費用向量 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [bìyòngxiàngliáng]
費用向量
英文
cost vector-
Comparing to gearless traction machines, kaide series enjoy 40 % less starting current, 12 % more efficiency and physical size installation, which offer lower cost of the overall elevator configurations, such as reduced number of pilot wheels and steel ropes, and associated installation cost and trouble
相較無齒輪曳引機，啟動電流降低40 % ，效率提高12 % ，又可1 ： 1安裝，降低了整梯的配置成本（減少導向輪、鋼絲繩的數量） ，節省了安裝費用及相應麻煩。In the positive analysis, the paper, firstly using the 1978 and 2001 data in ( time order ) and analyzing the total consumption and its structural characters of rural residents in liaoning province, including the basic tendency and structural change of rural their consumption, came to the conclusion that since the reform and opening up, the total consumption level of rural residents has been promoted and their consumption structure has been improved in liaoning ; secondly, using 2001 sectional data, econometrically analyzed the peasants " consumption structure by employing the by which in the analysis the author makes the assumptions as follows : all the consumers have the identical marginal budget share or the identical marginal propensity to consume when consuming certain goods
本論文首先利用1978 ? ? 2001年的時序資料分析了遼寧省農民消費的總量狀況和結構特徵，包括農民消費的基本走勢及農民消費結構的變遷。得出：改革開放以來，遼寧省農民總體消費水平有了一定程度的提高，農民消費結構不斷改善；其次選擇2001年截面資料對遼寧省農民消費結構進行了計量分析，在這部分分析中，選用的模型是擴展的線性支出系統模型（簡稱eles模型） ，但採用擴展的線性支出系統模型進行分析和預測消費傾向中，暗含著如下假定： 「對某類消費品的邊際預算份額或邊際消費傾向，所有消費者都是相同的。 」Therefore, the paper expanded eles, namely, turned the above assumption into the following : all the consumers in the same income level have the identical marginal budget share or the identical marginal propensity to consume when consuming certain goods, but consumers in different income level have not and the paper, by defining and introducing the nominal variable of income level - a variable of the marginal propensity to consume only resulting from the change of consumers " ( rural residents ) income level, with which the standard income level was compared, adopted to expand again the extended eles model, exploited the surveying household data in 2001 by liaoning statistics bureau, caculated ( 1 ) the marginal propensity to consume, real expenditure structure, real propensity to consume and marginal budget share of main consumer goods of rural residents in different income levels ; ( 2 ) the proportion of the basic demand quantity, the basic demand structure, the basic demand of main consumer goods in real expenditure of livelihood consumption ; ( 3 ) the income elasticity of demand, the expenditure elasticity of consumption, the price elasticity of demand and the cross price elasticity of demand of main consumer goods ; finally, came the following conclusions : 1
故本論文採用對擴展的線性支出系統進行再擴展，即將上述假定改為： 「對某類消費品的邊際預算份額或邊際消費傾向，對于同一收入等級的所有消費者均相同，但對于不同收入等級的消費者則有可能不同。 」並通過定義和在模型中引入收入等級虛變量，藉以代表與基準的收入等級相比，消費者（農民）僅僅由於其所處的收入等級變化所導致的邊際消費傾向的變化量。本論文採用對擴展的eles模型的再擴展，利用遼寧省統計局農調總隊的2001年農村住戶調查分戶資料（共1890戶） ，計算了（ 1 ）不同收入等級農民對各主要類型消費品的邊際消費傾向、實際支出結構、實際消費傾向、邊際預算份額； （ 2 ）不同收入等級農民對各主要類型消費品的基本需求量、基本需求結構、基本需求占實際生活消費支出比重； （ 3 ）不同收入等級農民對各主要類摘要型消費品的需求收入彈性、消費支出彈性、需求自價格彈性、需求的交叉價格彈性。In the chapter two we discussed that the server would first use speed - 1 to serve customers when the system entered the busy state from the empty state, but when the server found the number of customers in the system exceeded the thresh - n during serving, after finishing the service of current customer it would use speed - 2 to serve the next customer till there is no customer. by the method of supplementary variable, l - transition and constructing vector markov, we attained the distribution of the queue length, the distribution of wait - time, the distribution of stay - time, the utility and etc. in the last part of this chapter, we discussed the optimal n * for thresh n which minimizing the cost function and we illustrate the cost function behaves for various parameter selections by a numerical study
