能量范數 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [néngliángfànshǔ]
能量范數
英文
energy norm-
Ii ) energies of the sputtered atoms vary mainly from several to several teens ev, with few atoms " energy relatively high ; the emitting positions of the sputtered atoms are close to the corresponding incident ions ( in the order of angstrom ) ; the sputtered atoms are emitted mainly normally, and few are slantways ; energy and angular distributions of sputtered atoms are influenced by the energies and incident directions of incident ions, but the angular distributions are not influenced by the incident energy very greatly
Ii ）濺射原子的能量一般集中在幾個到十幾個電子伏特的范圍內，在高能量區域也有所分佈，但數量很少;濺射原子的出射位置就在離子入射位置的附近（埃數量級） ;濺射原子的角度在垂直方向和斜射方向都有所分佈，但以垂直出射為主;濺射原子的能量、角度分佈受到了入射離子能量、角度的影響，但入射離子能量對濺射原子的出射角影響不大。Semimetal non - asbestos environmental protection automobile brake shoe with stable friction indexes, contractible heat fade, excellent performance in high temperature, strong friction resistance, long working life and stable brake, small noise, fine energy absorption, no asbestos, no pollution, ect characteristics. complied with international standard, it s a ideal brake article for users
本公司研製生產的半金屬無石棉環保型汽車剎車片，具有摩擦系數穩定，熱衰退縮小，高溫段穩定性能好，耐磨性強，使用壽命長，制動平穩，制動時噪音小，能量吸收效果好，無石棉，對環保無污染等特點，符合國際規范，是廣大用戶的理想的剎車製品。In this paper, the effects of fly ash, cement, lime, fine sands, foam agent, w / c ratio and additional agent on foamed concrete were studied by experiments, the best combination ratio of fly ash foamed concrete whose density varies from 551kg / m3 to 650kg / m3 was obtained through orthogonal test design, the foam agent quantity and the fly ash quantity effect the fly ash foamed concrete greatly, so the author selected them as independents to establish duality linear regression equations, the equations were quite ideal through the test of model summary r. moreover, the author also did some experiments about the water resistance of magnesium oxychloride cement fly ash foamed concrete, the outcome showed that phosphoric acid has good effect on water resistance, and its appropriate quantity was found
本文通過試驗研究了粉煤灰、水泥、石灰、細砂、發泡液、水灰比及外加劑對粉煤灰發泡混凝土性能的影響，採用正交設計試驗方法得出了600級粉煤灰發泡混凝土的最佳配合比，同時發現發泡液和粉煤灰摻量對發泡混凝土的影響最為顯著，因此，以二者為自變量建立了二元線性回歸方程，通過全相關系數的檢驗發現方程較為理想。此外，還對氯氧鎂水泥基粉煤灰發泡混凝土的耐水性進行了相關實驗，發現磷酸有較好的耐水性效果，同時找到了其合適的摻量范圍。When the field is slowly - varying, the scalar field potential acts like a cosmological constant. in addition to the quintessence models, many other theories for dark energy have been proposed, including models based on super - symmetric gauge theories, super - gravity, small extra dimensions, large extra dimensions, quantum field theory effects in curved space - time. all these models are essentially based on the existence of a mass less scalar field acting at a cosmic scale
除了真空場模型外，科學家亦提出其他解釋黑暗能量的理論，這些模型建基於不同的物理理論或假設，例如超對稱規范理論超重力增加一些小或大的空間維數量子力學在彎曲時空的影響等等，這些理論模型，返本溯源，其實背後都假設存在著一個特性類似於宇宙常數的無質量純量場。( 2 ) the emission spectra of laser ablation metal copper plasma were measured. the detailed mechanism of plume emission of cu plasma was qualitatively explained using a simple model based on excitation of atom and ion in plume arising from inelastic collision between the elemental species and electron with high kinetic energy. under the local thermal equilibrium model, the electronic temperature of copper plasma was deduced to be in the 104 scale by its emission lines
