特定之債 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [tèdìngzhīzhài]
特定之債
英文
certain obligation-
This article consists of five parts as following : mortgage of uncompleted building was originated from the common law and the law of hong kong, so the paper probes into its meaning - the transformation of the specific property right ; when the debtor fails to perform his duty, the creditor can obtain the title determinately ; the debtor enjoys the right of redeeming the collateral security through fulfilling his debt, the creditor has the obligation of returning the property at the same time. secondly, the author summaries its essential feature on the practice of the real estate mortgage hi the mainland of china - the target of the mortgage is a kind of expective interest ; the mortgage is a kind of guarantee which is settled through making over the interests in expectancy ; the risk of the mortgaged uncompleted building should be borne by the realty company instead of the mortgagor ; the phase of the mortgage ; mortgage is realized in a particular way. thirdly, on the basis of analyzing the legal nexus that is involved, the paper points out that the legal ne xus of the mortgage is just between the mortgagor and the mortgagee
樓花按揭作為一種擔保方式起源於英美法上的mortgage ，所以本文第一部分首先探討了mortgage在英美法上的含義：特定財產權利的轉移；在債務人不履行債務時，債權人可以確定地取得所有權；債務人享有通過履行債務而贖回擔保物的權利，同時債權人負有交還財產的義務。其次，就我國的樓花按揭實踐總結了其基本特徵：樓花按揭涉及兩個合同三方當事人；樓花按揭的標的是一種期待性利益；樓花按揭是通過轉讓物業權益而設定的一種擔保方式；預售樓花滅失的風險應有開發商承擔；樓花按揭的階段性；樓花按揭實現方式的特殊性。最後，分析了樓花按揭所牽涉的各個法律關系，認為真正的樓花按揭法律關系只是購房人與銀行之間的按揭貸款關系，按揭當事人只有購房人（按揭人）與銀行。Firstly, some basic concepts are not clear, such as what is the status of the company under liquidation, how to define the action of the industrial - commercial authority ' s invalidation of the license of the company, whether or not the share holders can sue to disincorporate the company, is it legal to dissolve a company without liquidation, what is special liquidation, under what situation will a company be obliged to disincorporate, who will be responsible for liquidation after the dis incorporation, etc. secondly, some primary legislative principles about disincorporation and liquidation that are adopted in foreign countries are not established in china, such as a company must be liquidated before disincorporation except for acquisition, the company remains valid during the liquidation until it finishes the invalidation registration, an ordinary liquidation must be replaced by a special liquidation under the instruction of the court when there is an impediment or a fraud, the company should apply to the court for bankruptcy when it is found that its debt is over its asset during the liquidation, the number of people execute liquidation can be several or just one, companies applied for annulment shall be judged by the court and must be liquidated, etc. thirdly, china does n ' t have some of the fundamental rules that are specified in the laws of foreign countries, such as the rule of disincorporation registration, the rule that the company should sue to let the court judge for disincorporation if there is a deadlock between share holders, the rule of credit trade - off in special liquidation, the rule that people who execute the liquidation are jointly responsible for compensating the loss of the third party caused by their activities that are illegal or vicious, the rule of special liquidation, the rule of the representation of the people who execute the liquidation, the rule of the court supervising the liquidation in an inactive way, the rule of how long the accounts and documents should be kept after disincorporation, etc. because of the lack in research and legislation, the system for companies leaving the market is highly disorganized, which harmed the interest of the creditors and relevant people, increased the risk of market exchange, damaged the order of the market economy and the ethic of doing business, wasted the resources of the society, and impaired the authority and seriousness of the law
