科層制度 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [kēcéngzhìdù]
科層制度
英文
hierarchy-
But the key of development is system innovation. the change of organizational system is that macro university borrows exchange expense theory, property right theory, and consignation substitution theory of system economics to innovate its systems
根據制度經濟學的交易費用概念，可以解釋學校分立化的合理性，不論是用科層手段，還是用市場手段組織調節都會發生一定的交易費用。Part iiilegal issues upon the reform of toll and tax in countryside this part is concentrated to show six problems that the reform of toll and tax in countryside is to be up against and is to be peremptorily settled as following : the first one, in the confirming of agricultural tax, it is very difficult to protect the farmer ' s rights fairly because of unscientific of the evidence at assessment, highly of tax rate, and the absence of law and statute correlatively ; the second one, on the tax levying, there lack of legal systems that is to supervise and run, especially lack of law and statute which lead to collect agricultural special tax canonically ; the third one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside extrudes unbalance burden among farmers and countries, and lead to unevenly between subject of tax payment, which breaches the legal rule of balanceable tax ; the fourth one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside faces the danger that farmers " burden tends to rebound because of weakly carry through legal rule on tax statutory and absent of law and statute correlatively ; the fifth one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside affects the finance and revenue - expenditure auditing of the grass roots and father affects the grass roots to raise fee upon public construction and education, as a result, there ' s more charge that is out of law, the monocracy of grass roots " finance ought to be carry out ; the sixth one, legal measures connect with the reform of toll and tax in countryside in dire need of to be built, which mainly conclude legal system that adjust country social security, country compulsory education and country debt
第三部分? ?農村稅費改革的法律課題集中展示了農村稅費改革所面臨且亟待解決的六大法律問題。即：其一，在確定農業稅上，計稅依據不科學、稅率偏高、相關法律規范缺失，無法平等保護農民的合法權益；其二，在農村稅收的徵收上，缺乏行之有效的法律監督和運行機制，尤其是農業特產稅的徵收缺乏保障據實徵收的法律規范;其三，稅費改革凸顯農民之間、農村之間的負擔不均，使納稅主體的權利義務失衡，有悖稅負均衡的法律原則;其四，由於稅收法定主義沒有得到有效貫徹，規制農民負擔反彈方面的法律法規缺位，致使農村稅費改革潛伏著農民負擔反彈的風險;其五，稅費改革影響基層組織的財政收支，進而影響鄉村公益事業建設及教育經費的籌措，引發稅外亂收費沉渣泛起，基層財政體製法治化勢在必行;其六，與稅費改革相關的配套法律措施巫待構建，主要是農村社會保障法律體系、鄉村義務教育和鄉村債務疏導的法律支撐魚待構建與完善。第四部分一一農村稅費改革與相關法律制度的構建基於上一部分提出的法律問題，力圖構築農村稅費改革的法律框架並提出相應對策。This empirical study is a stage achievement of an on - going project ( no. 03bzz025 ) chaired by dr. kang zhao and funded by the social science foundation of china, which aims at investigating and improving the operations of management consulting associations in china. the research starts from constructing a theoretical framework of investigation according to theories of non - profit organization, trade cost, corporatism and governance. following on, 5 consulting associations amcf, imc, mca, icmci, feaco are chosen for cases in studying
本研究系趙康教授主持的國家社會科學基金項目（ 「發展中國的管理咨詢行業/專業:一個行業/專業協會層面的理論和實證研究」 ， 03bzz025 ）子課題之一，旨在從非營利組織、新經濟制度學、公民社會、社會專業化運動等相關理論視角來建構與實證考察歐美管理咨詢業協會，透視其功能和內部的運行機制。Preface explains subject, gist, outline and writing significance about this dissertation in detail, introduces briefly primary contents of each special subject discussion, clarifies the main concept and view, specially, it offers the knowledge of background and writing train of thought. through this, the preface indicates the main purposes of this dissertation, which include opening out deep causes and its important social influence, summarizing ontologically its possibility of disciplinarity as a basic social being, providing a clear concept about disciplinarity, clearing up the origin and development, then, reflecting some practical problems in constructing disciplines
緒論對本論文的選題、主旨、提綱以及寫作意義做了詳細說明，簡單介紹了各專題性論述的主要內容，澄清了論文中的主要概念、觀點，特別是提供了論文寫作的基本背景知識和思路等，指出本論文主要的目的就是試圖揭示出近代學科規訓制度產生發展的深層原因及其重要的社會影響，總結學科規訓制度作為一種基本社會存在在本體論意義上可能性，提供一個關于學科規訓制度的清晰概念，釐清它的來龍去脈，進而結合學科規訓制度來思考當前學科制度建設當中的一些現實問題。Deep analysis on formalization of subject librarian system
