間接受害 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [jiānjiēshòuhài]
間接受害
英文
indirect damage-
Mr kibaki has been hoping that time is on his side, that the violence and anger will burn itself out, that the opposition led by raila odinga will gradually be forced to accept a fait accompli, that the african union and leaders of countries close to kenya will rally to the incumbent in their usual clubbable manner, and that kenya ' s biggest trading partners and aid givers will shrink from penalising him because general sanctions would hurt kenya ' s many poor
齊貝吉先生一直相信自己擁有時間上的優勢，這樣的話，暴力和憤怒將很快平息，由雷拉?奧廷加領導的反對派將逐漸被迫接受這個既成事實，非盟和肯尼亞相鄰國家的領導人將集合起來，以他們慣常的圓滑手段來承擔義務，肯尼亞最大的貿易夥伴和援助者將會退縮，以此來懲罰他，因為全面制裁會損害肯尼亞的許多窮人。This part dissertates the concrete forms and constitution parts of infraction upon rights of obligee, pointing out that two forms are direct and indirect infraction and five constitution parts are : rights of obligee are legal ; infraction conductor has subject bad faith ; infraction conductor actualizes the delict ; rights of obligee are damaged ; the damage is the consequence of the infraction action
在這部分中，重點論述了侵害債權的具體形態及構成要件，指出可分為直接侵害和間接侵害兩種侵害債權的形態。分析了其構成要件： 1 ，債權為合法債權； 2 ，侵權行為人對于其行為主觀上具有惡意； 3 ，侵權人實施了不法行為； 4 ，債權人受到損害。 5 ，侵害債權的行為與損害後果有因果關系。This thesis points out that those five countries mentioned above have " citizen lawsuit " legal provision, which is based on environmental right. group lawsuit is or going to be the important form of environmental lawsuit. in order to lighten the sufferers " cause and effect testimony - offering responsibility, those countries confess in their legal precedent or legislation the theory of probability, medical cause, effect and indirect disproof, and implement the invert testimony - offering responsibility or shifting principle
指出幾國均存在以環境權為基礎的「公民訴訟」法律條款；集團訴訟成為環境訴訟的重要形式；為了減輕環境侵權受害人的因果關系舉證責任，蓋然性說、疫學因果關系說、間接反證說等大都得到了各國判例乃至立法的承認，各國普遍實行了舉證責任倒置或轉移原則。Both mechanical damage and insect herbivory make plants emit damage - induced volatiles which not only have the functions of indirect and direct defenses but also can server as interplant. alarming signal
摘要植物在遭受到機械損傷或昆蟲取食后釋放出的傷誘導揮發物，除了具有間接防禦和直接防禦功能外，還具有作為報警信號在植株間傳遞傷害信息的作用。With the exception of late delivery or nondelivery due to “ force majeure ” causes, if the seller fails to make delivery of the goods in accordance with the terms and conditions, jointly or severally, of this contract, the seller shall be liable to the buyer and indemnify the buyer for all losses, damages, including but not limited to, purchase price and / or purchase price differentials, dead - freight, demurrage, and all consequential direct or indirect losses
因「人力不可抗拒」而推遲或不能交貨者除外，如果賣方不能交貨或不能按合同規定的條件交貨，賣方應負責向買方賠償由此而引起的一切損失和遭受的損害，包括買價及/或買價的差價、空艙費、滯期費，以及由此而引起的直接或間接損失。Article 31 should a well - established or fledgling industry at home be in substantial harm or under threat of such harm due to the import of goods that are exported under some kinds of subsidies of the exporting country or region, the state may take any countermeasures to expel or mitigate such harm of threat
第三十一條進口的產品直接或者間接地接受出口國給予的任何形式的補貼，並由此對國內已建立的相關產業造成實質損害或者產生實質損害的威脅，或者對國內建立相關產業造成實質阻礙時，國家可以採取必要措施，消除或者減輕這種損害或者損害的威脅或者阻礙。The judge accepted that continuance of the reclamation works pending the outcome of the judicial review proceedings would not cause irreparable damage to the harbour