在本文第二章討論了當系統從空閑進入忙期時是服務臺以速度1進行服務，但一旦對某顧客服務完畢時如發現系統中的顧客數超過n值時就以速度2服務后續顧客直到系統變空的可修排隊系統，通過構造各種向量馬氏過程和吸收向量馬氏過程，獲得了瞬態、穩態隊長分佈、等待時間分佈、逗留時間分佈、更新周期分佈等一系列排隊指標以及可用度、可靠度等一些可靠性指標，在本章最後又從系統如何更好節省費用角度出發討論了門限n的最優取值問題，並利用mathematic軟體對費用函數進行了數值模擬。To add " there are many loopholes in the operation and sales practices of telecommunications service providers, " after " that, as " ; to add " and such complaints from the public are often not followed up effectively by government departments, " after " in recent years, " ; to add " stipulate corresponding penalties " after " to cover pay television, " ; and to add " ; furthermore, as the hong kong housing authority has signed agreements with pay television operators, these operators can enter the buildings to set up and maintain communal aerial systems and can deploy front - line promoters to approach the residents to sell other various commercial services, using the provision of exclusive maintenance and supply services as a selling point and adopting unscrupulous means to entice or mislead the residents into signing an agreement with them, causing great disturbance to the residents ; in this connection, the government must adopt measures to combat such sales malpractices, take the initiative to inform public rental housing tenants of the rights and responsibilities of the operators and, when the operators resort to malpractices or malpractices are reported by residents, take immediate action to investigate the matter and issue warning to and penalize the operators concerned ; the government must also review the problem of inequity in accessing system information by consumers and the telecommunications service providers, whereby consumers have no means or right to obtain true and accurate information about the systems that they are using and can only pay the fees according to the volume, system and time slots of their calls shown on the records provided unilaterally by the service providers, and in case of queries about such information, the decision of the service providers prevails and there is no channel for the consumers to dispute or verify ; to this end, the government should expeditiously study how to ensure that consumers have the rights to know, choose, verify, appeal and claim for compensation in the provision of telecommunications services including pay television, local and cross - boundary telecommunications and internet services " after " in the contracts "
在"鑒于"之後加上"各電訊服務提供者的營運和銷售存在不少漏洞， "在"不斷增加， "之後加上"而市民的投訴又往往得不到政府部門的有效跟進處理， "在"收費電視， "之後加上"訂定相應的罰則， "及在"標準合約條款"之後加上"此外，由於香港房屋委員會與收費電視營辦商簽訂協議，該等營辦商可進入大廈鋪設及維修公共天線系統，並調派前線銷售人員，以獨家提供維修及供應服務作為招徠，向住戶推銷其他各種商業服務，以不當手法誘使或誤導住戶與他們簽約，對居民造成很大困擾就此，政府必須採取措施打擊上述違規營銷的手法，並主動告知公屋住戶該等營辦商的權責范圍，遇有營辦商作出違規的行為或居民舉報營辦商的違規行為時，須立即追查，並向有關營辦商發出警告及作出處分政府亦須檢討現時消費者與電訊服務供應商所獲系統資訊並不對等的問題，即消費者無從及無權得知他們所選用系統的真實資料，令他們只能按服務供應商單方面提供有關通話量通話系統及通話時段的記錄繳交費用，遇有消費者質疑上述資料時，往往只由服務供應商作最終決定，消費者無從申辯或查證就此，本會促請政府盡快研究如何就各類電訊服務包括收費電視本地及跨境電訊網際網路等的提供，確保消費者享有知情權選擇權覆核權投訴權及索償權" 。A dynamic input - output model with random consumption vector s ( t, ), random consumption coefficient matrix and random investment coefficient matrix which the time lag is one has been discussed. by means of modern stochastic analysis and markov process, it has been proved that the random dynamic input - output model does not have a balanced growth solution
對具有隨機消費向量s （ t ， ） ，隨機投入產出消耗系數矩陣、隨機投資系數矩陣的動態模型，利用現代概率分析、馬氏過程等工具，證明了其經濟穩定增長解不存在的結論Consider a space station where air must be manufactured at great cost : charging each breather per liter of air may be fair, but wearing the metered gas mask all day and all night is intolerable even if everyone can afford to pay the air bill
