約當同態 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [yāodāngtóngtài]
約當同態 英文
jordan homomorphism
  • 約 : 約動詞[口語] （用秤稱） weigh
  • 當 : 當Ⅰ形容詞（相稱） equal Ⅱ動詞1 （擔任; 充當） work as; serve as; be 2 （承當; 承受） bear; accept...
  • 態 : 名詞1. （形狀; 狀態） form; condition; appearance 2. [物理學] （物質結構的狀態或階段） state 3. [語言學] （一種語法范疇） voice
  1. For the treaty about the responsibility ' s quality, have four kind doctrine, is a deflect to say respectively, and the act of law say, and the direct provision of law say that say with honest repute, and the writer more incline toward the honest repute to say, quanta this is the treaty about negligence responsibility this a special stage solicit of, the parties steer the activity relating to civil law the hour to must have the heart of bona fides the status, other doctrine all some lead long strong, treaty about of occasion, traditional standpoint it is an acknowledge concordat that negligence responsibility establish does not establish, void or reversed occasion

    對于締約責任的性質，有四種學說，分別是侵權行為說，法律行為說，法律直接規定說和誠實信用說，筆者更傾向于誠實信用說，因為這是締約過失責任這一特殊階段要求的，當事人進行民事活動時必須具備誠實善良的內心狀態，其他學說都有些牽強。對于締約過失責任成立的場合，傳統的觀點是只承認合同不成立、無效或被撤銷的場合。筆者認為也應包括合同成立的場合，因為他同時也侵犯了非違約方的固有利益，雖然這部分利益不佔重點，但我們不能否認她們的存在，比如標的物有瑕疵，締約人違反保證等。
  2. The expansion agents can only make up the shrinkage to some extent, and the compensation effects would be reduced when the retardener and fly - ash are used. the expansion agents are not panaceas to avoid the shrinkage cracking as expansion can also reduce the concrete soundness. under bad curing condition, the polypropylene fibrillated film fiber can improve concrete ' s anti - crarking property, while the nominal steels have very unobvious effects. to reduce the concrete shrinkage thus avoid the cracking, the former factors must all be taken into account in concrete proportion design to develop sound concrete

    研究結果表明，水泥的品種和用量是影響混凝土收縮值的主要因素之一，當混凝土中水泥用量超過470kg / m ~ 3時，混凝土的收縮值超過400 10 ~ （ - 6 ） ，在約束狀態下存在高開裂風險；採用細砂使混凝土單位用水量顯著提高，收縮值也大幅增加；優質粉煤灰總體上能抑制混凝土的收縮，以超量方式摻入其抑制作用更加明顯，但粉煤灰混凝土早期的粘聚性較差，應注意養護，以免失水產生龜裂；早強減水劑和緩凝減水劑都會使混凝土收縮值增加；膨脹劑只能補償混凝土部分收縮，同時受緩凝劑和粉煤灰的抑制，而且膨脹使混凝土的體積安定性增加了不確定因素，膨脹劑不是解決混凝土收縮裂縫的良方。
  3. It is not many scholars to clearly prove the opinion of shifting the burden of proof, on the contrary the contradictory scholars are more prominent, for example the vice professor of southwest politics and law university, chengang, wuyue who translates and introduces the burden of proof of germany, because them there are more and more people support the opposite opinion, while in the draft of " civil evidence code ", the traditional idea win, in this draft the legislator abides by the present justice and our country ' s native circumstance, they made an scientific choice, of course, the burden of proof will directly influence the party " s possibility of losing the lawsuit, while the regulation of shifting the burden of proof increases the plaintiff ' s opportunity to win a lawsuit. to explain what is the shifting of burden of proof, the paper use the civil law as the example to point out the " reverse " is not entirly relieve the plaintiff s obligation of producing evidence, but in certain extent and in certain range make the defendant bear the burden of producing those proofs from the reverse way, which are originally beard by the plaintiff. in the three proceeding law, shifting the burden of proof have some differences, but the interior spirits are coincident - for the values of social justice and the legal reason

