針形葉 的英文怎麼說

Leaves thick leathery, obovate - lanceolate, obovate or oblong - lanceolate, 4 - 12 cm long and 2 - 3. 5 cm wide, apex rounded, sometimes emarginated, base cuneate, abaxial surface thinly covered with a grayish to fawn indumentum at first, later glabrescent ; petiole 1 - 1. 5 cm long, glabrescent

葉厚革質，倒卵狀披針形、倒卵形或長圓狀披針形，長4 - 12厘米，寬2 - 3 . 5厘米，頂端近圓形，有時微缺，基部楔形，下面初時薄被灰白色或淡土黃色叢捲毛，后近無毛；葉柄長1 - 1 . 5厘米，后近無毛。

For conifers which do not form an abscission layer at the base of the cone, shakers have been partially or completely unsuccessful.

對于球果基部不能形成脫離層的針葉樹，搖樹機的作用不大，或者完全不起作用。

Leaves leathery, elliptic - lanceolate or broadly oblanceolate, 4 - 13 cm long and 2 - 4 cm wide, apex acuminate to acute, base cuneate, margin revolute ; petioles 0. 7 - 1. 5 cm long, base slightly swollen

葉革質，橢圓狀披針形或闊倒披針形，長4 - 13厘米，寬2 - 4厘米，頂端漸尖或急尖，基部楔形，邊緣背卷；葉柄長0 . 7 - 1 . 5厘米，基部稍腫大。

Leaves tufted ; stipes 15 - 30 cm long, densely scaly at base, glabrous above ; sterile lamina about 60 cm long and 20 cm wide, simply pinnate ; pinnae numerous, alternate or subopposite, linear - lanceolate, the largest about 12 cm long and 1 cm wide, base cordate, apex acuminate, margin finely toothed ; veins close, forking once or twice and forming areoles near the midrib ; fertile lamina similar to sterile ones, but somewhat reduced, about 8 cm long and 0. 4 cm wide, lower surface almost entirely covered with sporangia

葉簇生；葉柄長15 - 30厘米，基部密被鱗片，向上近光滑；不育葉片長約60厘米，寬20厘米，一回羽狀；羽片多數，互生或近對生，線狀披針形，最長者長達12厘米，寬約1厘米，頂端長漸尖，基部心形，邊緣有細密鋸齒；葉脈1 - 2次分叉，近中脈形成網眼；能育葉與不育葉相似，但較小，長約8厘米，寬約0 . 4厘米，下部滿布孢子囊。

Sponges have an irregular, asymmetrical body architecture ; there are two cell layers separated by a gelatinous mesenchyme containing amoeboid cells and skeletal spicules and fibers

海綿動物有不規則、不對稱的體制；二層細胞是由中間的凝膠狀的間葉細胞分開，內含有變形細胞（阿米巴細胞） 、骨針和纖維。

Dsmv is proved as the predominating virus - pathogen on aroid plants from zhejiang province and other regions in china. cdna of dsmv rna 3 " end partial sequence and subgenomic rna promoter region of cucumber mosaic virus ( cmv ) rna3 were used as probes for detection of dsmv and cmv respectively. total rna extracted from field samples were used for rna dot - hybridization

用侵染馬蹄蓮的dsmv3末端序列和黃瓜花葉病毒（ cmv ）的亞基因組啟動子區互補dna序列為標記探針，對自然感病的天南星科植物進行rna斑點雜交，並結合雙鏈rna分析、病毒提純和形態學觀察，對杭州等地16屬天南星科植物的81個樣品進行了病毒鑒定。

6. the algorithms of morphological operators and label watershed segmentation based on the mathematical morphology were put forward to resolve the problem of the light occluding of dibbling crop leaves

針對玉米等點播作物田間場景中植物葉片交疊問題，研究基於數學形態學的形態運算元分割演算法和標記分水嶺分割演算法。

Leaves crowded near apex of the trunk, spirally arranged ; stipes dark brown, with sharp spines ; lamina large, oblong, tripinnate ; pinnae 17 - 20 pairs, alternate, longest one to 60 cm long, the basal one reduced ; rachis short - spiny ; pinnules 18 - 20 pairs, sessile or nearly so, lanceolate, to 10 cm long and 2. 5 cm wide, divided almost to the costa ; segments more or less falcate, toothed

葉螺旋狀排列，聚生於莖端；葉柄棕色，具銳刺；葉片大，長矩圓形，三回羽狀深裂；羽片17 - 20對，互生，最大的長達60厘米，基部一對縮短，羽軸有短刺；小羽片18 - 20對，無柄或近於無柄，披針形，長達10厘米，寬2 . 5厘米，深裂幾達中脈；末回裂片多少鐮狀，有齒。