法官亦接受，在等候司法覆核結果期間，繼續進行有關工程，並不會對海港造成不可修復還原的損害。Abstract : currently, biosafety has become a key to transgenic technique and its products, which gain enough research space and better exploiture market or not. then, as well as we pay attention to the security, we should realize that transgenic technique and its products are essential result in human society. today, they would not simply oppose or praise gmos, but we should carry out thorough studies and estimate without influence by human feelings, so that the technique and the products are used for the benefit of mankind, not doing harm for human health and the environment. of course, we should provide some essential scientific knowledge and guidance for public people. in the paper, we will put forward some suggestions on the base of analysing transgenic products
摘要目前，生物安全性問題已成為轉基因技術及其產品能否獲得足夠的研究空間和良好開發市場的關鍵所在.然而，在重視安全性的同時，也必須認識到轉基因技術及其產品的出現乃是人類社會發展的客觀必然.當務之急不應該是簡單地反對或者贊成，而是必須對轉基因產品進行全面、充分的研究和客觀、具體的評價，從而使其在造福於人類的同時，能有效地減少或避免對人類健康及其生存環境可能產生的潛在危害.當然，對社會公眾進行科普宣傳和指導，從而使其在對轉基因產品具有客觀了解的基礎上培養一種健康的接受心態也是必要的.本文在簡述轉基因產品安全性及其研究現狀的基礎上，提出若干對應策略，希望能引起社會各界的共識。This article is mainly a discussion on the spiritual damage compensation for close relatives of victim under the situations of damage to right of life, damage to the right of health and damage to the right of personality of the dead, which is based on an introduction and comparison of the concerned foreign legal regulations and academic theories and in combination with the legal practice in china wherefore the author put forwards his own ideas as following : first, under the condition that there is a distance of time between inj ury and death, the close relatives of the dead shall inherit the right of claim for spiritual damage compensation of the dead for the suffering before his death, in addition to their own intrinsic right of claim for spiritual damage compensation ; the second, under the condition that the inflictor has caused the disablement of the sufferer or serious damage to his health, the close relative in a limited cycle of the sufferer should be granted with the right of claim for spiritual damage compensation, which is confirmed in law and becomes a practice in foreign countries ; the third, since the aim of the law to protect the personality of the dead from infringement is to protect the benefits of the close relatives of the dead and to maintain public benefits, is constituted on the personality of the dead the close relative of the dead may initial legal proceeding for spiritual damage compensation
本文重點探討的就是公民生命權受到侵害、健康權受到侵害、 「死者人格」受到侵害這三種情形下的受害人近親屬的精神損害賠償請求權問題。探討以介紹和比較國外相關法律規定和學術理論為前提，結合我國的實際情況，從理論與實踐相結合的角度對以上各問題分別進行了分析，並提出了作者自己的一些見解：第一、在公民從受傷害到死亡有一段時間距離的情形下，死者的近親屬除依法享有其固有的精神損害賠償請求權以外，還可以繼承死者生前就其所受之精神損害而享有的精神損害賠償請求權；第二、在加害人的行為已造成直接受害人殘疾，或者是造成其健康嚴重受損的其他後果的情形下，我國應在借鑒國外已有立法和判例的基礎上，賦予一定范圍內的受害人近親屬以精神損害賠償請求權；第三、法律保護死者人格不受侵害的目的是為了保護死者近親屬的利益和維護公共利益，一般情形下，只要死者近親屬能證明其訴訟主體的合法性，能夠證實侵害「死者人格」的行為已構成侵權，即可推定死者近親屬因此而遭受了精神痛苦? ?無須舉證的「名義上的精神損害」 ，死者近親屬即可提起精神損害賠償之訴。最後，本文認為，加強對受害人近親屬的權利和利益保護問題的研究，既有一定的必要性，同時又具有十分重要的現實意義。One is the direct way in which under the definition of the iopc convention, all the types of damage or losses are evaluated and summed up by means of appropriate mathematics methods according to their characteristics. the another is an indirect way in which the spill information and criteria of the accident ( such as oil amount, oil properties, spill location, spillet area, polluted coast land ) are compared with those of the previous oil pollution compensation cases by means of the fuzzy ranking method, and the damage and losses range of the accident can be obtained based on its similarity to the cases
