Using cd, cu, zn and cr as experimental toxicants and crucian as experimental creature, we employed the environmental biotechniques ( flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the method of improved pyrogallol autoxidation and electron microscopy ) to study the acute toxicity and secure concentrations of heavy metals to crucian ; the accumulation and distribution of mixed heavy metals to fingling crucian ; the activities of superoxide dismutase ( sod ) of gill and liver tissues and the hispathological and ultrastructural change of superfine structure of liver and kidney of crucian after cadmium exposure. through which, we intended to fully and systemically study the toxic influence of heavy metals to fish, and preliminarily discuss the influence of heavy metals pollution to the diversified level of fish such as individual, organ, tissue, cell and molecule. thus we tried to provide scientific evidence to establish preventative management measures, avoid and relieve the harm of heavy metals pollution to aquicolous ecosystem in time
隨后以這幾種重金屬作為實驗毒物，以鯽魚為實驗動物，應用環境生物技術、火焰原子吸收分光光度法、鄰苯三酚自氧化法、透射電鏡等技術研究了重金屬cu 、 zn 、 cd和cr對鯽魚
的急性毒性及其安全濃度評價、混合重金屬在鯽魚幼體組織內
的積累和分佈、 cd對鯽魚
鰓和肝臟中sod活性
的影響、 cd對鯽魚肝細胞和腎細胞超微結構
的影響等，全面和系統地研究了水環境中重金屬暴露對魚類
的毒性影響，初步探討了重金屬污染對魚類
的個體? ?器官? ?組織? ?細胞? ?分子等各水平層次
的影響，為制定漁業生產上預防性
的管理措施提供科學依據，及時避免或減輕重金屬污染對水生生態系統造成
的損害。
Brachyuran crabs in the pacific nip at the red plumes or gills of tubeworms, securing a ready meal
太平洋
的蟹以管蟲紅色
的觸手又稱為
鰓冠作為食物。
The blood of supranchial organ originates from the second and the fourth afferent branchial artery
鰓上器
的血液來源於第二、第四對入
鰓動脈。
Because hsg is associated with sinus tract, the embryologic origin of hsg in the lower neck may be from the branchial apparatus
因為下頸部異位性唾液腺常伴隨管竇腔，所以其胚胎
的來源可能是
鰓弓器。
The derma, scale follicle, fin, gill, kidney, liver, spleen and intestine of diseased fish revealed to a greater or lesser degree pathological changes, especially in the kidney, derma and gill
病魚
的皮膚、鱗囊、鰭、
鰓、腎、肝、脾和腸都顯出不同程度
的病理變化，尤其是腎、
鰓和皮膚更嚴重。
I have studied the lives of may different kinds of sharks : angel sharks, basking sharks, blacktip reef sharks, blue sharks, dogfish, great white sharks, hammerhead sharks, mako sharks, nurse sharks, sandbar sharks, sandtiger sharks, six - gill sawshark, seven - gill shark, tiger shark, whale sharks, white - tip reef sharks, wobbegong sharks, zebra sharks
我學習了壽命可以不同
的種類鯊魚:天使鯊魚，取暖
的鯊魚， blacktip礁石鯊魚，藍色鯊魚，白鮫，偉大
的白色鯊魚，雙髻鮫鯊魚，鯊魚鯊魚，護士鯊魚， sandbar鯊魚， sandtiger鯊魚，六
鰓sawshark ，七
鰓鯊魚，老虎鯊魚，鯨魚鯊魚，白色打翻礁石鯊魚， wobbegong鯊魚，斑馬鯊魚。
The morphological feature of the somatic cells in the testis of siniperca kneri, such as fibroblasts, sertoli cell and leydig cell are also described in the current paper, meanwhile, both of sertoli cell and leydig cell possess some structural characteristics of typical endocrine gland cell and we have discussed their functions respectively
理學碩士學位論文:大眼撅精巢及精子發育大眼
鰓精巢內體細胞包括成纖維細胞、支持細胞、 leydig細胞等。支持細胞、 leydig細胞具有典型內分泌細胞
的結構特點。
In the fairly deep lake facies there found abundant bivalve fossils, such as the standard foss il of permian in north xingjiang - tarfaniasp.,
半深湖相中發現豐富
的瓣
鰓類動物化石，如北疆地區二疊系標準化石?吐魯番鱈魚及介形類等。
Suspended sediment also injures the gills and breathing structure of certain types of fish.