（ 2 ） cu等離子體光譜：在420 570nm波長范圍內觀測了激光燒蝕cu等離子體的光譜和各發射譜線在等離子體中的空間分佈；比較了激光能量對cu等離子體發射光譜、電子溫度的影響；用局部熱力學平衡（ lte ）近似，測得cu等離子體的電子溫度為104k數量級；在不同背景氣壓下，觀測了激光燒蝕cu等離子體光譜的空間分佈。By using the multi - configuration dirac - fock ( mcdf ) method, the effects of relaxation and correlation on the transition energies and probabilities of electric - dipole allowed ( el ) resonance and intercombination transitions for 2p53s3 - 2p6 in neutral neon have been systematically studied firstly. and the results of the transition energies and probabilities ( lifetimes ) in length and velocity gauge have been presented. during the calculation, in order to consider the rearrangement effects of the bound - state density and some important correlations, the asfs of transition initial - and final - states were divided according to their angular - momentum and parity and calculated, and different number of csfs were included in the expansion of asfs
本文利用多組態dirac - fork （ mcdf ）理論方法，通過對輻射躍遷初、末態電子波函數的獨立計算以及在原子態波函數的展開中考慮不同數量的組態波函數，系統地研究了弛豫和相關效應對中性ne原子2p ~ 53s ~ （ 1 . 3 ） p _ 1 ~ o - 2p ~ 6 ~ 1s _ 0電偶極共振和復合躍遷的能量以及躍遷幾率的影響，給出了長度和速度兩種不同規范下激發態的能量和輻射壽命；以中性ne原子的研究為基礎，進一步研究了類ne等電子系列離子（ z = 11 - 18 ）較低的激發組態2p ~ 53s和基組態2p ~ 6的能級結構以及各能級間的輻射躍遷特性。Cosmic ray test was carried out to choose and optimize working parameters of full - length prototype and its data acquisition system, verify the electronics system about dynamic range, drift time measurement search window, charge measurement integral width, work stability and electronics grounding and noise. in experiment, acquired abundant experience with the solution of actual problem and verified their reliability of physical design. this lays the foundations for the successful construction of the besiii drift chamber and electrical system
測試過程中我們調整了電子學的動態范圍、漂移時間和電荷測量參數驗證了電子學系統工作的穩定性、抗干擾能力及噪聲水平等並成功解決了實驗過程中遇到了問題。通過長時間的取數進一步檢驗了全長模型和電子學系統工作穩定性，驗證了全長模型及其數據獲取系統物理設計的可靠性，為漂移室和電子學系統的成功研製奠定了基礎。According to eigenvalue equation ( general formula ) of the energy method of the plane steel frame structure stability, and considering the restriction of the end of the column of the main steel frame and function of deflection curve gained from the differential balance equation general resolution, we get the equation for calculating the length coefficient of the main frame structure stability of the steel arch gate and the resolutions are also given
根據平面剛架穩定性能量法特徵值方程（通式） ，考慮弧形鋼閘門主框架柱的柱端約束的特殊情況，求出撓曲線函數（試解函數）通解，得到弧形鋼閘門主框架柱穩定性計算長度系數方程。其中弧門主框架主橫梁式形框架的臨界荷載比較現行規范推薦的有限元法簡單方便、結果精確及物理概念明確等優點。The dynamic data of displacement, strain and impetus force acquired from the experimental collection system are also well analyzed for measuring precision and errors. based on the underlying work and experimental features, the thesis proposes a simple, practical and well accurate impetus resultant force fitting method, weighted factor fitting method. a line - off data processing software system for bird - impact experiment, named as cadabie, is well designed under the principle of software engineering, and has been applied, with high praise, in bird - impact laboratory in the factory numbered 320 and esfahan bird - impact laboratory of iran