再次，國外立法上的一些基本制度我國沒有，如解散登記制度，股東出現僵局訴請法院判決解散制度，特別清算中的債權協定製度，清算人因違法或惡意對第三人承擔連帶賠償責任制度，司法特別清算制度，清算人的代表性制度，法院消極監督清算制度，帳薄及文件在公司解散后保存法定期限制度等。由於理論研究和立法的不足，造成了我國公司法人退出市場機制的嚴重混亂，損害了債權人和利害關系人的利益，增加了市場主體交易不安全感，破壞了市場經濟秩序和商業道德，浪費了社會資源，削弱了法律的權威性和嚴肅性。文章認為，完善我國公司解散和清算制度，應借鑒和引進發達國家的法學理論和法律制度，統一我國有關解散和清算立法，在基本概念、基本原則、基本制度、基本程序諸方面進行統一規范，填補立法空白，創設法院解散公司制度，廢除行政特別清算制度代之以司法特別清算制度，健全和嚴格違反清算規定的法律責任制度（包括民事責任，刑事責任，行政責任，改變現行行政處罰范圍偏廣，民事賠償范圍偏窄，刑事追究空白太多的不協調狀況） ，從而構築起科學的公司解散和清算制度，使之符合我國經濟生活的客觀需求，符合市場經濟發展的基本方向，並與國外立法通例趨同。For this reason, the research on this system has the legislative significance. this article preceded the discussion in three parts, the historical evolution of the replacement of obligation system, the institutive requirements of the system and the necessity of the existence of the system. finally, the author drew the conclusion which was not only china ’ s civil needs to succeed this system, but also it should absorb the elite of the elated institutions in systems
本文從債的更新制度的歷史變遷、債的更新制度的特徵以及債的更新制度的價值三個方面出發，對這一制度進行了較為系統的論述，闡述了筆者的粗淺觀點，希望我國即將出臺的民法典能夠吸收和借鑒大陸法系和英美法系之成果，對這一制度加以規定並完善之。Part iiilegal issues upon the reform of toll and tax in countryside this part is concentrated to show six problems that the reform of toll and tax in countryside is to be up against and is to be peremptorily settled as following : the first one, in the confirming of agricultural tax, it is very difficult to protect the farmer ' s rights fairly because of unscientific of the evidence at assessment, highly of tax rate, and the absence of law and statute correlatively ; the second one, on the tax levying, there lack of legal systems that is to supervise and run, especially lack of law and statute which lead to collect agricultural special tax canonically ; the third one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside extrudes unbalance burden among farmers and countries, and lead to unevenly between subject of tax payment, which breaches the legal rule of balanceable tax ; the fourth one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside faces the danger that farmers " burden tends to rebound because of weakly carry through legal rule on tax statutory and absent of law and statute correlatively ; the fifth one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside affects the finance and revenue - expenditure auditing of the grass roots and father affects the grass roots to raise fee upon public construction and education, as a result, there ' s more charge that is out of law, the monocracy of grass roots " finance ought to be carry out ; the sixth one, legal measures connect with the reform of toll and tax in countryside in dire need of to be built, which mainly conclude legal system that adjust country social security, country compulsory education and country debt
第三部分? ?農村稅費改革的法律課題集中展示了農村稅費改革所面臨且亟待解決的六大法律問題。即：其一，在確定農業稅上，計稅依據不科學、稅率偏高、相關法律規范缺失，無法平等保護農民的合法權益；其二，在農村稅收的徵收上，缺乏行之有效的法律監督和運行機制，尤其是農業特產稅的徵收缺乏保障據實徵收的法律規范;其三，稅費改革凸顯農民之間、農村之間的負擔不均，使納稅主體的權利義務失衡，有悖稅負均衡的法律原則;其四，由於稅收法定主義沒有得到有效貫徹，規制農民負擔反彈方面的法律法規缺位，致使農村稅費改革潛伏著農民負擔反彈的風險;其五，稅費改革影響基層組織的財政收支，進而影響鄉村公益事業建設及教育經費的籌措，引發稅外亂收費沉渣泛起，基層財政體製法治化勢在必行;其六，與稅費改革相關的配套法律措施巫待構建，主要是農村社會保障法律體系、鄉村義務教育和鄉村債務疏導的法律支撐魚待構建與完善。第四部分一一農村稅費改革與相關法律制度的構建基於上一部分提出的法律問題，力圖構築農村稅費改革的法律框架並提出相應對策。Part one : this part introduces the summarization of the abs ( asset - backed securities ), which includes the conception, the basic theory, the features, the categories, the basic running process, and the circumstance of the research and development, etc. part two : the main contents of this part are the necessity and the analysis for the feasibility of the financing of securities depending on the charges of expressways, including the analysis for the feasibility of the financing of securities on the basis of the expressways " charges, the option between the two operation models, and the analysis for the feasibility of the operation of indigenization, etc. part three : this part