近似等價 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [jìnsìděngjià]
近似等價 英文
approximately equivalent
  • 近 : Ⅰ形容詞1 （空間或時間距離短） near; close 2 （接近） approaching; approximately; close to 3 （親...
  • 等 : Ⅰ量詞1 （等級） class; grade; rank 2 （種; 類） kind; sort; type Ⅱ形容詞（程度或數量上相同） equa...
  • 價 : 名詞1. （價格） price 2. （價值） value 3. [化學] （化合價） valence
  • 近似 : approximate; similar; approach; approximation; roughness; propinquity
  • 等價 : of equal value; equal in value; equivalence
  1. But much of that jump is thanks to a sharp rise in the cost of housing ( which makes up almost 40 % of core cpi ), particularly the category of “ owners ' equivalent rent ” which estimates the cost of living in a house by looking at rents charged on similar properties

    但是，此次上漲大多歸因於迅猛上漲的房屋成本（組成了將近40 %的cpi ） ，特別應該歸咎于「業主等價租金」的上漲上，這種租金使家庭的生活成本能夠通過觀察相似財產的租賃費用來衡量。
  2. Evading risk in financial trading market cries for pricing options to a nicety. asian option, as the most flourish options in the finace market, the pricing has been focused on always. the exact pricing formula for the geometric average asian option had existed, but as to the european - style arithmetic average asian option, due to the dependence structure between the prices of the underlying asset, no analytical formula exists. on the hypothesis that the market is frictionless and without transaction costs 、 on the base of b - s ’ s and in the binomial tree model, we provide several algorithms for computing an accurate value of the european - style arithmetic average asian option. following rogers and shi and by jensen ’ s inequality, many different upper and lower bounds are provided ; meanwhile a formula have got by the comonotonicity and approximating the distribution function. all of the algorithms are easy for programming. with the development of computer, more accurater price can be computed quickly. and numerical example proved that these algorithms are very accurate

    對于幾何平均亞式期權它的定價相對簡單，已經給出了定價公式。對于算術平均亞式期權，它的未定權益具有軌道依賴特性，一直沒有得到它的定價方程的解析解形式。本文基於對市場是無摩擦且在沒有交易費用的情況下，在b - s模型下，利用二叉樹模型給出了算術平均亞式期權定價方法;並總結了利用jensen 』 s不等式給出的各種不同情況下的上下界;同時應用共單調性和近似分佈函數的方法也給出了算術平均亞式期權價格的近似公式。
  3. Based on many references, a evaluating function is proposed with performance index of hall call waiting time ( hwt ), people number in a car, energy consuming. the statistic approximation algorithm for hwt is introduced, based on the analysis of elevator traffic state, the calculation of traveling distance and stop number is explained in detail in the thesis. according to the characteristics of the elevator, a group of elevator teaching signals are constructed, by which the weight coefficients are trained according to the widrow - hoff rule

    本文在借鑒了大量的文獻基礎上，提出以平均等候時間、轎廂人數、能源消耗為性能指標的評價函數；詳細介紹了乘客待梯時間hwt的統計近似演算法；基於對電梯交通狀況的分析，對停層次數和運行距離這兩個重要參數的計算進行了詳盡的介紹；依據電梯運行特性參數，構造一組電梯運行教師信號，並採用神經網路的widrow - hoff學習規則訓練權系數。
  4. At the same time, as the legislation on this procedural system is too simple, and without any contents, ways and time limit of judicial review, especially without any right of defense of the accused during the proceedings for revision, which leads to the procedure similar to the administrative examination and approval system and without any lawsuit color, so as to interfere with the pursuit of the procedure to the value of justice during the

    同時，由於立法在該程序制度規定上過于簡單，對復核內容、方法、期限均未做出規定，尤其是未規定被告人在復核程序中的辯護權，從而使這一程序近似行政審批制度而鮮有訴訟色彩，更加影響了該程序在死刑案件裁判中對公正價值的追求。當前，死刑復核程序中許多制度性變革被提上議事日程，人們開始重新思考這一程序的性質和存在價值等問題。
  5. For describing the similarity of two processes, - bisimulation is introduced, its properties are associated with a metric and the modal logic characterization of - bisimulation when is an ultra - metric is given