懸沉積物還傷害某些魚類
的的魚
鰓和呼吸結構。
Beluga whales, pacific white - sided dolphins, harbor seals, sea otters and penguins are among the world s largest assortment of finned, gilled, and other aquatic creatures that swim within the marble - clad confines of the shedd aquarium
北冰洋
的白鯨，太平洋
的白鰭豚，海豹，海獺，企鵝等鰭類
鰓類以及其他水族動物在謝德水族館內
的大理石水池中暢游著，其種類之多在世界上也屈指可數。
The main study in this paper included as follows : the content and distribution of heavy metals in sediments and benthic organisms from the sewage stream in guangzhou city ; the acute toxicity and joint toxicity of mercury and selenium to swordtail fish ( xiphophorus helleri ) ; the damage of mercury to the indexes of antioxidant system in the gills and livers in swordtail ( including the measurement of the activities of total antioxidative capacity [ t ~ aoc ], superoxide dismutase [ sod ], glutathione peroxidase [ gsh - px ] and the concentration of malondiald - ehyde [ mda ] ) and the relief effects of selenium on it, as well as the physiological damage of mercury on the tissues, namely : the antagonistic effect of na + - k + ~ atpase activity on the tissues between selenite and mercury, and the ultrastructural damage under the exposure of mercury
研究內容主要有：廣州市河涌沉積物及底棲生物體內重金屬含量及評價；汞和硒對劍尾魚
的急性毒性和聯合毒性及安全濃度
的評價；汞對劍尾魚
鰓和肝臟中抗氧化系統
的毒性，包括對總抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶活力及丙二醛含量
的測定及硒對其保護作用；汞對劍尾魚組織生理毒性即：汞對na ~ + - k ~ + atpase活力
的影響及硒
的保護作用和汞和對劍尾魚組織超微結構
的損傷等。以高氯酸?硝酸消化法和火焰原子吸收分光光度法測定了廣州市河涌沉積物和底棲生物中重金屬含量。
Unlike other molluscs, bivalves lack a radula and feature labial palps, which carry food from the gills to the mouth
與其他軟體動物不同
的是，雙殼貝缺乏齒舌，具有唇瓣，可將食物由
鰓送到口部
Not all adaptive immune systems use the immunoglobulin fold as the basis for specific recognition molecules : sea lampreys, for example, have evolved an adaptive immune system that is based on leucine - rich repeat proteins
並不是所有
的獲得性免疫系統都是利用免疫球蛋白來特異
的識別外來分子，例如七
鰓鰻，它利用
的是一種富亮氨酸
的蛋白。
Diagnostic characters for the recognition of species include the presence or absence of pectoral fin, the position of dorsal fin origin, gill opening, anus, nostril opening and eye, the cirri present or not, the dentition type, the body coloration, and the head pores or lateral line etc
一般依據胸鰭
的有無或發達程度，背鰭起點、
鰓孔、肛門、鼻孔和眼等
的相對位置，頜
的發達程度和頜上是否具須，齒
的形狀和排列方式，身體
的斑紋，以及頭部和體側
的側線孔數目等進行鑒別。
Respiration is through the body surface or by gills in the mantle cavity or through the cavity surface itself
呼吸是通過體表，或外套腔
的鰓進行
的，或通過體腔表面進行
的。
Gently hold the male on his back with one hand to expose his underside, and with the other hand, simultaneously squeeze his body in a direction from behind the operculum to the gonopodial area
輕輕的用一隻手抓住公魚並且讓它肚皮朝上，同時用另一隻手順著一個方向從魚鰓後部到肛門處擠壓。