Leaves tufted ; stipes stout, up to 1. 2 m long, densely covered with golden brown hairs at base ; lamina up to 2 m long and 1 m wide, tripinnatifid ; pinnae alternate, sparsely spaced ; pinnules linear - lanceolate, to 15 cm long and 1 - 2. 5 cm wide, short - stipitate ; ultimate lobes linear, more or less falcate, shallowly serrate, dark green and shining above, light green to glaucous below

葉簇生；葉柄粗壯，長可達1 . 2米，基部亦密被金黃褐色毛；葉片長可達2米，寬達1米，三回羽狀分裂；羽片互生，疏離；小羽片線狀披針形，長達15厘米，寬1 - 2 . 5厘米，具短柄；末回裂片線形，略呈鐮狀，邊緣有淺鋸齒，上面深綠色，有光澤，下麵灰白色。

Leaves linear to lanceolate, thin and soft, gradually tapered end of branch

葉線形或披針形，薄而且軟，在枝條的末端緩尖。

Tufted perennial with strong creeping stolons ; leaf yellowish green to green, folded in bud ; leaf blade smooth, lanceolate, slightly bent at the joint with the sheath ; inflorescence of a terminal single raceme, spike - like, smooth, sub - sylindrical and slightly bent inwards

本種為多年生，簇生性，具強壯匍匐莖；葉綠至黃綠色，在芽期褶生，葉片多平滑，披針至長條形，先端略鈍，于葉鞘成一角度折生；花序為單一頂生總狀花序，光滑無毛，平扁，稍向內彎。

Larch has small cones and needle - like leaves

落葉松長著球果和針形的葉子。

The essential rule of artificial restoration is matching tree by improving soil or matching site by improving tree species, and the livability of the regenerated coniferous forest reflected the affection of the topography on the artificial reforestation

例如地形對林火跡地（重度火燒區和極重度火燒區）針葉林恢復的影響，它實質是地形對人工更新存活率的影響。

The paper concludes that the changing rate of ndvi of rain forest in tropic is the smallest, the changing curve is smooth, while the changing rate of ndvi of the deciduous broad leaf forest in warm - temperate zone is the largest the change of ndvi is the most conspicuous in winter and spring ( especially in april ) while is not conspicuous in summer and autumn by analyzing the change of ndvi along latitude using the ndvi value of different vegetation types along the same longitude. the vegetation index from warm temperate zone to semitropical zone has obvious transition, while other areas have no distinct change by analyzing the change of ndvi from temperate zone to semitropical zone to tropical zone using ndvi averagejn the same time it is concluded that the sink value in the beginning of the year 1995 is from the influence of the monsoon in east of china by analyzing the ndvi curve of several typical needle leaf forests. the relation between ndvi value and temperature is conspicuous while the relation of precipitation is less or not by analyzing the relation between ndvi and temperature and precipitation finally it can get the conclusion that the change of river area is the smallest, the change of sienna area is the greatest by analyzing two phases of tm data in 1987 and 1997 with rs technic

利用從同一經度的不同森林類型ndvi值分析，沿緯度方向ndvi變化可得出， ndvi在冬春季變化最明顯（尤其是在4月份最大） ，而在夏季和秋季變化不明顯。利用ndvi均值進行分析，從暖溫帶到亞熱帶到熱帶的變化情況發現，從暖溫帶到亞熱帶ndvi指數形成明顯的階躍，而其它區域沒有太大的變化，同時對幾種典型的針葉林曲線分析可知其年初的凹值源自於我國東部季風的影響。利用ndvi數據分析其與月均溫度與降水的相關性得出與溫度相關性較為顯著，而與降水相關性不顯著或無相關性。

Abstract : the restoration of the riparian vegetation disturbed by human activities is one of the hotspots of watershed ecology. through interpreting the images of remote sensing in 1985 and 1999, the basic information of forest resources of lushuihe forest bureau, which is a typical forest area of changbai mountain, was obtained with support of gis. by dividing land covers of lushuihe area into 10 types ( water body, residential land, stump land, farming land, wetland, mature conifer forest, midlife conifer forest, mature broadleaf forest, midlife broadleaf forest, and man - made young forest ) and dividing the riparian zone into four buffers ( in turn, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 m away from the river ), the changes of riparian forest resources during 1985 - 1999 were analyzed. the results showed that the deforestation intension has obviously decreased and the whole environment has been evidently improved, but the riparian ecosystem was still flimsy. in buffer 1, 2, 3, the area of midlife conifer forest increased largely, but the areas of other types of land covers all decreased. midlife conifer forest had a comparatively good status in the three buffers. in buffer 4, midlife conifer forest, mature conifer forest, and mature broadleaf forest formed a forest - age rank that is helpful to stabilize the forest ecosystem and exert its functions. area percentage of wetland decreased in buffer 1, buffer 2, and buffer 3, even in buffer 4 in which forest ecosystem rehabilitated comparatively well, so protecting and rehabilitating wetland is a very difficult task