mainly demonstrates how to design the plan of a company for the financing of securities and indigenization, which consists of the introduction of a company ' s background and the main problems to be confronted, the features of the basic assets and the analysis of the cash currency, the selection of spy, the design of trading structure, the product design of securities, etc. part four : this part discusses the financial evaluation about a company ' s design of the financing of securities and indigenization on the basis of the expressways " charges, the analysis of the risks and the analysis in general
本文的創新之處在於: （ 1 ）通過對我國《信託法》 、 《公司法》等相關法律、法規的深入研究，提出在國內現行制度框架和市場環境下，以信託方式設立特設目的機構的基本思路，並構架了類附擔保公司債信託型和信託簽發企業銷售型兩種較為滿意的本土化交易結構方案，具有一定的理論創新性; （ 2 ）將資產證券化這一金融創新工具應用到高速公路融資領域，論證了高速公路利用收費證券化融資的必要性和可行性，並提出了一個可供借鑒的操作性方案。本文可能的不足是在證券化產品設計方面由於筆者知識水平的欠缺，深感作得不是很深入，需進一步的完善和細化;另外對各種交易結構模式的設計和分析只是一種理論上的探討，到底是否有效和可行需接受實踐的進一步檢驗。論文分為四個部份:第一部份，資產證券化概述，包括資產證券化的概念、基本理論、特點、基本形式、基本運作流程、國內外研究和發展現狀等。From the second to the fifth chapter such problems concerning state - owned property right are illustrated respectively as its definition, valuation and price fixing and capital sources of undertaking party and the disposal and use of transfer income. problems are raised with regard to the process of current property right system diversity in state - owned enterprises, such as the disagreement to the definition of state - owned property right, no standard of evaluation, imperfection of price fixing system and relative confusion of transfer income disposal and use. what ' s more, new solutions are offered : the probe into state - owned property right definition " changsha model " is confirmed positively ; two specific ways of quantification - - " the method of average growth rate of state - owned property right " and " the method of average cost of labor in market " ; the concept " present value of earnings " is applied to the property evaluation of receivable accounts, finished goods, invisible assets and so on ; the unjust in price fixing of state - owned property right can be avoided by improving property valuation methods, perfecting capital market especially property right trading market and bettering information publishing system ; as to the guarantee problem of human resources financial contribution, an original key is offered
第一章運用產權理論對國企產權多元化改革進行經濟學分析；第二章至第五章主要圍繞國有產權的界定問題、評估問題、定價問題、承接方的資金來源問題、轉讓收入的處置運用問題分別進行闡述，指出了當前國企產權多元化過程中存在著國有產權界定不統一、評估不規范、定價機制不完善、處置運用相對混亂等諸多問題，並提出新的解決思路：肯定國有產權界定「長沙模式」的積極探索意義，提出量化職工創造剩餘價值的「國有資產平均增長率法」和「平均市場勞動成本法」 ；將「收益現值」概念運用到對應收賬款、產成品、無形資產等資產評估之中；應從完善資產評估方法、完善資本市場特別是產權交易市場和健全信息公開機制三個方面來解決國有產權定價不公問題；就人力資本出資的擔保問題提出實際債務承擔額（比例）應小於名義出資額（比例）的新思路，並認為人力資本市場上的交易價格應包括絕對出資額和相對出資額兩部分。Obligee bank is unable to stop obligors from moving, concealing and illegal treating their properties because commercial banks ca n ' t save their own debt efficiently without the right of administrative punishment. the main reason is the principle of debt ' s relativity, which limits the efficiency of debt between the obligee and obligor
債權銀行對債務人轉移、藏匿、私分財產或以抵押財產為他人擔保等方式損害金融債權的行為往往無能為力，究其原因，主要在於債的相對性原則將債的效力局限於債權人與債務人之間，債權人只能向債務人請求履行特定義務，不得對第三人產生影響。Directors of dltp includes de jure directors, de facto directors and shadow directors and third parties is composed of shareholders, creditors and some special creditors, such as governmental tr. x agencies, social security departments and corporate employees. the legal nature of dltp is special liability and different from liabilities mder tort, accordingly directors have to face both the liabilities under civil law and the special liabilities under corporate law. a director is not liable to third parties except that his or her action is illegal ; he or she is guilty of wrongful intent or of gross negligence for the illegal action ; the action occurs in the course of performing his or her corporate suties ; and third parties are damaged by the action
