營利沖動 的英文怎麼說

In this article, firstly the background of the textile trade conflicts within sino - us or sino - euro are introduced, thus learn that how to discern and dodge the foreign trade risks, how to choose the appropriate investment projects have already become one of the most important questions for exporting companies on foreign trade affairs well - known as high investment and high risk. so the main text makes a risk analysis qualitatively and quantitatively on a textile - exporting trading company from three angles of statistic 、 game theory and portfolio theory, which is the main content that we studied. firstly, the statistic article adopts data of the transaction closing price of the textile clothing index in shenzhen stock exchange at the end of each quarter as well as several other kinds of data reflecting the macro - economic changes, performs an empirical analysis of these data according to the theory of co - integration test 、 granger cause test and impulse response function of time series in economitric, and learn that the impact to ti is more obvious by the economic index reflecting local commodity price level and economic prosperity degree home and abroad, as well as the impact degree and the time lag degree, and knows the macro - economic risks faced by textile business enterprises ; after that by the game theory angle we analyze exactly the managing risks faced by one textile export corporation named beauty. from the game expansion chart the system arrangement between censor ways by exportation goal countries and exporting strategies by the exporting enterprises has been analyzed. involving the benefit assignment between them both the limited rounds and infinite rounds negotiations of cooperation games have been studied, and then country responsibility and the enterprise managing risks on foreign trade affairs and so on have been analyzed exactly ; in order to realize the investment multiplication in the certain degree to disperse the risk, the

本文首先介紹了中美、中歐紡織品貿易爭端的來龍去脈，由此可知在涉外貿易這種以高投入、高風險著稱的行業里，如何甄別和規避外貿風險、如何選擇合適的投資項目已經成為外貿企業的首要問題。因此，正文分別從統計學、博弈論和投資組合三種角度對涉外紡織品貿易公司風險進行了定性和定量的分析，這也是本文的主要研究內容。首先，統計學篇選取了深圳證券交易所行業分類指數?紡織服裝指數（ ti ）每一季度末的交易收盤價和若干種反映宏觀經濟變化的指標，利用計量經濟學中時間序列的協整檢驗、 granger因果檢驗和脈沖反應函數等理論做實證分析，從而得知反映國內物價水平和國內外經濟景氣程度的經濟指標對紡織板塊上市值的沖擊比較明顯，且可知沖擊程度和時滯度，進而分析出涉外紡織企業所面臨的宏觀經濟風險;接著，從博弈論的角度具體分析一家紡織品出口公司（ beauty ）的外貿活動所面臨的各種經營風險，該篇從博弈擴展圖入手，分析了出口目的國審查方式與本企業出口策略之間的制度安排;並圍繞雙方的利益分配，研究了有限回合和無限回合合作談判博弈，然後具體論述了國家責任和企業涉外經營風險等問題;在一定程度上為了實現投資多元化來分散風險的目的，投資組合篇從經典的markowitz模型著手，在一些特定條件的限制下，給出了一個相應的投資組合模型。

In accordance with the a / m conditions and integrated with the general strategic requirements of " going abroad " from moftec and " one main profession, diversified businesses, footing in railway, facing to the whole country and going to the world " from loric, we should fully utilize the transitional period before and after joining in wto to fasten the process of reform, i. e. dravving up a flexible and healthy strategy through deep thinking and careful planning to guide enterprise business activities so as to meet economy globalization. in the thesis, the vvriter firstly makes a microscopic analysis and study for the effects on china railway locomotive & rolling stock industrial enterprise of economy globalization and joining in wto

針對這一情況，並結合我國外經貿「走出去」以及原中國鐵路機車車輛工業總公司的「一業為主，多種經營，立足鐵路，面向全國，走向世界」總體發展戰略的要求，我國機車車輛工業企業應該充分地利用「入世」前後的緩沖期，加快變革的步伐，即通過深謀遠慮的總體規劃，在認真地調查分析和研究的基礎上，制訂出一個能夠健康發展並具有一定柔性的發展戰略來指導企業的各項經營活動，以應對經濟全球化。

