是櫟樹寄主在斑塊上出現變異的反映
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