作者指出，董事對第三人責任中的董事不僅指正式董事，而且還包括影子董事和事實董事;除了股東和一般債權人之外，第三人還包括二些特殊債權人，如稅務機關、社保機關以及雇員等;其責任性質為法定責任，但並不排除與民法侵權責任競合的可能;董事對第三人責任應包括以下要件: .董事之行為須違法、董事對其行為違法有故意或重大過失、董事之行為發生於執行職務過程中、第三人因董事之違法行為受損害;在舉證責任的分擔上應有董事證明其違法行為是否有故意或重大過失，實現這一制度的訴訟形式為第三人之訴;另外，在公司破產時應採取一些特殊措施，以保證公平受償。The convertible bond is a derivative securities on the basis of stock and bond. the determination of its price is complicated and difficult because < wp = 7 > of its specific clause stipulation. for example it can be resold can be redeemed within term of validity, and possess the characteristics of multiple option ahead of time etc. actually it was comparatively difficult to price option, so it is almost impossible to fix the price accurately for the convertible bond which includes the multiple option
可轉換債券是在股票與債券基礎上的衍生證券，它的價格決定更為復雜且難以具體確定，之所以如此，都緣于其特定的條款規定上，比如在有效期內可以< wp = 3 >贖回、可以回售、可以提前實現轉換等具有多重的期權特徵，本來期權定價就較為困難，而可轉換債券又包含多重期權，事實證明給可轉換債券精確定價幾乎是不可能的事。Causes of dissolution dissolution is caused ： （ 1 ） without violation of the agreement between the partners ， by the termination of the definite term of particular undertaking specified in the agreement ； by the express will of any partner when no definite term or particular undertaking is specified ， by the express will of all the partners who have not assigned their interests or suffered them to be charged for their separate debts ， either before or after the termination of any specified term or particular undertaking ， by the expulsion of any partner from the business bona fide in accordance with such a power conferred by the agreement between the partners ； （ 2 ） in contravention of the agreement between the partners ， where the circumstances do not permit a dissolution under any other provision of this section ， by the express will of any partner at any time ； by any event which makes it unlawful for the business of the partnership to be carried on or for the members to carry it on in partnership ； by the death of any partner ； by the bankruptcy of any partner or the partnership ； by decree of court under section 32
第三十一條合夥解散的原因下列情形發生時，合夥應當解散： （ 1 ）當合伙人之間的協議未被違反時，合夥協議約定的經營期限或者特定項目屆滿，合夥協議沒有約定經營期限或者特定項目，但某合伙人已明確表示不願繼續經營合夥業務，在約定的經營期限或特定項目屆滿之前或之後，所有未將其合夥利益進行分配或以其合夥利益償還其個人債務的合伙人明確表示不願繼續經營合夥業務，根據合伙人之間的協議授予的權力基於誠信將任一合伙人從合夥事務中除名； （ 2 ）當合伙人之間的協議被違反時，若當時的情形不允許根據本條規定解散合夥時，任一合伙人隨時明確表示不願繼續經營合夥事務；使合夥事務的繼續經營或合伙人繼續合夥成為非法的任何事件；任一合伙人的死亡；任一合伙人或合夥組織的破產；根據本法第32條中規定的法院做出的判決。A debt represents a special relationship of rights and obligations established between the parties concerned, either according to the agreed terms of a contract or legal provisions. the party entitled to the rights shall be the creditor, and the party assuming the obligations shall be the debtor
第八十四條債是按照合同的約定或者依照法律的規定，在當事人之間產生的特定的權利和義務關系，享有權利的人是債權人，負有義務的人是債務人。In order to improve this situation concerned, this thesis, through comparing the sppr in different countries and different theories in the specific problems relating to the sppr, completely analyzes and studies the sppr. in the first part of this thesis, the definition and the legal characteristic are firstly clarified by means of comparative study that focuses on the different theory. secondly, through comparing the sppr and the lien of the property rights, author summarizes the sppr ' s legal attributes
在權利質權概述部分，筆者通過比較分析的方法，結合各種理論學說的不同觀點，確定了權利質權的基本概念以及法律性質；其次，通過權利質權與動產質權以及權利抵押權的比較，總結出了權利質權的法律特徵；在接下來的部分，筆者在結合我國司法實踐的基礎上，對以普通債權、財產保險單、信託受益權、有限責任公司出資額以及商標權等新型財產權利得否入質的情況加以討論，並總結出了權利質權制度的基本價值之所在。There has been little paper on calculating original conversion price of convertible bond so far. the subject matter of this paper is just calculating original conversion price of convertible bond by b - s model, presenting the author ' s own assumes and testing this assume by practice case, which may be its special character. zhou weigong ( finance & accounting department ) directed by jin liyu