Paper regards the vegetables current situation as background, analyze our country and foreign vegetables marketing disparity of channel, combine the survey of existing vegetables marketing channels in wuhan, direct three main vegetables marketing channels : wholesale market, farm market, supermarket. finding the existing problem and the relation and conflict each other. have put forward the corresponding improvement measure : wholesale market as the tap of the vegetables marketing channel, in the face of sell smooth, fund shortage, facility simple and crude, communication way outmoded market that exist at present, must adopt with governed by law field, increase input, and scientific appraisal make their functions perfect further ; farm market as the vegetables marketing channel system of produce of foundation, should fully realize meaning in which the market have, dispel the restriction factor of market development, heighten the level, which manage and improve ; supermarket as the new member, should see clearly the existing problem in the hardware and software terms, utilize government microscopically policy support, strengthen self - building, make the new developing achievement state of competence develop better

論文共五章：第一章是論文研究的目的和意義以及營銷渠道的主要理論和國內外的研究動態；第二章是國內外蔬菜營銷渠道分析及比較，以我國蔬菜產銷現狀為背景，分析了我國與國外蔬菜營銷渠道的差距；第三章是對武漢市蔬菜營銷渠道的現狀分析，主要是針對蔬菜批發市場、農貿市場、超市這三個主要渠道成員存在的問題及其相互之間的關系與沖突，提出了相應的改進措施；作為蔬菜營銷渠道龍頭的批發市場，面對當前存在的市場萎縮、銷售不暢、資金短缺、設施簡陋、方式陳舊等問題，必須採取以法治場、加大投入、科學論證的方法使其功能進一步完善；作為蔬菜營銷渠道體系基礎的農貿市場，應充分認識市場存在的意義，消除市場發展的制約因素，提高管理和革新的水平；作為蔬菜營銷渠道新成員的超市，要認清經營中硬體和軟體兩方面存在的問題，利用政府宏觀政策支持，加強自身建設，使這一代表先進生產力水平的新興的業態更好地發展。

While this thesis aims to identify the difficulties in tax on e - business on the side of most of developing countries, analyzing the existing tax rules and regulations of china and therefore provide the suggestions for future development of the relevant tax rules in china. the discussion and conclusion are set out from a pre - set case and based upon traditional taxation theories and the existing practices in other countries, which covers the business models, the classification of transactions, and how to define the concept of turnover, profits, services and royalties under e - commerce

本文嘗試站在發展中國家的立場上，通過運用傳統的課稅理論，結合當前各國電子商務的實踐，通過對設定網路案例的模擬經營，通過甲乙兩國採取主動課稅的征稅情況來對稅收原則在電子商務環境下所受到的沖擊的方面進行系統分析，酯出對電子商務課稅的難點所在，並結合各國對電子商務征稅實踐，分析了在電子商務中跨國所得的表現形式，具體分類，如何準確的界定在電子商務征稅實踐中對營業利潤，勞務，特許權使用費的概念等等。

Independence audit contract ( iac ) is the contract which aim lies in standardizing relation of every one independence audit activity. by auditing accounting information of enterprise and then ascertaining its truthfulness and evenhandedness, the aims of privy c to make use of independence audit work : affirming and relieving accountability or eliminating information asymmetrical distribution among investors and operators, the tow aims make independence audit activity involve harmonizing interest relation among clients and operators or former both and independence auditor. so requirement that harmonizing conflict of interest which three - part product in independence audit activity come into being. idiographic representations are defining aim of independence audit activity, thereout solicitation liability definitude and carve up, audit quality weigh and standard question. everyone independence auditor diathesis request etc. significance of iac is to provide game of flat roof, where the two parties can negotiatio n treat at freedom to help harmonize above contradiction or conflict of interest

獨立審計合約是規范獨立審計活動各參與方相互之間關系的合約，各參與人利用獨立審計工作活動的目的，在於通過獨立審計人員對企業會計信息真實、公允性鑒證，以確認及解除受託經濟責任或消除投資者與經營者之間的信息不對稱，這兩種目的都使獨立審計涉及到委託人與經營者及前兩者與獨立審計人員之間利益協調關系，因此，產生了規范三者間圍繞獨立審計活動而引發的利益沖突的協調需求，具體表現為審計目標的界定與實現和由此引發的責任界定與劃分、審計質量的衡量及標準問題、各方對審計人員素質的要求等。

Because it is so, from the viewpoint of the controlling shareholders, if a conflict of interest occurs between them and the company and its minority shareholders, in line with their tendency of favoring their own gain, they unjustly abuse of their controlling power to oppress or limit the minority shareholders " legal rights. this is no exceptional phenomenon ; also is it growing in intensity. if no further actions are taken to restrain controlling shareholders, companies " normal business activity could be heavily influenced