    論證舉證責任倒置的學者觀點明確並且論證十分充分的不多，相反卻是對此著書立說予以反駁的學者較為突出，如西南政法大學的副教授陳則博士，翻譯並介紹德國證明責任學說的吳越先生均是目前國內對舉證責任倒置持否定態度的代表人物，由於他們的推動使得國內持此說的人越來越多，但在《民事證據法（草案） 》的擬定過程中，並未采責任倒置的地位，這樣的立法選擇是建立在對我國法律實現的本土環境客觀認識的基礎上的科學選擇，誠然，舉證責任的分配直接影響到當事人在訴訟中的敗訴風險，而「倒置」規則的設計，則在此問題上增加了原告勝訴的籌碼，在理解何為舉證責任倒置時，本文著重以民事法為主線，指出這種「倒置」並非全部免除原告的證明責任，而是在一定范圍與一定程度上將通常應由原告負擔的舉證責任轉由被告從反方面承擔，舉證責任倒置在三大訴訟法中所體現的具體情形有所差異，但它們的內在精神是一致的?法律的理性與社會公平價值，在民事訴訟中舉證責任倒置的情形，一般總是將其局限於特殊侵權情形，而忽略了民事合同違約責任的訴訟中的原告也無須對被告應承擔違約責任的所有要件，對被告主觀上的過錯實行推定，若被告予以否定則應對其無過錯的證據舉證，在設置舉證責任倒置的規則時，從各國的立法經驗與法的內在價值要求可以總結出以下幾個原則:程序法與實體法結合原則，公平原則，訴訟經濟原則，保護弱者原則等，基於此完善舉證責任倒置的規則時首先應肯定舉證責任倒置的概念，其次立法應避免求大求全，再次要配合實體法的發展，最後還可以在司法領域嘗試判例的指導意義。
  4. The aspects which i specified in the draft versions of my thesis, for example, building energy performance, energy conservation models, relationship between building energy efficiency and energy conservation, description for keeping natural environmental conditions within the building, address the following problem of 1992 the governments signed the united nations framework convention on climate change ( fccc ) at the earth summit in rio de janeiro, buildings impact on natural resources and environment, to use “ ecological footprint ” concept and measuring for assessing the impact on resources and environment from use of energy in buildings, method for obtain local climate weather profiles, features of nz weather and how the weather profile associating with indoor conditions, occupants ' interface with indoor thermal conditions, history of nz building energy conservation, operation scheduling technique, analysis of nature lights and energy saving, hvac modeling, doe2 simulation methodology, layout of the figures, tables, and contents, conclusions and so on are taken as her group ' s own contents and going on research topics

    在我的畢業論文草稿里寫下的內容，比如：建築耗能運行，節能模型，建築內部的能效比和節能的關系，表述保持建築物內部的自然環境，提出1992在里約熱內盧地球高峰會議后紐西蘭政府簽署了聯合國fccc協議后的追蹤問題，建築耗能對環境和自然資源的沖擊，使用"生態腳印"的概念來評價建築耗能對自然資源和環境的沖擊，取得天氣剖面圖的方法，紐西蘭的氣候特點及天氣剖面同室內狀況的聯系，建築物內的人員對室內熱力環境的干預，紐西蘭的建築節能史，建築用能模擬運行時刻表編製法，對紐西蘭自然採光和節能的分析，建立暖通空調用能模擬和doe2模擬方法，論文內容，表格和布置，及得出的結論等等，都被這一群人當作他們自己的在使用，以及作為繼續進行的研究課題在使用。
  5. The differences in orbital morphologies due to different potentials is slighting, however, given a certain potential, for clusters that have perigalactic distance smaller than 1 kpc, some orbits may exhibit a chaotic behavior. the correlation between the metallicity of samples and the orbital morphologies is unclearly ; ( 4 ) it is found that the semi - major axis, apogalactic distance and azimuth period of 29 sample clusters are changed with their metallicity similarly, but a obvious correlation is seen between orbital eccentricity and metallicity. there is a fraction of 24 % of the sample clusters with eccentricities lower than 0. 4