文摘:本文對兩期遙感圖像進行解譯，並在gis支持下提取露水河林業局主要河流兩岸各緩沖區森林資源信息，經分析得到各類地物在1985年及1999年的變化趨勢.結果表明:在河流沿岸對森林的採伐強度1999年較1985年明顯減小，整體生態環境較1985年有所改善.在緩沖區1 ， 2 ， 3除中齡針葉林大幅度增加外，其它地物類型面積均減少，由此可以看出，在這三個緩沖區內針葉林得到了較好的恢復.在緩沖區4內，中齡針葉林、成熟針葉林、成熟闊葉林形成一個林齡梯隊，有利於森林生態系統的穩定與功能的發揮，十五年間緩沖區4受到的干擾相對較小.濕地數量在四個緩沖區內均有所減少，雖然在緩沖區4內森林生態系統恢復的較好，但濕地面積仍有所減少，說明保護及恢復濕地資源是一件非常艱巨的任務，必須引起高度重視.圖5表2參12

The restoration of the riparian vegetation disturbed by human activities is one of the hotspots of watershed ecology. through interpreting the images of remote sensing in 1985 and 1999, the basic information of forest resources of lushuihe forest bureau, which is a typical forest area of changbai mountain, was obtained with support of gis. by dividing land covers of lushuihe area into 10 types ( water body, residential land, stump land, farming land, wetland, mature conifer forest, midlife conifer forest, mature broadleaf forest, midlife broadleaf forest, and man - made young forest ) and dividing the riparian zone into four buffers ( in turn, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 m away from the river ), the changes of riparian forest resources during 1985 - 1999 were analyzed. the results showed that the deforestation intension has obviously decreased and the whole environment has been evidently improved, but the riparian ecosystem was still flimsy. in buffer 1, 2, 3, the area of midlife conifer forest increased largely, but the areas of other types of land covers all decreased. midlife conifer forest had a comparatively good status in the three buffers. in buffer 4, midlife conifer forest, mature conifer forest, and mature broadleaf forest formed a forest - age rank that is helpful to stabilize the forest ecosystem and exert its functions. area percentage of wetland decreased in buffer 1, buffer 2, and buffer 3, even in buffer 4 in which forest ecosystem rehabilitated comparatively well, so protecting and rehabilitating wetland is a very difficult task

本文對兩期遙感圖像進行解譯，並在gis支持下提取露水河林業局主要河流兩岸各緩沖區森林資源信息，經分析得到各類地物在1985年及1999年的變化趨勢.結果表明:在河流沿岸對森林的採伐強度1999年較1985年明顯減小，整體生態環境較1985年有所改善.在緩沖區1 ， 2 ， 3除中齡針葉林大幅度增加外，其它地物類型面積均減少，由此可以看出，在這三個緩沖區內針葉林得到了較好的恢復.在緩沖區4內，中齡針葉林、成熟針葉林、成熟闊葉林形成一個林齡梯隊，有利於森林生態系統的穩定與功能的發揮，十五年間緩沖區4受到的干擾相對較小.濕地數量在四個緩沖區內均有所減少，雖然在緩沖區4內森林生態系統恢復的較好，但濕地面積仍有所減少，說明保護及恢復濕地資源是一件非常艱巨的任務，必須引起高度重視.圖5表2參12

Due to different exploitation intensity and ecological restoration measures used in hongchiba region, wuxi county, the vegetation have been formed a series of succession stages, i. e. herbaceous stage scrub - shrub stage - shrub - tree stage - pure larix daempferi conifer forest stage - pinus armandii needle broad - leaved mixed forest stage - natural deciduous broad - leaved forest

巫溪縣紅池壩地區由於歷史上開發強度和生態恢復措施的不同，使當地植被形成了從草本群落灌木灌叢林灌過渡帶日本落葉松（ larixdaempferi ）針葉純林華山松（ pinusarmandii ）針闊葉混交林天然闊葉落葉林的一系列生態恢復演替階段。

Characteristics and causes of canopy gap of dark coniferous forest in changbai mountain

長白山暗針葉林林冠空隙特徵及其形成原因

Study of soil preferential flow in the dark coniferous forest of gongga mountain, china

貢嘎山暗針葉林土壤優先流形成因素的初步研究

As the deformation caused by centrifugal force is beyond the small deformation range, the large deformation effect was also taken into account in the equation. two models are constructed, one is of shrouded blade and the other is of bladed disc. the static natural frequencies and dynamic frequencies ( under 3000rpm ) are calculated by the finite element method and cyclic symmetry technique

針對葉片的結構特點，採用適應較強的三維八節點實體單元模擬葉片，建立葉片運動微分方程;葉片?輪盤系統在高速旋轉時，受到離心力作用，使葉片發生大變形，故在方程中考慮了幾何大變形的問題;為研究葉根輪緣之間的接觸狀態，建立了考慮葉根?輪緣接觸的有限元方程，利用拉格朗日增廣演算法來求解該方程，確定葉根輪緣之間的接觸面狀態。