盡管在初始轉換價格的確定這一方面，國內、國外鮮有論文剛，但本文的重點恰恰就在於對運用b七模型確定可轉換債券的初始轉換價格進行探討，提出了自己的設想並用具體案例進行了檢驗? ?這也可以說是這篇論文的獨特之處吧。Start from the study of the development and current station of the investment and fund circulation of infrastructures in cities in china, the thesis analyses the problems of the unclear faction of the goverment and the narrow channal and single way of financing and the trade monopolizing in it and then, at the request of rules of development of socialist market economy, useing the categorised theories of the products and service and the public financial theories in economics, the thesis tries to classify the projects of infrastructures into profit projects, quasi - projects and non - projects on the standard of profitable degree. and it presents the thoughts and goals of the reform of the investment and fund circulation of infrastructures on the study of the co - relation of the projects. the thesis maintains that establishing the investment and fund circulation company is the way of realization of the government inventment, and enlarge the investment scale through all kinds of channels, and raise the profitable degree of projects by establishing risk compensatory fund. the thesis compares the cost of the different financing waies and discusses the feasibility and necessity to issue the fund of city construction
然後，按照社會主義市場經濟發展規律的要求，應用經濟學有關產品和服務的分類理論、有關公共財政的理論，以城建項目的可經營程度為標準，把城建項目分為難經營性項目、準經營性項目和經營性項目三類。研究了三類項目之間在特定條件下相互轉化的關系，在此基礎上提出了城建投資融資體制改革的推進思路和目標模式。主張設立城市基礎設施投資融資公司作為政府投資的實現形式，對不同類別的城建設施項目採取多元化投資融資方式，廣泛利用股票、債券市場、產業投資基金、資產證券化等方式，擴大城建設施投資融資規模，並重視利用外資和bot項目融資方式，以及通過設立投資風險補償基金，提高項目的可經營性程度。A portion with a size of between hk 250 million and hk 400 million, will be restricted for competitive bidding by the recognized dealers under the tendering mechanism administered by the hong kong monetary authority for exchange fund paper and specified instruments including nip notes
第部分的發行量在2 . 5億至億港元之間，這批債券會根據香港金融管理局管理的外匯基金票據及債券以及特定債務工具包括債券發行計劃下的債券投標機制供認可交易商進行競價投標。But related transactions happen between special parties which have controlling and affecting relevant relations, when lacking of correspond regulations of law, in order to buck for some unfair interests, related parties and listed companies are usually apt to distort terms of exchange, which making the related transactions unfair. unfair related transactions will affect the interests of our country, minor stockholders and creditors, will affect the achievements and long - term development of the listed companies, indee d will affect the healthy and normative development of the securities market
但是關聯交易發生在彼此存在控制與被控制、影響與被影響的關聯關系的特定主體之間，若缺乏相應法律監管和機制監管，為謀求一些不正當的利益，關聯人和上市公司往往容易扭曲交易條件，會造成公司關聯交易的不公正，從而影響到了國家、少數股東、債權人的利益以及上市公司自身的業績和長遠發展，甚至會影響證券市場的健康、規范發展。European banks, particularly those in germany and italy, are under pressure to clean up their balance sheets ahead of the adoption of international accounting standards and the introduction of new capital adequacy rules under the basel ii framework
歐洲的銀行，特別是德國和義大利的銀行，目前正面臨壓力：在採用國際會計標準和引入巴塞爾ii號協議框架中對新資本充足率規定之前，它們需要清理其資產負債表。Netting is the process whereby two or more affiliated companies that have reciprocal sales and purchases with each other choose to pay or to receive only the off - setting difference on a specific date
凈額結算是這樣的結算過程，即相互之間有買賣業務的兩個或多個子公司採取在特定日期彼此只支付或收入相互抵消（債權債務）后的凈差額。With the development of corporation and corporate structure, cognate trade happened, cognate trade becomes wide - ranging and is allowed by law because it can accelerate corporate management, reduce trade costs and promote corporate competitions. but, as it exists conflict of interests and must lead to unfair in trade, cognate trade impairs other interest subject and is restricted strictly by law. because of traditional system, there are cognate relation in complicated state - owned enterprises and cognate trade widely in listed company
關聯交易具有促進企業規模經營、降低成本、提高企業市場競爭力等功能，在實踐中得到廣泛應用，也為各國法律所認可；然而，由於關聯方之間存在特定的利益關系，關聯交易不可避免地產生交易上的不公平，從而給其它利益主體（如中小投資者、債權人）造成損害，因而又受到法律的嚴格限制。Earnest is a special and important form of debt assurance in contract debt
摘要定金是合同之債中債的擔保的一種獨特而重要形式。分享友人