    為了描述進程間的近似等價，最近文獻中提出了-互模擬的概念，並將其性質與度量聯系在一起，給出了為超度量時-互模擬的模態邏輯特徵。
  6. Get the main conclusion as follows : when producing advantage enterprises in horizontal merger, if the figure of leaders enterprise do n ' t equal to zero, the horizontal merger motive exists, and under certain condition, this kind of horizontal merger will increase the social total welfare, this is exactly the reason why horizontal merger gets support ; when horizontal merger does not produce advantage enterprises, the condition that the motive exists is extremely harsh, and this kind of merger rises the product price and reduce the social total welfare ; when the market is couront market, if merging side ' s production capacity after merge ca n ' t reach optimum in theories satisfied, so long as its production capacity exceed the sum of optimum output of merger participate, merge motive exists, and horizontal merger will increase the social total welfare rises ; when high - level enterprises merge low level enterprises, because merging side ca n ' t get profit or those do n ' t participate in merger get more profit than merging side, motive

    得到主要結論如下:當橫向並購產生優勢企業時，原先市場的領導層企業數目不等於零時，橫向並購動機存在，而且在一定條件下，這種橫向並購會使社會福利增加，這正是橫向並購得到支持的原因所在;當橫向並購不產生上優勢企業時，動機存在的條件極為苛刻，基本上與不產生優勢企業的假設相違背，可以認為這種並購的動機不存在，而且這種並購導致產品價格上升，社會總福利降低;如果市場近似古諾競爭市場，並購后並購方生產能力不能滿足理論上的最優產量，只要其生產能力超過並購前參與並購各方的最優產量之和，那麼並購動機就會存在，而且橫向並購會導致產品價格下降，社會總福利上升;當處于高層次的企業並購低層次企業時，由於並購者不能獲利或者未參與並購者獲利增加比並購方多，並購動機不存在或者很微弱。
  7. 2 ) systematically introduced parameter estimation of distributed sources on the base of models, including the maximum likelihood estimate, least squares estimator, dspe, dispare, etc. 3 ) studied four low complexity algorithms : one order approximation, two point sources approximation, traditional beamforming and relax of parameter estimation

    2 ）在模型基礎上系統地介紹了已有分散式目標參數估計方法，包括最大似然與最小二乘演算法， dspe和dispare演算法等。 3 ）研究了四種低復雜度演算法：一階近似演算法、兩點近似的演算法、常規波束形成演算法和relax演算法，這些演算法都是次優演算法，但計算量小，具有實用價值。
  8. Hence analysis and design of nonlinear sampled - data systems has been, in recent years, a subject of growing interest in the international community of control research. when a continuous - time plant is controlled using a digitally implemented controller, it is often faced that a continuous - time plant is transformed into its equivalent discrete - time model. a digital controller is usually designed on the base of approximate discrete - time models of the continuous - time nonlinear systems because it is difficult to obtain the closed form of the exact discrete - time model for nonlinear control systems

    利用計算機等一類離散控制裝置來控制連續時間的受控對象時，都會遇到把連續時間系統化為等價的離散時間系統的問題，通過采樣器和保持器來實現離散時間的采樣控制，對于非線性連續受控系統，由於連續系統的時間離散化后一般得不到其等價的精確離散化模型表示的有限形式，實際上由其近似離散化模型代替來設計控制器，而近似會引起信號失真，那麼基於近似離散化模型上設計的采樣控制器，它是否同樣對原連續受控系統有效
  9. The thesis summarizes the basic theories of price discrimination, expatiated on the multi - class differential pricing method and dynamic differential pricing theory ; concludes the factors that have impacts on tickets - price, analyses and classfies the factors ; brings forward a canonical method of market segmentation, introduces the process of market segmentation based on the model of gray relative level, discusses the idiographic measure of ticket - price control ; improves the academic achievements of former scholars, puts forward a model of multi - class dynamic differential pricing for the air passenger transport, which is based on the maximum revenue for the airline industry, and gives a approximate arithmetic of the model, then showes the application of the model and its feasibility on increasing airline industry ’ s revenue by 25 models

    在對民航定價的國內外研究現狀進行綜述的基礎上，從經濟學角度介紹差別定價的基本理論，闡述民航客運的多等級差別定價理論和動態差別定價理論;對民航票價的影響因素進行分類說明;作為多等級定價的基礎，提出市場細分的標準和方法，用灰色關聯度模型解決航空旅客市場細分問題，並提出票價控制的具體措施;引入一種旅客到達頻率預測的統計方法，以航空公司收益最大化為目標，建立基於多等級定價基礎上的動態差別定價模型，即多等級動態差別定價模型，給出模型的遞歸演算法，通過對動態差別定價模型的運行結果進行分析，建立模型的一種近似模型，並且用25個簡單算例說明模型的用法以及在提高航空公司收益方面的可行性。
  10. Using the theories of probability, algebra and number theory comprehensively, we investigate a class of boolean functions with three - valued walsh spectrum in the first part of this dissertation : the properties of the extended semi - bent functions, which are constructed from any two bent functions, are studied, followed by the structure characteristics of the boolean functions satisfying propagation criterion with respect to all but two vectors ; the definition and cryptographic properties of k - order quasi - bent functions are proposed whose walsh spectrum takes on only three values. some sufficient and necessary conditions are offered to decide whether a boolean function is a k - order quasi - bent function ; a special method is presented to construct the k - order quasi - bent functions, whose cryptographic properties are explored by the matrix method, which is different from the method of walsh spectrum and that of autocorrelation of boolean functions ; the application of this kind of boolean functions in the fields of stream cipher, communications and block ciphers is discussed, which shows the great importance of the fc - order quasi - bent functions ; some methodology are proposed to construct the k - order quasi - bent functions, including the complete construction by using the characteristic matrices of boolean functions, and the recursive method by two known k - order quasi - bent functions we further extend our investigation to the ring zp, where p is a prime, and the similar results are presented as far as the p - valued quasi - generalized - bent functions are considered