學科館員制度走向形式化的深層原因分析When confronted with economic globalization, participated in wto and the agricultural new technology revolution, problems exited in the agricultural technology system emerged gradually, such as illogicality in extension organization setting, irrelevancy in orientation, limitation in system, scarcity of financing, separation of extension, scientific research and education, laggard conception etc. therefor, the experimental task of agricultural technology system reform was started from 2002. experience gained from the experimental task will benefit the reform to be carried out nationwidely
然而面臨全球經濟一體化、加入wto和農業新技術革命的形勢，農業技術推廣體系的種種問題逐漸暴露，存在著農業推廣機構設置不合理，定位不恰當，運行制度存在缺陷，農業推廣資金投入不足，推廣與科研、教育分離，基層農技推廣人員素質差，觀念陳舊等問題，制約著推廣力度。為此，我國從2002年開始了農業技術體系改革的試點工作。The imperial examination system and the intellectual stratum of ten kingdoms
科舉制度與十國士階層Our research development department is responsible for new product innovation, as well as product customization for our overseas buyers. it is operated by a dedicated and experienced technology team consisted of professional specialists and cooperates with professional institutes and universities throughout china. we have developed many new products, most of which have obtained national patents, in order to respond to new trends and meet consumer demand
公司決策層採取"走出去請進來"的用人制度，高薪聘請了大批具有專業技能善於管理的人才來擔任各重要部門的領導骨幹，並多次邀請國家輕工業機械標準化中心浙江省質量技術監督局上海汽車工業研究所浙江大學化學研究所等科研單位的領導專家對產品的開發設計生產技術原材料等進行全方位的技術指導。Part three includes the dialectical method of current school management and new management paradigm and the ending. this part is based on part one and part two and, explores the dialectical relation between the bureaucracy and the humanization and, the basis that combines bureaucracy with humanization and, draws th e conclusion that a new approach to school management is to combine bureaucracy with humanization and, from the paradigm perspective endeavors to illuminate three forms of a new idea, organization and institution, to construct the dimension of bureaucracy and humanization of school management
第三部分由「當代學校管理的辯證過程」 、 「新管理範式」 、 「結語」構成，是在前兩部分的基礎上，討論科層取向與人本取向結合的基礎和它們之間的辯證關系，從而論證了「學校管理應走向『科層』與『人本』的結合」的結論，並且試圖從範式視角闡明新的學校管理的觀念、組織、制度三種形態，進而構建學校科層維度和人性維度。However, the japanese adopted a discriminatory policy that placed restrictions on educational opportunities for taiwan students. the colonial education system did not, as the ching imperial examinations did, give rise to a new class of intellectuals
但因日人在臺采歧視政策，臺人入學機會與就讀科系均受限制，故此種殖民地式教育並未能如清朝科舉制度那樣，全面建構新的士紳階層。With the standard management, private enterprise * can establish organization form and ownership institution adapted to the socialize production and market economy, and get clear ownership, diversification of ownership institution and the separation of capital ' s owner and administer ; the enterprise have independent position and corporation property ; the organization of enterprise is multi - module and multi - gradation construction with the combination of the power ' s concentration and dispersion ; the enterprise is the principal part of market, it target to make the maximums profit and benefit the society. they have reasonable organization structure and management system and observe the law
通過對企業的規范化管理，使民營企業建立與社會化大生產和現代市場經濟發展相適應的企業組織形式和產權制度，企業具有產權清晰，產權結構多元化，資本所有者和管理者分離；企業有獨立地位，擁有獨立的法人財產；企業的組織是多單元，多元企業，集權與分權相結合的多層次的綜合結構；企業是市場主體，以利潤最大化為目標，同時造福社會；企業具有科學的組織結構和管理制度並遵紀守法。On the basis of the former theoretic studies, the first part defines the relative elements ( such as scientific and technological innovation ; social mentality ; adjust social mentality ) in the development of scientific and technological innovation. the second part lays stress on social mentality have a good effect on scientific and technological innovation. the third part illustrates social mentality hinder scientific and technological innovation. in the last part, the essay points out the ways of adjust social mentality which can promote the development of scientific and technological innovation
社會心理促進科技創新主要體現在引導作用、選擇作用、支持作用和積極地限製作用；社會心理阻礙科技創新則是從社會心理表層和社會心理深層兩方面論述對科技創新的阻礙。社會心理表層又分為社會認知、社會情感和社會動機展開討論對科技創新的阻礙；而社會心理深層從制度習俗、宗教和價值觀分別闡述對科技創新的阻礙。It also examines internal control systems and work methods with a view to identifying areas where changes can be made to improve output and efficiency