正因為如此，對支配股東來說，一旦其利益與公司及小股東利益發生沖突，他們就會本著追求自身利益的目的，不正當地濫用其支配權，欺壓或限制小股東的合法權益，這些不是個別現象，而且愈演愈烈，如果沒有對支配股東行為進行限制、將會對公司的正常經營活動產生不良影響。

Therefore, under the condition which the government ’ s poor financial resource, consumer ' s request and the private department ’ invest impulse had directed system transition in public utilities, also is the public utilities marketization reform. at present in china. this article from the view of policy science, use public policy analysis method to analyze our country public utilities marketization reform problem, this not only provides a new angle of view for the current research, but also can let us understand this problem more systematicly and comprehensively. the author make the appraisal about current implementation of chinese public utilities marketization reform, and then from the policy process angle, analyse the problems which are existing in process of public utilities marketization reform in china, the main problems as follows : unperfect legal system, weak management and supervison of government, serious benefit conflict ; finally, propose the corresponding solution according to the existed problems : first, build good environment ; second, promote the consummation of competitive system ; finally strengthen the construction of subjece in the reform

於是在政府財力難以為繼的條件下，消費者的要求與私人部門投資的沖動共同導演了在公用事業領域中的制度變遷，也就是中國目前的公用事業運用市場機制的改革。本文從政策科學的角度，利用公共政策分析的方法來解析我國公用事業運用市場機制問題，這不僅為當前研究提供一個新的視角，更重要的是能讓我們系統而深入的透析該問題。筆者在對我國公用事業運用市場機制改革的實施現狀做出評估的基礎上，從政策過程的角度，對我國公用事業運用市場機制過程中存在的問題進行了分析，指出現在存在的問題主要是法制不健全、政府監管不力、利益沖突嚴重;最後根據所存在的問題提出了相應的解決措施，首先是要營造良好的環境，其次是促進競爭機制的完善，最後要加強改革中各主體的自身建設。

The ideological and political work faces numerous complicated new questions, and unprecedented changeable new situation. first, because the objective environment has changed, the ideological and political work is getting more difficult. from planned economy to socialist market economy, the enterprise ' s ownership, leading, management, work and the distribution system have undergone a great reform

開展思想政治工作的難度加大。由計劃經濟向社會主義市場經濟的轉換，帶動了企業所有制和領導、經營、勞動、分配製度的大變革，也帶來了新舊矛盾的大轉化、利益格局的大調整，對職工的思想觀念形成強烈沖擊。

Drastically change in the world from the third economical revolution, internet marketing and interactive marketing revise and impact the competitive advantages

摘要網路行銷與互動行銷顛覆與沖擊了企業與非營利組織的競爭優勢，並激烈的引發了世界的第三次戰爭革命：資訊革命。

The ? interest ? rate ? level ? and ? the ? interest ? rate ? structure ? unreasonable ? mainly ? display ? in : ? most ? recent ? several ? years ? because ? the ? government ? adopts ? the ? low ? interest ? rate ? policy, ? the ? interest ? rate ? level ? is ? in ? the ? historical ? most ? low ? point, ? saves ? the ? loan ? advantage ? difference ? unceasingly ? to ? reduce, ? the ? goal ? is ? the ? maintenance ? loose ? currency ? environment ? promotes ? the ? economy ? to ? grow, ? but ? individual ? deposit ? not ? only ? does ? not ? have ? massively ? to ? drain, ? on ? the ? contrary ? personally ? deposits ? 18 % ? speed ? fast ? growth ; ? these ? two ? years, ? and ? further ? because ? is ? the ? stock ? market, ? the ? fund ? rise, ? massively ? deposits ? the ? fund ? to ? flow ? to ? the ? stock ? market, ? this ? not ? only ? suppressed ? the ? commercial ? bank ? to ? provide ? the ? loan ? the ? impulse, ? moreover ? also ? caused ? the ? commercial ? bank ? to ? manage ? active ? the ? profit, ? the ? security ? and ? the ? fluidity ? comes ? under ? a ? more ? tremendous ? influence

利率水平和利率結構不合理主要表現在：前幾年由於政府採取低利率政策，利率水平處于歷史最低點，存貸款利差不斷縮小，目的是維持寬松貨幣環境以促進經濟增長，但是個人儲蓄不僅沒有大量流失，相反個人儲蓄18 %的速度快速增長；這兩年，又因為股市，基金的上漲，大量儲蓄資金流向股市，這不僅抑制了商業銀行發放貸款的沖動，而且還使商業銀行經營活動的盈利性、安全性和流動性受到較大影響。