    本文首先綜合運用概率論、代數學、數論等基礎學科的理論知識，並以頻譜理論作為主要研究工具，對一類譜值分佈相對均勻的函數? ?廣半bent函數、 k階擬bent函數和p值k階擬廣義bent函數進行了系統、深入的研究，給出了廣半bent函數定義，並探討了廣半bent函數的密碼學性質；給出了k階擬bent函數和p值k階擬廣義bent函數的定義及等價判別條件；討論了k階擬bent函數和p值k階擬廣義bent函數與部分bent函數和p值廣義部分bent函數的關系，探討了它們的密碼學性質；給出了k階擬bent函數和p值k階擬廣義bent函數的典型構造方法，並將對k階擬bent函數的密碼性質的研究轉化到對一類特殊的矩陣的研究上；利用布爾函數的特徵矩陣原則上給出了k階擬bent函數的一種完全構造方法，還給出了從已有的p值k階擬廣義bent函數出發，遞歸構造變元個數更多的p值k階擬廣義bent函數的方法；初步探討了k階擬bent函數在序列密碼、分組密碼以及通信中的應用；給出了一類布爾函數walsh譜的分解式，並利用這類布爾函數的walsh譜分解式給出了一類近似穩定的布爾函數的構造，特殊情形下為k階擬bent函數；利用代數數論的知識考察了p值k階擬廣義bent函數的譜特徵，並給出了k階擬廣義bent函數與所有仿射函數的符合率特徵等等。
  11. In this article, an equivalent definition of reconstruct function is drew in the state space reconstruct by time delay chaotic time series, that lead the prediction more conveniently. then introduce a weighted distance to depict neighbour points of prediction which insured the similarity of the neighbour points

    本文在時間序列坐標延遲后重構的相間中，作出重構函數的等價定義，提高了預測的可操作性；並在此基礎上，引入了加權距離來刻畫預測向量的鄰近點，保證了鄰近點的相似性。
  12. The trigger time of decision - making is handled as random variables. after computing the expectation on the distribution function, the approximate solution can be got by employing numeric techniques to the target function that involves european option pricing formula

    通過把決策觸發時間隨機化以及針對分佈函數求數學期望等手段，可以利用歐式期權定價公式得到問題的數值近似解。
  13. Abstract : a numerical model for wave propagation in water of varying topography and current is proposed, and time - dependent wave mild - slope equation with a dissipation term and corresponding equivalent governing equations are presented. two different expressions of parabolic approximations for the case of the absence of current are also given and analyzed. examples of numerical simulation for wave transformation in large estuarine water areas are provided

    文摘:提出了水深與流場緩變水域波浪傳播數學模型水流中依賴時間變量並考慮能耗的波浪「緩坡方程」及其等價的控制方程組，分析比較了無水流情況此理論模型與其相應的兩種拋物型近似的差別，提供了長江口波浪變形數值模擬計算工程實例.實例表明，該模型能適應河口三角洲大范圍水域波浪傳播數值計算
  14. At the same time, as more and more radio sources have been set up, electromagnetic pollution in urban area becomes more serious, which is harmful to people ' s healthy and communication system so it is necessary to simulate the electromagnetic propagation in urban area by computer being an approximate hf method in evaluating em scattering ， the complex ray method （ crm ） is valuable in actual applications ， mainly benefited from its simple physical model ， convenient mathematical formulation and computational efficiency, especially with the scenes of scattering from complex objects based on the condition mentioned above, a hybrid ray model of the urban area electromagnetic wave propagation prediction was established with the foundation of ray tracing theory and complex ray theory