為此本文提出了間接評估法，即根據船舶油污事故之間所具有的類比性，以及產生損害程度與溢油種類、數量、油膜面積、受污海岸類型和長度等指標密切相關的特點，應用模糊優選排序原理，通過與歷史事故賠償案例的多指標綜合類比，在得到各案例對于「損害程度」的相對隸屬度值后，依據隸屬度的大小將待評估的樣本與其他歷史案例一起進行關于「損害程度」的排序，則可得出此次油污事故的損害程度大小及應賠償的上下限范圍。The third part analyzes damages of elements of products liability. most countries stipulate that physical harm, economic harm and other indirect harm caused by defected products should be restored, of course, they are limited to different degree. however, countries have diverge on the stipulation of damages of products themselves. there are three modes on the compensation of damages of products themselvesronly physical harm and economic harm are dealt with in the suit of products liability, and damages of products themselves is dealt with by means of contract law ; all are dealt with hi the suit of products liability ; comprised way. the thesis considers that comprised way is more reasonable and can protect harmed parties more fully and " conviently. besides this, the article discusses the calling back of defective products preliminarily, and considers that as one means of duty disregarding fault, it can be one kind of effective supplement of liability of compensation for damages
本文第三部分對產品責任構成中的損害問題進行了分析。本文從比較法上考察了各國關于損害問題的規定，發現大多數國家對缺陷產品引起的人身損害、財產損失及其間接損失，明確規定予以賠償，只是程度不等地受到限制;對于產品自身損害，則存在分歧。關于產品自身損害，一般來說，賠付方式有三種:一是在產品責任訴訟中只處理缺陷產品所造成的對受害人的人身和財產的損害，而產品自身損害只能通過合同法的途徑加以解決;二是將二者放在產品責任訴訟中一併解決;三是折衷的辦法。It aims to bring up to date china ' s laws and regulations of compensation for casualties at sea, so that they would better fit in with the fast - changing social, economical and legal situations in china after its accession to the world trade organization. it attempts to seek out, to be specific, a way of compensation as sound as possible which would maximally protect the legitimate rights of both the owners of vessels and the victims, hopefully by satisfactorily balancing the interests of the two parties. the ultimate purpose of this paper therefore, is to provide certain theoretical support for modifying relevant laws and regulations in this realm in china
研究的目的在於適應我國法律法規不斷完善的新形勢，使海上人身傷亡損害賠償的法律規定與各相關法律規定接軌，與我國加入wto后的新形勢接軌；並根據我國的國情，探求一種科學合理的海上人身傷亡損害賠償辦法，盡可能地找到一個海上運輸業和受害者兩者利益間的平衡點，使海上運輸業和受害者的合法權利得到更加充分的保護；進一步研究海上人身傷亡損害賠償的法律理論基礎，為進一步修改我國海上人身傷亡損害賠償的有關法律提供依據。Without prejudice to any other provision of these conditions, to the extent permitted by applicable law, the customer shall not assert and waives any claim, including, without limitation, any claim arising against the bank on any theory of liability for special, indirect, consequential or punitive damages as opposed to direct or actual damages arising out of or in connection with these conditions, all agreements and transactions to which these conditions apply or are made subject to and the relationship between the bank and the customer at all times and for any damages whatsoever caused by or arising from, directly or indirectly, the error, failure, negligence, act or omission of any other person, system, institution or payment infrastructure