    不同的引力勢模型對球狀星團軌道的具體形態影響不大，在給定的引力勢模型下，當某些星團的運動軌道穿越距銀心1kpc附近的區域時會出現「混沌」現象： （ 4 ） 29個樣本星團的軌道半長軸、遠銀心距和方位周期隨金屬度的變化規律基本相似，樣本星團的金屬度與其軌道形態之間的相關性並不明顯，然而軌道偏心率與金屬度有關，對于所選的暈族樣本星團而言，大約有24的樣本星團的軌道偏心率低於0 . 4 。
  6. Japan, south korea, australia, and our other allies and friends in the region have a stake in this process of nurturing a constructive relationship - - and we will want to work with them in responding to a dynamic china. with full membership in the world trade organization, with increasingly responsible behavior in the region and in the world, and most vitally with increased freedom for the chinese people, china may yet fulfill the promise that sun yat - sen began almost a hundred years ago. but in the meantime, we will treat china as she merits. a strategic partner china is not

    你們都知道，拉姆斯菲爾德部長的任命一旦獲得批準，他就將按當選總統的要求對我們的軍事力量進行全面審察。我知道，拉姆斯菲爾德部長和我一樣認為我們的防衛態勢必須同我們在東西方的責任相適應。我們必須在大西洋地區有足夠的軍力，主要是在北約，也必須在太平洋地區有足夠的軍力，相當大的部份是在韓國和日本。
  7. Through comparative investigation, varied forms of " fundamental breach of contract " are the main reasons ; force majeure should not be a reason of dissolution of the contract and it should keep its independent value in contract law ; at the same time, it specially points out that the system of change of circumstance should be a legal reason of dissolution of the contract

    通過研究，指出「根本違約」的各種形態是合同解除的主要原因；不可抗力不應作為合同解除的原因，而應保留其在合同法中的獨立制度價值；同時，又特別指出我國法律上未予規定的情勢變更制度，應當作為合同解除的法定原因之一。
  8. There are a few issues that would need to be resolved such as there is no standard way of calculating the average wait for an appointment, nor of assigning an urgency level to a case, hospitals are sensitive to the association of cost with a specified treatment ( particularly since the consultant may decide on a different treatment at a different cost once they see the patient ), and the contention attached to the publication of performance indicators

    很少有問題需要斷然決定，例如沒有標準方式計算平均預約等候時間，也沒有指定病例的緊急狀態，醫院敏感於特殊治療費用的關聯（特別當會診醫生看診患者可能決定進行不同費用的不同治療） ，爭論都放在績效指標的發表。
  9. This algorithm improves confidence in se by estimating parameters and states at the same time. simulation results on test power systems which range in size from 4 to 118 buses, have shown the virtues as follows : getting unbiased estimation without detecting and identifying bad data in measurements ; solving state and parameter estimation for power system with good convergence and excellent robust property ; increasing the numbers of iterations a little bit with the test systems expanded ; estimating many transformer taps simultaneously and remaining the main state estimation ; keeping the estimated relative error within + 0. 1 % and processing efficiently equality constraints and ill condition with polynomial complexity

    對ieee ? 4 118節點系統和廣西主網進行的模擬結果表明： l1范數估計具有不良數據拒絕特性，當量測量中存在不良數據時，該演算法在不經檢測和辨識不良數據情況下仍是無偏估計，具有良好收斂性，所需迭代次數隨著問題規模擴大而增長極小；能夠同時估計多個變壓器抽頭，並保持狀態估計主體；在滿足可觀測性條件下，估計的相對誤差保證在0 . 1以內；能夠有效處理等式約束和病態條件，並具有多項式時間性。
  10. Since the institution of actual breach of contract is aimed at reaching the performed situation, the scope of compensation should be the interest in expectancy, namely, the losses of the interest attainable by expected rules and sometimes the losses of necessary maintaining interest