本文系統總結了鳥撞實驗的全部過程、主要儀器設備的工作原理與性能參數，分析了鳥撞實驗動態數據採集系統中位移、應變與撞擊壓力傳感器測量系統的測量范圍、測量精度及其工作特點，提出了一種更適合鳥撞實驗的撞擊合力計算擬合方法：加權因子法，同時應用軟體工程原理編制了「鳥撞實驗計算西北工業大學博士論文機數據分析系統」 （ caoabie ） ，目前該軟體己經在320廠鳥撞實驗室以及According to the guidline, two nd : yag lasers have been designed and set up, one is end - pumped by lower output power ld using a selfoc micro lens, and the other is end - pumped by high output power ld using a pair of lenses are designed, and the characteristics such as output power and power stabilization of both solid - state lasers are investigated. thirdly, when an empty liquid crystal cell is inserted in the cavity of the nd : yag laser pumped by high power ld, the laser can operates in single axial mode. finally, according to the relationship between the laser output power and the longnitudinal a ld - end - pumped nd : yag laser sensor for displacement measurement has been investigated theoretically and demonstrated experimently, the results indicate that when the mean radius of pumping inside the laser cavity is far less than that of the oscilating laser mode, the exponential of the output power is a gauss function of the longitudinal positon of focused spot of ld pumping beam, both the measurement range and the sensitivity are dependent on the incident pumping power, as the incident pumping power is increased, the measurement range is enlarged and the sensitivity is improve d
本文首先介紹了ld泵浦nd ： yag激光器的發展狀況、主要特性及其應用，從四能級速率方程出發，推導了ld泵浦nd ： yag激光器的閾值、輸出功率和斜效率的表達式，並簡述了激光器的工作原理、結構型式和倍頻方法；其次，以空間相關的速率方程為基礎，提出了ld端面泵浦nd ： yag激光器的設計方法，給出了一定泵浦耦合方式下，振蕩光模尺寸、最佳輸出耦合率、泵浦光模尺寸、泵浦光焦斑位置等參數的選取依據，以此為依據，設計了自聚焦透鏡耦合小功率ld泵浦nd ： yag激光器和透鏡組耦合高功率ld泵浦nd ： yag激光器，對激光器的輸出功率和功率穩定性等特性進行了實驗研究；再次，在帶尾纖輸出的高功率ld泵浦nd ： yag激光腔內插入一隻空液晶盒，觀察到了激光器以單縱模運轉；最後，根據泵浦光焦斑端面位置對激光輸出功率的影響規律，提出了ld端面泵浦nd ： yag激光位移傳感新方法，並進行了理論和實驗研究，研究結果表明：當激光晶體內泵浦光平均光斑半徑遠小於振西安理工大學碩士學位論文蕩光束腰半徑時，激光輸出功率的自然指數與泵浦光焦斑的縱向位置成高斯變化規律，測量范圍和靈敏度依賴于泵浦功率，隨著泵浦功率的增加，測量范圍擴大，靈敏度提高，當端面泵浦功率為7 . 24w （最大輸出功率為1 . 926w ）時，激光位移傳感器的測量范圍和靈敏度分別是13 . 045mm和0 . 148mw / pm 。The research of system makes the observational information of tongbo dam realize standardization manage, tidy up and analyze the information quickly and exact, give the environmental physics number and diagnostic numer of displacement, stress and seepage, build the mathematical model of each observational information, evaluate the working modality of the dam, thereby ensure safe working of the dam
系統的研製使桐柏抽水蓄能電站的觀測資料實現規范化管理，快速、準確地整理、分析觀測數據，給出環境物理量及位移、應力和滲流等觀測效應量的特徵值，建立各觀測效應量的數學模型，分析評估大壩的工作形態，從而保證大壩的安全運行。The main simulation results were as follow : the average energy of electron decreases with the increasing pressure ; it decreases with the increasing methane concentration in the filling gas in the lower pressure range and increases in the higher pressure range ; the number density of fragment h and ch3 does not always increases with the gas pressure, but reaches an individual maximum ; energy carried by neutral dissociative fragment ch3 decreases with increasing gas pressure and ch4 concentration
主要結果如下：平均電子能量隨著反應室內氣壓的增加呈下降趨勢；在較低氣壓范圍內平均電子能量隨著反應源氣體中甲烷濃度的增加而減少；在較高氣壓范圍內平均電子能量則隨著甲烷濃度的增加而增加；隨著氣壓的增加碎片h和ch _ 3的數目並不是一直增加的，而是在不同的特定氣壓下出現各自的最值；碎片攜帶的能量基本隨甲烷濃度和氣壓的增加而減小。High energy density is one of the main research fields in physics. the electro - magnetic implosion is one of ways that attain high energy density state under experiment conditions. the electro - magnetic implosion can produce a state of l - 100mj / cm3 in microsecond