在不影響此等條件內任何條文的原則下，並於適用法律容許的范圍內，客戶不得提出並且放棄任何申索，包括但不限於就下列事項所引起對銀行的任何申索： i由於此等條件一切適用或受制於此等條件的協議和交易，以及在任何時間銀行與客戶之間的關系所產生或因與此有關連而引起對任何特別間接相應或懲罰性的損害賠償與直接或實際損害賠償成對比的法律責任的任何理論，及ii因任何其他人士系統機構或付款架構的直接或間接錯誤故障失敗疏忽作為或不作為所引起或導致的任何損害的申索。Mmakers have yet to suffer the same fate because the time to download movie files is prohibitive on older dial - up computers and the storage required for video files is huge. but as new, high - speed broadband connections are installed and as the price of pc storage drops, moviemakers are increasingly concerned about becoming the pirates " next victims
因為盡管在老式的撥號方式上網的電腦上下載電影文件耗時驚人且所需存儲空間巨大，但隨著全新的高速寬帶接入的安裝以及電腦存儲設備價格的降低，電影業者越來越擔心會成為盜版活動的下一個受害者。As many other countries, chinese consumers also demonstrate great variance in their acceptance and purchase will towards gm foods under different food categories. to be more specific, the consumers are most willing to accept and buy gm foods that improve nutrition, followed by pest - resistant types foods with those for extending shelf life being the least preferred
盡管如此，我國消費者對轉基因食品的接受程度和購買意願在不同的食品之間還是表現出了較大的差異，具體表現為：改善營養的最高，抗病蟲害的次之，延長貯存期的最低；轉基因植物性食品高於動物性食品。As an important issue of third party ' s claim for compensation in indirect agency, whether the principal ' s losses from the counterpart ' s breach of contract should be compensated for or not, the experts disagree with each other
摘要對于間接代理中第三人損害賠償問題的重要表現之一，被代理人因相對人不履行合同所受損害是否應得到賠償，學界觀點不一。It is agreed and understood that the insurers shall only indemnify the insured for loss, damage or liability directly or indirectly caused to construction plant, equipment and machinery by flood and inundation if after the execution of works or in case of any interruption, such construction plant, equipment and machinery are kept in an area not endangered by 20 - year floods
茲經雙方同意，只有在被保險人將施工結束后，或任何施工中斷時的施工用機器放置在最近20年未遭受洪水或水災侵害的地方的情況下，本公司對被保險人因洪水或水災直接或間接造成施工用機器的損失及由此產生的責任負責賠償。The only significant extension of the current law that is proposed in this area is to create an offence of making an unauthorized and damaging disclosure of protected information obtained ( directly or indirectly ) by unauthorized access
就這方面而言，將現行法例加以延伸的重要建議只有一個，就是把未獲授權下（直接或間接）取得的受保護資料作未經授權及具損害性披露的行為列為新訂罪行。This mechanism originated in common law. the principal justification for permitting derivative suit is that it provides a device by which shareholders may enforce claims of the corporation against managing officers and directors of the corporation
立法上的缺陷導致實踐中股東尤其是中小股東的利益因董事等的違法行為損害公司利益而間接受到損害時，卻無法得到司法救濟的尷尬局面。In view of the behaviors of violating the environmental public interest, in addition to direct victims, other citizens or lawfully registered environmental non - governmental organizations should have the right to initiate civil environmental public interest litigation, requesting the court to judge the person to stop environmental violations and remove hazards, or initiate administrative environmental public interest litigation, requesting the court to judge environmental protection departments to perform supervisory duties
針對侵害環境公益的行為，除直接受害人外，其他公民或者依法登記的環境保護民間組織，應當有權向法院提起環境民事公益訴訟，請求法院判令侵害環境公益的行為人停止侵害行為，排除危害；或者提起環境行政公益訴訟，請求法院判令環保主管部門履行監管職責。分享友人