軟約束 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [ruǎnyāoshù]
軟約束
英文
soft rationing-
As a kind of endogenic phenomenon of progressive reform, the reasons of financial dilemma lie in financial preference of nationalization and soft budget restriction of state - owned enterprises, asymmetric information and the rate which is not decided by market transaction, and the actual ownership - discrimination of stock market and bond market
作為漸進改革的一種內生現象，民營經濟的金融困境源於「國有化」金融偏好與國有企業預算軟約束，信息不對稱與利率非市場化，以及股票市場與債券市場事實上的「所有制」歧視。Then the article analyses the causes of chinese listed companies " equity finance preference, the soft restraint of equity capital cost, the director and manager pursuing to the incurrence income, interests conflicts of big shareholders and minor shareholders and the undeveloped corporate bond market in china
然後，對股權融資偏好產生的原因進行了分析，認為股權資本成本的軟約束、董事和經理追求非貨幣收益、大股東與小股東的利益沖突、企業債券市場發展滯后等是我國上市公司股權融資偏好產生的主要原因。Nevertheless, in the past, our financial management always focused on the income management, and on the other hand, in the aspect of the expenditure management, problems coursed by the old system such as disorder of budgets, weak restrictions and low efficiencies of the expenditure had not been submitted to the agenda of reform
然而，過去我國財政管理的重心一直是收入管理，而在支出管理方面，舊體制所造成的預算不規范，預算軟約束、財政支出效率不高等問題卻一直沒能提上改革議程。The restriction from the third party and in moral changes the payment of two parties and then their strategy choice is changed, pareto improving realized
來自外界的第三方約束和來自道德的軟約束改變了博弈雙方的收益，進而改變當事人的戰略選擇，實現帕累托改進。Through the review of theories about capital structures of foreign countries, the paper compares developed with developing countries in the capital structures and analyzes the character of chinese listed company. based on ample data, the proportion of equity financing is much more than that of credit financing in the capital structure of listed company. it indicates that listed company ' s choice of financing approach has an intensive predilection of equity financing, which is far from “ pecking order ” of financing approach in matured market. at the same time, the efficiency of equity finacing is not hight, so is debt finacing. the funds raised from equity finacing changes high frequency and lacks restrict, and the efficiency of debt finacing from bank is not hight because of “ soft restriction ”. despite the debenture has a preferable restrict, it grows lentitudily in china
大量數據說明中國上市公司融資結構中股權融資的比重遠遠超過債權融資，與成熟市場條件下公司融資方式的「啄食順序」不同，有著強烈的股權融資偏好。同時，中國上市公司的融資效率是低下的，不管是股權融資還是債權融資。股權融資募集資金變更頻繁，缺乏約束，資金使用效率不高;銀行債權融資存在軟約束，使用效率同樣不高;公司債券融資具有較高的約束力，但在我國發展受到限制。The government ' s leading investment has higher cost of entering market, which brings on too bigger scale and more overlapping of investment item ; the government ' s leading investment also has higher obstacle of withdrawing market, which induces the flexibleness of budget restriction and the aggravation of district protecting
政府主導型投資的進入成本更低，導致此類投資的項目規模更大，重復建設更加普遍；退出障礙更高，導致與之相關的預算軟約束、地方保護問題嚴重。The owner can not exercise direct function but through layers of principal - agent, operators engaged in searching for agents to operate state - owned assets. because the property rights ownership of the state - owned assets is not clear, the principal - agent mechanism is more complexity to be operated effectively, and it is more difficult to supervise and operate the assets than private ownership. the author find that the defects of property rights ownership and principal - agent mechanism are the root cause leading to the loss of state - owned assets through analyzing the channels of the loss of state - owned assets