設想在一個需要昂貴費用製造空氣的太空站里：向呼吸者收取每升空氣的費用是合理的，但是如果必須整日整夜地配戴計量呼吸量的面具，那將是無法忍受的，即使能夠支付空氣賬單。Main conclusions ( 1 ) the shadow prices of agriculture production factors could be calculated by using stochastic frontier production function and marginal productivity theory without the factors market ; ( 2 ) the real production cost of agriculture production could be acquired by using the opportunity cost of factors to account the benefit - cost of agriculture products ; ( 3 ) the marginal benefit of the agriculture production factors could be regarded as referent standard to weigh the amounts that government at the basic level and countryside committee take fees from farmers
本文的主要研究結論為：利用隨機前沿生產函數技術和要素邊際生產力理論，在沒有重要農業生產要素市場的情況下，有可能測算要素影子價格；使用機會成本概念作為農產品成本收益核算的計價基礎，可以獲得農產品的完全生產成本；農業生產要素的邊際收益可以作為衡量基層政府和村集體向農民收取費用合理幅度的一種參照物。At the quality supervision monitoring center for oil plants and manufactured products under the ministry of agriculture, li peiwu, director of the center and a research fellow, introduced the monitoring technologies for the quality of aanola, especially the quick tester of top - quality rapes. this tester can test the glucosinolate and erucic acid contents at a fast speed, and it is characterized by a low charge for testing costs
在農業部油料及製品質量監督監測中心，中心主任李培武研究員向學員介紹了雙低油菜的質量監測技術，並重點介紹了該中心的優質油菜速測儀，該儀器可以快速測定硫甙和芥酸含量，並且具有測試費用低的特點。In a word, the consumption level and composition of rural households in jiangxi province is changing from the stage of dressing warmly and eating their fill to comfortably well - off. chapter five : analyzing consumption composition of urban and rural households by suing econometric model. the author studys consumption of urban and rural households in jiangxi province by using extended linear expenditure system ( eles ) model
為了深入地了解江西城鄉居民的消費投向、基本消費需求、收入變動的影響、價格變動的影響，本文採用可擴展的線性支出系統，利用縱向時間序列和橫向橫截面的數據，對江西城鄉居民的消費需求結構進行了數量分析。It is reflected in the aspects of quantity and quality ; ( 3 ) the unsatisfactory benefit. the number of enterprises entering the epz in per square kilometer, the amount of investment, and the total value of import and export are not satisfactory ; ( 4 ) the high cost of operating and managing the enterprises inside the epz. on one hand, indirect purchase inside the nation increases cost ; on the other hand, the transportation under the supervision of customs increases the cost of logistics ; ( 5 ) the little technological content of the enterprises inside the epz
發展速度緩慢，主要體現在總量和速度兩方面；項目引進難、規模偏小，主要體現在數量和質量兩方面；效益較差，每平方公里的進區企業數、引資額、進出口總額、出口總額都不理想，收益微薄；入區企業運行維護成本高，一方面國內間接采購增加費用，另一方面海關監管運輸增加物流成本；入甲文摘要旦旦旦旦旦旦旦旦旦旦旦旦旦旦旦旦區企業科技含量較低，五家企業中只有一家屬于高科技企業，另外四家都屬于傳統機加工企業;前後向聯系差，帶動效應弱。Third, draw a unilateral line from every load node to the sink point. the line ' s capacity is the load value of the node and the cost is zero
從所有負荷節點到匯點各引一條單向弧，弧容量為節點負荷值，弧費用為零。With the using of microsoft visual basic 6. 0, a multimedia computer - aided design system of small type pumping irrigation district is developed in this paper. provided with the live multimedia messages as well as a good man - machine conversation mechanism, this system can help the user to finish the planning of an pumping irrigated area such as the layout of canal system, the selection of pump models, the establishment of the irrigation program, the calculating of canals " parameters, the estimate of the project magnitude, the selection of the field constructions, the economic analysis of the project, the output of results, etc, a new oo ( object oriented ) programming method is adopted in this system, various softwares are integrated in this systems as well by the " automation " technic provided by vb, in addition, the multimedia technic is applied to this system for the first time, it makes the system easy