內部稽核員亦查驗各科組的內部監察制度及工序，以找出可供改善的地方予管理層考慮。This thesis ponders over the chinese government purchase organization system from a brand new angle, by using the fulfillment of power theory from the bureaucracy, the management mode of the modern organization
因此，本文借鑒現代組織的管理模式? ?科層制中權力理論的完善經驗，從一個全新的角度，對我國的政府采購組織管理制度進行審視。On the issue of inherent management of the enterprises, liu laid stress on the selection and control of the talents, based on the cognition that “ to take good charge of an enterprise, it should be in the first place to find a good specialist ” and “ all people are not perfect and all talents are not generalists ”. he was open - minded enough to absorb the idea of “ scientific management ” believed by the current enterprises in the west and establish the cost accounting system and the department organization and management system, bettering up the control both of finance and organization and improving the enterprise benefits
在企業內部管理上，他從「要辦好企業，首先得物色好專門人才」及「人無全人，才無通才」的認識出發，重視「人才」的選聘和管理;以開放的心態，吸收西方近代企業「科學管理」思想，建立成本會計制度和分科層組織管理制度，改進企業財務管理和組織管理，提高企業效益。Firstly, the paper retrospects the development of eso and tries to probe into the theoretical field : the explanation of it ' s definition, the conclusion of it ' s characters, the comparison of eso and other stock inspiration system, followed by the analysis of it ' s theoretical basis and incentive effect ; meanwhile, the paper probes into the realistic situations of eso in usa and china in order to seek the regulation and draw the advantages and disadvantages ; to this part, the paper takes the following four items as the main barriers to eso ' s implementation in china : the over restriction of current law system, the low efficiency of the market, the poor corporate governance structure and a lack of a reasonable performance index system, and elaborately analyze the impacts of the obstacles on eso ; after the analysis made above, the paper gets down to taking some methods to solve the problems in accordance with the characteristic of the barriers. as far as the internal defects of the mechanism are concerned, the paper begins with the scientifically design of the key components, studying the aspects of bestowal, change, loss, the executive method and the executive time. then the paper focuses on designing a performance index system which is an essential part of eso, introducing the bsc to improve the present performance index system, under the reasonable guidelines resigning it at both the levels of company ' s and employee ' s levels. finally, as regards how to perfect the outside surrounding of eso, the thesis makes some suggestion
本文首先回顧了股票期權制在國內外的發展及較為詳盡的分析了股票期權制度的相關理論：闡述了其涵義，特徵，理論基礎，激勵效應並於其他幾個較易混淆的股權激勵機製作逐一的比較，以進一步澄清人們對其的錯誤認識；同時，對股票期權制在美國和我國的現狀進行深入的實證研究，探求其內在規律，在肯定其成果時指出其不足；至此，筆者認為，我國上市公司要推行股票期權制度將主要面臨以下四類障礙：公司治理結構不完善、市場有效性差、現行法規體系不完善及缺乏客觀的業績考評指標體系，並詳細分析了各類障礙的現狀及對股票期權制的負面影響；在此基礎上，針對各類障礙的不同性質，著手探討消除這些障礙的措施：對于股票期權制內部的缺陷，本文先對各個關鍵要素進行科學設計，系統的剖析了贈與、變更、喪失、執行方式、股票來源等技術性問題，再以大量篇幅研究了如何構建出一套與實施股票期權制相配套的業績考核指標體系，引進平衡計分卡的思想對國內現有的指標體系加以改進，以一組合理的評價原則為指導，從公司及員工個人業績考評兩個層面上來設計該指標體系。The domestic researchers as well as foreign researchers have deeply done much close investigation on function structure of bureaucracy and analyzed its ideal status in 360 - degree perspectives, and also resulted in many inspiring conclusions
中外學者對科層制功能結構的研究翔實而透徹，從各種視角分析了科層制度的理想形式，得出的結論也富有啟發性。During the reform movement of 1898, liang qichao tried his best to abolish the system of imperial examinations, the surface layer of spearhead pointed to the method that the estimate of traditional education system, but the deep pointed to the traditional chinese education itself, especially the course setting which was chaos, blur and mixed, which cut the road of setting up the system of modern chinese education, impelled the chinese course to become a independence
在戊戌變法時期， 「康梁」竭力主張廢除科舉制度，矛頭表層指向傳統教育體系中的評價方式，客觀上則指向了傳統語文教育本身，尤其是其雜糅的課程設置，為建立現代語文教育體系開辟了道路，促使語文課程獨立設科。第二部分梁啟超的語文課程目標取向：梁啟超明確倡導教育要有目標。Specially max weber fully examined the rational functions of bureaucracy and highly evaluated its value rationality and tool rationality. meanwhile, bureaucracy can not always show its rational characteristics
特別是馬克斯?韋伯的研究，全面地探討了科層制的理性功能，高度評價了科層制的價值理性和工具理性。At present, the position management of our country ’ s civil servant faces the insufficient predicament of layer system, also faces the challenge of system innovation
當前，中國的公務員職位管理既面對科層制不足的困境，又面臨制度創新的挑戰。分享友人