    筆者認為，由於實際違約責任制度旨在達到合同已履行的狀態，所以其賠償范圍應當是期待利益的損失。該期待利益損失，主要是指依可預見性規則所確定的可得利益損失，有時也包括必要的維持利益損失。
  11. Though " upholding hardness " by yi zhuan and " venerating softness " by the daoist school represent two directions of traditional chinese philosophy, embodying different value orientations and attitudes to human life between confucianism and daoism, yet, when seeking ultimate metaphysical origins, they take use of similar thinking methods without previous consultation, that is to say, in the comments on the metaphysical duo, they meet at one point

    盡管《易傳》的「尚剛」和道家的「貴柔」代表了中國傳統哲學的兩大方向，體現了儒道二家各自的價值取向和人生態度，然而，當《易傳》和道家哲學在尋求終極性的形上學根源時，卻不約而同地運用了類似的思想方法，即在形而上的「道」論中走到了一起。
  12. Considering different features of various financial derivatives, the author divides them into three categories according to their status, basic capital and transaction method, and states the legal characteristics of financial derivatives as contractual, promissory, bi - obligatory, unreal trading objects, double contractual purposes, financing and crediting, and the party autonomy

    從金融衍生工具的不同特點出發，作者根據其形態、基礎資產、交易方法對金融衍生工具作了三種分類，並對金融衍生工具的法律特徵：契約性、諾成性與雙務性、合同交易對象的虛擬性、合同交易目的雙重性、融資和信用性、當事人意思自治性進行了闡述。
  13. This paper discusses the performance of load bearing under different boundary conditions by model test and finite element analysis. the x - side binding of the supporting surface connecting with up - side chord member of slice arch is the most important factor that affects membrane effect of the slab. the load bearig capacity of the slab with fixed end increased forty percent of the capacity of the simple - supported slab, because membrane effect of the slab with fixed end is remarkable

    本文通過模型試驗和有限元分析，較深入地探討了在不同邊界條件下微彎板的受力性能，結果發現與拱片上弦桿連接的支承面有側向約束條件是影響微彎板的薄膜效應最重要的因素，當該支承面為固結狀態時，薄膜效應十分顯著，其承載力比簡支約束微彎板的承載力提高了約40 。
  14. Spacecrafts are working in the space environment, which is full of sorts of physical mediums. and these mediums will impact on the altitude movement of spacecraft. spacecraft attitude control during propulsive maneuvers is complicated due to several factors as listed below : ( i ) nonlinear dynamics with time delays, ( ii ) modeling and parameter uncertainties, ( iii ) flexible modes due to fuel sloshing and appendages, ( vi ) constraints on propulsive force and torque inputs, ( v ) constraints on acceptable angular rates and attitude, ( iv ) autonomous reconfiguration requirements under failure conditions

    飛行器是在一定的空間環境中飛行，而空間環境中充滿著各種物理介質，對飛行器的姿態運動產生不同程度的影響，所以空間飛行器的姿態控制相當復雜，它受到如下因素的制約： （ ? ）帶時延的非線性動態特性（ ? ）模型和參數的不確定性（ ? ）燃料的激蕩性以及燃料消耗所引起飛行器的質量變化（ ? ）推力和輸入力矩的約束性（ ? ）額定角速度約束和姿態約束（ ? ）在故障發生的情況下自動重新配置的必要性。
  15. Anticipatory breach refers to the conduct or state that the other party will not perform the contract. in the anglo - american law the system is divided into the express and the implied

    本文認為，預期違約是指在合同成立后，履行期限屆至前，一方當事人表現出來的將不履行合同的行為或不能履行合同的事實狀態。
  16. That is why there is uniform legal system as " tort of interference " to solve the problem on the third party infringes the creditor ' s right and we should use it for reference. the writer considers that the behavior of infringing the creditor ' s right is the third party, who knows the situation of debt relation and wants to infringe it, induces the debtor to breach the contract or block the creditor from exercising his right

    經過比較研究，在第三人侵害債權的構成問題上，筆者認為侵害債權行為是由第三人在明知債權存在並意欲侵害債權的主觀心態驅使下而為的引誘違約或阻礙債權實現的侵權行為，可為第三人所侵害的債權包括合法成立的債權和預期合同關系及商業利益，當侵害債權的行為造成對債權的實質損害時，侵權人應當獨立地直接對債權人承擔侵權責任。
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