to ope rate. as for the optimization of the canals " section, a new optimization method is adopted based on the existing theories about the canals " section, and in this way, with the purpose of minimizing the project ' s investment as well as a stalized canal, limited by the longituding slope, the canals " best feasible parameters can be deduced. furthermore, a integral method to reckon the earth work is developed in this paper, by this way, the estimate precision of the earthwork is enhanced notably. this paper includes the particular illumination for the developing procedure of each systems " segment, and in the end, the directions of the system are demonstrated in a sample area which lies in the zhaija village, taizhou city, jiangsu province, the running results showed that the initial purposes are achieved effectively, and it has a preferable practicability
在渠道縱橫斷面優化方面，本文在利用已經比較成熟的縱橫斷面優化理論的基礎上，提出以工程總費用最小為目標函數，以渠道縱坡i為控制變量，以渠道不沖不淤流速及灌區允許地面比降為約束條件，通過縱橫斷面聯動優化的方法得到渠道的最佳工程可行的斷面參數。另外，針對部分地區的取土困難的狀況，本文採用積分法計算渠道工程土方量，從而大大提高了土方量的估算精度，有助於準確控制工程投資規模及資金投向。本文詳細闡述了該系統所採用的編程方法、系統構成、系統各組成模塊的開發過程以及灌區規劃所採用的優化方法及原理，最後應用本系統對泰州市翟家村機電灌區進行規劃設計，運行結果證明其操作比較簡便，界面友好，運行速度快，規劃成果合理，基本達到了系統預定的要求，具備較強的實用性。Of the factors considered in granting the tenancy agreement for the cross - boundary heliport on the rooftop of the macao ferry terminal in sheung wan this year, and whether such factors include the ability of the bidder to boost the helicopter passenger volume ; if not, the reasons for that ; if so, of the weighting of such factor ; and whether it has considered if the successful bidder will charge different fares and offer different concessions to different groups of passengers, such as those visiting the casinos, tourists and business travellers
今年批出位於上環港澳碼頭上蓋的跨境直升機場的租賃合約時，曾考慮哪些因素，當中有否包括投標者能否促使直升機乘客量有所增加若否，原因為何若有，該因素所佔比重為何以及有否考慮中標者會否向不同類別的乘客例如前往賭場的乘客旅客及商務乘客收取不同的費用及提供不同的優惠Following, making development study from the three directions : the first one is how to reduce calculation when to use markowitz model. this text has improved the efficient frontier of markowitz model utilizing free risk assets, and reduced calculation about revenue rates " co - variance matrix utilizing single or multiple factors, and so on. the second one is to add thinking factors about, such as transaction fee, fund limitation, lowest transaction unit ' s limitation, risk measures and exchange rate risk of international portfolio securities, so as to make markowitz model closer to our country ' s practice
接著，分三今方向對markowitz模型進行了拓展研究：第一個方向是運用markowitz模型時如何減少計算量，本文利用無風險資產來改進markowitz模型的有效邊界，利用單因子或多因子模型來減少收益率協方差的計算量等等；第二個方向是增加考慮因素，諸如交易費用、資金限制、最小交易單位限制，風險測度和國際組合證券的匯率風險，使markowitz模型更貼近我國的實際；第三個方向是對markowitz模型進行動態拓展研究，提出了將證券收益率看成是隨機序列時的投資決策模型，深入研究了m ? v有效邊界隨資產品種數增加而發生的漂移，並用解析方法和幾何圖形描述了漂移的軌跡和方向。The article has researched the intention of agricultural industrialization which is guided by market and mainstay enterprises, based on agricultural product base organized by a lot of families, and characterized by joint management and mutual benefit. it also realized production specialization, product commercialization, service socialization and etc. the article has also researched the existing conditions of agricultural industrialization both at home and abroad. although it is different in national conditions and actual practice, the developed countries follows the market economic law and naturally steps on the road of agricultural industrialization. as the continuous reforming and opening up, china actively explores and enhances the management level of agricultural industrialization. the writer uses system changing theory, scale management theory, trade expense theory. market system theory and industrial economics theory, to put forward the main type of mainstay enterprises, which is divided by