首先，我國的國有資產所有權主體不明晰，國有經濟所有權天然虛置，直接導致所有權對企業經營決策的軟約束，造成國有資產使用效率不高，並存在大量化公為私、非法侵佔國有資產的現象;其次，國有資產的委託代理機制不完善:國有資產的委託代理具有明顯的行政性，而且委託? ?代理鏈過長，公司治理結構不完善，也缺乏健全的激勵約束機制;第三，原有的「統一所有，分級管理」的國有資產管理體制存在突出弊端。This methodology proposes a new classification to the constraints of production system, and provides the ideas of establishing work flow models based on system dynamics in order to reflect the influence of human factor on process flow, and exploiting the technique of process mining to trace and control the constraints
這一方法對現有的生產系統約束分類進行改進，將約束分為硬約束和軟約束，提出對不同類別的約束採取不同的解決措施；建立基於系統動力學的工作流模型，以反映人的因素對流程產生的影響，並採用過程挖掘技術實現對生產系統約束的追蹤、控制及改進。This paper analysis the reason in the level of cost and rules, build a model to test the financing cost of capital of listed companies, compare of the cost of equity financing and debt financing directly, prove the cost of equity financing is lower than debt financing in current period. because equity financing should be improving the capital structure of china ' s listed companies, equity financing is the first choice to the listed companies, another reason of the choice is the risk aversion of the manager to the hard constrained control of debt financing, but the soft constrained control of equity financing, hence the intensity of the equity financing
本文從成本和制度層面對上市公司股權融資偏好的原因進行分析，建立了我國上市公司的融資資本成本核算模型，直觀地比較了股權融資及債權融資的成本，證明在我國現階段股權融資的成本更低，而且由於股權融資可以明顯改善公司資本結構，所以中國上市公司的股權融資偏好是其理性選擇，另外我國上市公司的經營管理層厭惡債權融資還本付息的硬約束，更傾向于股權融資的軟約束，也加強了股權融資偏好的強度。The dissertation endeavors to identify, probe and develop new theories and tools that will work in digital time in scm area by systematic studies. on the basal theories of scm and e - business, analyzes the difference of scm in environment of e - business with traditional environment, puts forward the method, principle and step of designing and constructing of supply chain in e - business, probes into the collaboration management of supply chain from two aspect, one is hard road, another is soft road
從供應鏈管理和電子商務的基本理論出發，分析了電子商務環境與傳統商務環境下供應鏈管理的差異；提出了電子商務環境下供應鏈設計與重構的方法、原則和步驟，指導企業設計適合自己的供應鏈；對電子商務環境下如何實現協調運行展開分析，從軟約束和硬約束兩個方面來探討供應鏈的協同管理問題。A scientific strategy is to combine the one with the other, educating with managering, self - restraint with other - restraint, soft control with hard control, ideological construction with political construction, basic work with cardinal work. they are pratically carried out, new achievements are gotten, new experiences are accumulated
德法並用，把教育與管理，自律與他律，內因與外因，軟約束與硬約束，思想建設與政治建設，基礎性工作與根本性工作有機結合起來，是黨風建設標本兼治的科學方略。Meantime, because of the soft bound of equity capital caused by the low cost of stock right financing a nd the deficiency of corporate governance structure, listed companies were confronted with the problems of over - financing of stock right, over - investment and over - competition
同時，由於上市公司股權融資成本偏低和公司治理結構的缺陷導致的股權資本軟約束，在上市公司中又出現了過度股權融資、過度投資以及過度競爭等問題。Auto - tuning soft constraints of cmmo based on fuzzy satisfactory degree
問題軟約束的自動調整The soft budge constraint and bad loan mechanism among state - owned commercial banks
預算軟約束與國有商業銀行不良貸款形成的機制Soft constraint on property rights of listed companies and the analysis of their potential risks
上市公司產權軟約束與風險孕涵研究Most planners fetched subtle information by soft constrains which included preference constrains and priority constrains
軟約束分為偏好約束和優先權約束兩種。Discusses the relation between local government fostering, soft restriction on business budget and overinvestment
摘要論述了地方政府的扶持、企業預算軟約束與投資過熱的關系。One of the possible reasons for the inefficient utilization of resource in universities is the soft budget constraint
摘要大學預算軟約束是造成大學資源利用效率低下的重要原因。In chapter three, the author analyzes that the enterprises " credit problem and the soft debt restriction lead to the difficult position of relations between banks and enterprises
在第三章中，筆者分析了由於企業信用問題和債務軟約束導致了銀企關系的困境。This paper focuses on the explaining of sbc in universities from the exogenous and endogenous points of view, and based on this analysis, it puts forward some rational and feasible advice
本文從外生性和內生性的角度分析了大學預算軟約束的成因，並在此基礎上提出了合理可行的對策建議。分享友人