高能量密度狀態（極端高溫高壓的物質狀態）一直是物理學感興趣的領域之一，它的溫度從數十電子伏特到數千電子伏特，壓力范圍為10 ~ （ - 1 ） 10 ~ 2tpa 。This text completely and systematically studies the status and the development of the pyrolysis and the fluidization of biomass, which distill the bio - oil in the domestic and international area, as well as the existing problems. this thesis primarily include following aspects : ( l ), by experimenting and measuring the energy ( heat value ) and the content of c, h, n chemical element of right 20 kinds of common biomass, on the base of the experimental result, and respectively established the biomass energy predict experiment formula with the element of h and c is from change, and passed the ro. os examination, which provides the basis and convenience for flash pyrolysis fluidization device energy to convert the rate to compute with biomass energy utilization calculation ; ( 2 ), proceeded the tg and dtg experimentation equal velocity ( 10 ? / min, 20 ? / min, 40 ? / min, 60 ? / min ) heating and constant temperature heating by studying on eight kinds of biomass samples, according to the experimental data and arrhenius formula, we established the dynamics model of pyrolysis of, then, using the goast - redfern and p function, we also solved the dynamics parameters and analyze out every kind of biomass ' s frequency factor and parameters of activation energy, and established the every kind of dynamics model of pyrolysis of biomass, all of these provide the theories and basis to make sure the reactor ' s flash pyrolysis work temperature scope design and the describing of pyrolysis reactor dynamics ; ( 3 ), in order to study and ascertain the process of heat completely getting to pyrolysis time of varied size biomass particles, we observed and measured the ratio of length and diameter ( l / d ) with the varied biomass through electron microscope, we concluded the l / d ratios usually is from 5. 0 to 6. 0, the average is 5. 3 ; ( 4 ), we studied the process of biomass transiting and the theory of complete pyrolysis time with the theory of complicated heat field, we got the time ( t ) of the varied size biomass particles arriving to complete pyrolysis, and we knew that the complete pyrolysis time and the time which get to the biggest production ratio are identical, all of these studies provide the theory base for design and forecasting the flash pyrolysis reactor solid state resort time ; ( 5 ), according to the above experiment result, synthesize to make use of the engineering the mechanics, engineering the material, machine the design to learn the principle, deduce, establish the theory of rotation cone flash pyrolysis reactor material resort time ( t ) and reasonable rotation velocity ( or frequency ) relation theory ; and ( 6 ), we gave the reactor ' s smallest cone angle certain, reactor cone wall strength design theory, the reactor production ability theory, the power design method and the critical rotation velocity theory
本文較全面、系統地綜述了國內外生物質熱解液化制取生物燃油技術研究發展現狀及存在的問題，主要研究內容有： （ 1 ）實驗、測定了20種常見生物質的能量（發熱量）和c 、 h 、 n元素含量，根據實驗結果分別建立了以h和c為自變量的生物質能量預測經驗公式，並通過r _ （ 0 . 05 ）檢驗；為閃速熱解液化裝置能量轉化率計算和生物質能量利用率計算提供了依據和方便； （ 2 ）選擇了8種生物質試樣作了等加熱速率（ 10 min 、 20 min 、 40 min 、 60 min ）和恆溫加熱的tg和dtg實驗，根據實驗數據和阿倫尼烏斯公式建立了生物質熱解反應動力學微分方程，並採用goast - redfem積分法和p函數對其動力學參數進行了求解，解析出各種生物質的頻率因子和活化能參數，進而建立了各種生物質的熱解動力學模型，為科學確定反應器的閃速熱解工作溫度范圍及熱解反應動力學描述，提供了理論和依據； （ 3 ）為研究和確定不同尺度的生物質顆粒中心達到全熱解的時間，在體視顯微鏡下對不同粒度的生物質顆粒的長徑比進行了實驗觀察和測定，得出生物質的長徑比（ l d ）一般在5 . 0 6 . 0之間，平均為5 . 3的結果； （ 4 ）採用復雜溫度場傳熱學理論對生物質傳熱過程及充分熱解時間理論進行了研究，解析推導出了不同尺寸生物質顆粒中心溫度達到充分熱解溫度的時間（ t ） ，得出了理論推導的充分熱解時間與最大產油率的熱解時間相一致的結果，為閃速熱解反應器固相滯留時間設計和預測提供了理論依據； （ 5 ）根據上述實驗結果，綜合運用工程力學、工程材料、機械設計學原理，推導、建立了轉錐式閃速熱解反應器物料滯留時間（ ）與轉速（或頻率）合理匹配理論； （ 6 ）提出了轉錐式閃速熱解反應器的最小錐角設計、錐壁強度設計、生產能力設計理論和功率計算方法及臨界轉速理論等。In this book we are only interested in the correction to the energy of orderλ.