ownership, organization form, contact form and product. the writer thinks that development of mainstay enterprises can promote effective joining between small production and big market, the developing of high - benefit agriculture, establishing trade / industry / agriculture operation system, region economics and joining process between urban area and rural area. the existing conditions in strengthening the mainstay enterprises in zhaoyuan embodies continuous expanding in scale. continuous widening in fields, continuous enhancing in benefits, continuous improving in techology and quality. by finding the problem and shortage in product quality, developing ability and scale strength, the article has put forward the following views : face to market and enhance quality and techological content of agricultural products ; enforce flexible policy and investments ; establish fair and reasonable benefits joining system. the article has also put forward the countermeasures and suggestions on enhancing the enterprises ' management level
文章研究了農業產業化經營的內涵，明確其以市場為導向、以龍頭企業為依託、以一大批農戶組成的農產品生產基地為基礎，形成農工商有機結合、風險共擔、利益均沾的本質特點，表現出生產專業化、經營一體化、企業規模化、產品商品化、服務社會化等特徵。分析了國內外產業化經營的現狀，認為盡管各國的國情不同，具體的做法和叫法不盡相同，但是經濟發達國家都遵循市場經濟規律，很自然走上了農業產業化經營的道路，發展中國家紛紛仿效，中國也隨著改革開放不斷深入，積極探索發展提高農業產業化經營水平。作者運用制度變遷理論、規模經營理論、交易費用理論、市場機制理論和產業經濟學理論，提出了龍頭企業從所有制形式、從組織形式、從聯系方式及從產品上劃分的主要類型；認為發展龍頭企業有促進小生產與大市場的有效對接、推動優質高效農業縱深發展、建立貿工農一體化運行機制、振興區域經濟、加速城鄉一體化進程等作用；考察了招遠市壯大龍頭企業推進農業產業化的現狀，表現在規模不斷擴大、領域不斷拓寬、效益不斷提高、技術不斷改進、質量不斷提高等方面；找出了龍頭企業產品質量上、開發能力上、規模實力上和行業自律上的問題和差距，提出了要面向市場，努力提高農產品的質量和科技含量，多策並舉，搞活投入機制，建立公平合理的利益聯結機制，加強行業自律，提高企業經營管理水平等對策和建議。A new method is also put forward to allocate the transmission cost to both generators and loads, which eliminates the compensation between the users themselves. the presented method is beneficial to electricity market equitable operation. finally the application software is developed which is capable to calculate the transmission loss allocation and the transmission cost allocation. the object - oriented technique and c + + builder 5. 0 language are employed in programming
最後，本文還採用面向對象的編程技術設計、開發了「湖南電網輸電費用分配系統」軟體，並對該軟體投入實際運行后的一個工作日計算結果進行了分析，驗證了復功率電源的支路功率分量理論和基於該理論的輸電費用分配新方法的準確性和合理性。But the method of traditional driving training is very stiff and staid, that isn t fit for training a lot of nonprofessional driver in the society of regarding time and efficiency. on the other hand, the oil of using is expensive and the upkeep costs quickly increase with actual vehicle, and so the new drivers improperly operate that the noises and pollution increase. these things are practical and must be solved
然而，按部就班的傳統駕駛培訓方法太過于呆板和僵化，在講求時間和效率的社會顯然不適合於面向大量非職業化駕駛員和有特殊駕駛要求的培訓，另外，實車培訓需耗費昂貴的油料，還要加上大量的維修費用等，而且新駕駛員因操作不當給環境帶來的噪音和污染都比熟練駕駛員高得多，這些都是非常現實的，而且是迫切需要解決的。First, suppose a source point and a sink point. second, draw a unilateral line from source point to every substation node. the line ' s capacity is set as corresponding substation ' s allowable load value and the line cost is set as the substation ' s unit load cost
本文通過線性化處理后將網架優化模型描述為一個最小費用最大流問題，虛擬一個源點和一個匯點，從源點到各變電站節點各引一條單向弧，弧容量為變電站允許的負荷值，弧費用為變電站單位負荷的費用。Investigation management lays more stress on investigating how the library is evaluated concerning its notability and reputation. the social benefits assessment of the assessment classification goes further to measure the social benefits of a library ( a cultural establishment ) by means of " cost - benefit analysis ", and in terms of a fixed amount of money. feedback management, based on intercommunication, is fiirther emphasized, i. e. the library needs preceding feedback and synchro - feedback as well as work summary feedback so as to inform tho
調查管理更注重公眾對圖書館知名度和美譽度評價的調查；評估分類中的社會效益評估更將圖書館這種文化單位的社會效益用「費用?效益分析」方法，以一定貨幣量來衡量；反饋管理是筆者在雙向交流的基礎上進一步強調的，圖書館不僅要反饋工作總結，而且要做到前期反饋和同期反饋，以及時反饋各類信息給相關人員。分享友人