    復射線技術作為一種求解波場問題的高頻近似方法，由於其具有物理模型簡單、數學處理方便、計算效率高等優點，在復雜的目標散射特性分析等應用領域中有著重要的應用價值。基於以上的情況，本文在射線追蹤理論和復射線理論的基礎上，為城區環境建立了混合射線預測模型。本文採用橢圓模型對已有的射線追蹤方法進行加速，並將復射線理論應用到城區環境電波傳播預測中，提出新的預測方法混合射線方法。
  15. While in pratical applications, the esd method still has drawbacks in graphical modeling capability, connections with products " structures, size control of esd models, and etc. through in - depth study of the esd method, this paper systematically describes the framework and its basic modeling elements of esd, explains the principles of risk modeling, gives the mathematical model of the basic modeling elements of the esd framework to support the quantitative analysis of the esd model. based on the research above, this paper expands the esd framework, which includes : to overcome the drawback in graphic modeling capability of the esd method, the paper invents some new logical modeling symbols like " n / k " gate, sequence gate, expandable gate and constraint, those enrich the modeling capability of the esd method. to overcome the drawbacks in connections with products " structures and size control, the paper explains the multi - layered modeling principles based on the esd

    在上述研究基礎上，對esd框架進行了擴展，包括：針對esd圖形建模能力的不足，提出了「 n中取k門」 、 「順序門」 、 「可擴展門」以及「限制」等新的邏輯建模圖形符號，豐富完善了esd的建模元素；針對esd模型與產品結構關聯及規模控制方面的局限，提出了基於esd的層次化建模原理，使得可基於esd進行層次模塊化建模；針對esd與其它安全風險分析技術的綜合運用問題，分別討論研究了與故障樹分析技術、馬爾科夫狀態轉移圖集成的esd ft和esd m方法，提高了esd建模的靈活性；針對動態系統風險評價模型的求解問題，討論提出了運用esd求解動態概率風險評價問題的解析解或近似解析解方法，並予以了示例說明。
  16. In present dissertation, the model of ert was established, the method to deduce the system equation using finite element method ( fem ) was discussed, and the process of calculating the voltage, resistance and sensitivity matrix through numerical computation was also introduces. because during the process of positive problem solution, errors are unavoidable, so the evaluation of the results were carried out through data and diagram, also the influence to the results caused by the change of parameters was analyzed

    由於在正問題求解過程中，被測域的離散化、計算公式的離散化以及數值計算的近似處理等都將不可避免的引入誤差，因此論文中對計算結果進行了評價，分析了傳感器的參數（電極數，電極尺寸等）以及計算過程所用參數（如剖分精度）的改變對計算結果（電勢、電阻、敏感場）的影響。
  17. Secondly, it introduces the classical pawlak rough sets model, which is a uncertain and vague conception based on equivalence relation and expresses by upper and lower set approximations

    接著介紹了經典（ pawlak型）粗糙集模型的基本理論，它是建立在等價關系基礎之上的，用上下近似集合來表示一個不精確的概念。
  18. Then a suboptimal solution of the graph maximum equal - cut problem is presented employing the randomized algorithm and the improved coordinate ascent ( descent ) algorithm on the optimal solution of semidefmite relaxation

    在利用lagrange乘子理論得出原始問題的等價形式之後，將近似演算法與改進的坐標上升（下降）演算法結合，求得原問題的次優解。
  19. Because the materials of solid have wide applications in actual life and producing, the study of eos on solids is meaningful in many basic sciences such as thermodynamics, statistical physics, physics of condensed matter, atomic and molecular physics, geophysics, planetary science, chemical physics, etc. in this paper, we discuss the fundamental theory of eos, the relationship between the eos of solids and the mutual effect potential, the theoretical models of eos of solids and some applicable semi - empirical, semi - theoretical eos of solids

    固體材料在實際生活、生產中具有廣泛的應用性，所以，固體物態方程的研究對于熱力學、統計物理學、凝聚態物理、原子與分子物理、地球物理、天體物理、化學物理等基礎學科是有重要意義的。本論文論述了物態方程的基本理論，固體物態方程與粒子間相互作用勢的關系，固體物態方程的理論模型、近似關系和具有實用價值的半經驗、半理論的唯象固體態方程。
  20. The stress and local stability constraints are transformed into movable lower bounds of sizes. an inverse variable xt = ? is inducted, and the objective function is expanded as second order taylor approximation while the displacement constriction is expanded as first order taylor approximation. the lemke algorithm is used to get the final design result

    把復雜的應力約束和局部穩定約束轉化為動態尺寸約束，引入倒變量x _ i 1 / a _ i將目標函數展開為二階近似，將位移約束用莫爾積分化為一階近似，用對偶規劃方法將原問題化為等價的二次規劃問題，調用lemke演算法，求得最優設計結果。
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