在本書的范圍內，我們只對數量級為的能量修正感到興趣。According to thermal state similitude model experiment of the langya mountain hydropower station, we adopt different velocity of air ventilation and exclude air proportion of upriver and downriver, this paper contrast the air distribution of the dynamo floor on each method, and educe the best projects of arch crest supply air that adapt to langya mountain hydropower station ’ s dynamo floor : g = 17. 4 10 ~ 4m ~ 3 / h, 22 vents, d = 600mm, the scale of volume 1 : 3, t0 = 16. 9. it ’ s also thought that improved any side of volume can reduce its temperature. when study on the air supply of langya mountain hydropower station ’ s underground dynamo floor by cfd software, it proved that cfd software is correct when compare with model experiment. when arrange the number of 5 kinds of vents, it concluded that the number of vents 14 to 22, it can ’ t change velocity, in 36 to 40 can lead to reduction of velocity. when vent in 14 to 36, the parameter kt doesn ’ t change, when the number is as large as 36, kt reduces
在此基礎上，模擬了5種風口布置方案和送風量的改變對發電機層溫度場和速度場的影響，獲得了些可供參考的結論:在風量和送風速度不變的條件下，風口個數在（ 14 ~ 22 ）小范圍變化時，工作區平均風速基本不變，大幅度增加風口個數（ 36 ~ 44 ）就會導致工作區平均風速的降低，風口數在14 ~ 36之間對工作區的溫度不均勻系數影響不大，當風口數> 36時，溫度不均勻系數隨著風口數的增多而變小，速度不均勻系數一直隨著風口數的增加而減少;在風口布置和尺寸不變的情況下，送風量變化時，工作區平均溫度隨送風量增大而降低，平均溫度的降低量逐漸趨于減少，能量利用系數先是隨著送風量的增加而增大，后隨送風量增加而減少。X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters and doserate meters and for determining their response as a function of photon energy - dosimetry for radiation protection over the energy ranges 8 kev to 1, 3 mev and 4 mev to 9 mev
校準劑量計和劑量強度計及測定作為光子能函數靈敏度用x和基準放射線.能量范圍在8kev - 1 ， 3mev和4mev - 9mev放射保護用放射量測定On the other hand, with traditional iterations and the conjugate gradient ( cg ) as smoothers, we can show the optimal convergence rate of the cascadic method in energy norm for 1 - d and 2 - d cases. when the mesh level is arbitrary, we use a duality argument and obtain the quasi - optimality of the algorithm only for 2 - d problems
另一方面，採用傳統迭代子和共軛梯度法作為光滑子，我們證明了瀑布型多重網格法對一、二維非線性橢圓邊值問題，在能量范數下，均可獲得最優收斂階。The energy calibration is more accuracy and almost constant with the injected energy of proton. however, the energy calibration in e1 detector has a slight decrease with increasing the energy of protons. the reasons are attributed to the non - uniformity in thickness and disturbing from surrounding r, b ray and secondary particles
對氧離子的能量刻度採用的是l八2 . 75的擋別，在能量范圍o一50mev有很好的線性關系，刻度出的每道能量h是1 . 1mev /道，然而當束流能量達到80mev /道時，在e ，探測器中h值與前面能量點的數據符合較好，但在e :探測器中沉積能量高於50mev時，電子學系統進入飽和狀態。" big " and " large " are used when talking about physical size, extent, capacity or number.
「big和large」都用於指物質的體積、面積、范圍、程度、能量或數量。分享友人