黴菌之 的英文怎麼說

The total rna was isolated from pokeweed ( phytolacca americana ) leaves using the method of guanidine isothiocyante and used as template to amplify the total length and deleted mutant pokeweed antiviral protein ( pap ) gene by rt - pcr and then the pap gene was cloned into pgem - t vector. the sequencing results showed that pap gene had 99. 9 % identity comparing with the pap gene nucleotide sequence reported by lin et al ( 1991 ). the iptg - inducible expression vector containing the pap gene was constructed and transferred into e. coli bl21 ( de3 ) - plyss

將缺失型pap基因克隆到植物表達載體pbi121中，通過液氮冷凍法將重組質粒轉入農桿菌lba4404細胞中，然後採用葉盤法，在該農桿菌的介導下將pap基因導入普通煙草中，經過卡那黴素抗性篩選，最後獲得了轉pap基因的工程煙草植株，摩擦接種煙草花葉病毒（ tmv ） ，與非轉基因煙草相比，能夠推遲癥狀表現達2月之久，說明pap基因能夠在其它植物體內產生有活性的高抗病毒的蛋白質。

In addition to avermectins, s. avermitilis produces oligomycin, a strongly toxic compound. gene deletion vector pxl05 was used to disrupt oligomycin polyketide synthase ( pks ) encoding genes ( olma ) in streptomyces avermitilis cz8 - 73, the producer of anthelmintic avermectins b and the cell growth inhibitor oligomycin. olma gene cluster in the chromosome was displaced by deletion allele on the plasmid via double crossover

本研究以產阿維菌素b和寡黴素的阿維鏈黴菌cz8 - 73為出發菌株，構建了基因缺失載體pxl05 ，並將其轉入cz8 - 73中，通過缺失載體和染色體之間的同源雙交換，對染色體上長達90kb的寡黴素聚酮合酶（ pks ）基因簇（ olma ）進行了缺失。

Causative agent : candida, a type of yeast fungus

病原:念珠菌黴菌真菌之一種

Through a series of mutagen tests, a mutant strain of monascus spp ( m 12 - 69 ) from ml2 was acquired, which can produce much higher monacolin k than m12, and almost same citrinin level as m12

以之為出發菌株，通過誘變篩選，獲得一株monacolink產率有明顯提高而桔黴素產率僅為0 . 13ng g （ elisa ）的突變株，編號為m12 - 69 。

So two of them maybe belong to a new genus. according to the results of polyphasic taxonomy, the phylogenetic relationship of thirteen strains were defied that seven strains such as 40001 belong to streptomyces, strain 40009 belong to nocardiopsis, strain 40010 and 40011 belong to micromonospora, strain 40012 belong to streptosporangium ; strain 40007 and 40008 have similar relationship with actinomadura, but their sequence similarity are lower than 97 %, may belong to a new genus

實驗獲得了13株放線菌16srdna的近乎全序列，將之與genbank中已知序列進行比較，也可以將這13株放線菌劃分為5個類群，菌株40001等7株菌與鏈黴菌屬（ streptomyces ）的菌株進化關系較近，其中菌株40004和波賽鏈黴菌（ streptomycespeucetius ）的序列相似性為98 . 03 ； 40013與拒黴素鏈黴菌（ streptomycesresistomycificus ）的序列相似性為99 . 02 。

The retention tune of each of the three main peaks of the antibiotic fr - 008 is entirety identical to candicidin, except for one peak ( fr - 008d ), which can also be seen as a very weak signal on the hplc profile of candicidin with the same rt

因此可以推測，這兩個菌株在表型上的差別有可能與鏈黴菌fr - 008中的線性質粒有直接的關系，但也不能排除染色體基因之間的差異。

Used in the treatment of infections from gram - positive bacteria and mycoplasma. it is the ideal material for domestic and foreign anufacturing of roxithromycin, erythromycin etylsuccinate, erythromycin estolate, clarithromycin and azithromycin

主要用於革蘭氏陽性菌和之原體的感染，是國內為生產加工羅紅黴素琥乙紅黴素無味紅黴素克拉紅黴素阿奇紅黴素系列衍生物的理想原料。

Antibacteial. used in the treatment of infections from gram - positive bacteria and mycoplasma. it is the ideal material for domestic and foreign anufacturing of roxithromycin, erythromycin etylsuccinate, erythromycin estolate, clarithromycin and azithromycin

主要用於革蘭氏陽性菌和之原體的感染，是國內為生產加工羅紅黴素琥乙紅黴素無味紅黴素克拉紅黴素阿奇紅黴素系列衍生物的理想原料

The recombinants were constructed by transforming ppic9 a - xynb into p. pastoris gs115. the assay results revealed that the xylanase gene xynb was overexpressed and secreted effectually in p. pastoris. in 3l fermentor the expression level of xylanase xynba exceeded 1200iu / ml and the expressed xylanase had normal bioactivity. the molecule weight of xynba was determined as about 31kd which is higher than 23kd of original enzyme xynb from streptomyces olivaceoviridis a1. xynbb was gotten by deglycasylation of xynba, whose molecule weight returned to 23kd. we comparised the enzymatic properties of xynba expressed in p. pastoris, xynbb deglycasylated from xynba and xynb produced from streptomyces olivaceoviridis al : there was little difference among the three enzymes on optimal ph, the optimal ph of xynb and xynba were both 5. 2, the optimal ph of xynbb was 5. 0 ; the optimal temperature of xynb and xynba were both 60 c, while the optimal temperature of xynbb was 50 ? ; because of glycosylation the thermal stability of xynba was better than xynb and xynbb ; the specific activity of xynba and xynbb were 883. 88iu / mg and 832. 5hu / mg respectively, which were both lower than 2814. 45iu / mg of xynb ; the km values of xynb and xynba were similar to each other which were 21. 56 ( g / kg ) and 20. 87 ( g / kg ), while the km value of xynbb was 27. 10 ( g / kg ) ; the fmax of xynba and xynbb were 4568umol / mg. min and 5329umol / mg. min respectively which were lower than 27623 umol / mg. min of xynb ; additionally all of the three enzymes did not display cellulase activity. they all had well resistance to pepsion and trypsin, and were not sensitive to metal iron, surface active agent and chelating agent. the analysis of different xylans enzymatic hydrolysate revealed : by xynba, that the main constitutions of enzymatic hydrolysate of birch wood xylans were xylotriose and xyloquaiose, which account for 68. 43 % and 16. 50 % respectively, additionally there was 11. 79 % of xylobiose ; the main constitutions of enzymatic hydrolysate of corncobs xylans were xylobiose and xylotriose, which account for 81. 78 % and 11. 55 %. the result indicated that this xylanase was a kind of 1, 4 - b - d - xylanohydrolase and was fit to used in industrial procession of xylooligosacc harides

進一步對xynba進行了脫糖基化處理得到xynbb ，其分子量恢復到23kd ，證明xynba是糖基化蛋白。通過對畢赤酵母重組表達的木聚糖酶xynba 、脫糖基化的木聚糖酶xynbb以及橄欖綠鏈黴菌a1所產原酶xynb之間酶學性質的比較發現：三種酶的最適ph差異不大， xynb和xynba均為5 . 2 ， xynbb為5 . 0 ； xynb和xynba的最適溫度均為60 ， xynbb降為50 ：在耐熱性上， xynba由於糖基化作用熱穩定性明顯高於未糖基化的xynb和xynbb ； xynba和xynbb的比活性分別為883 . 88iu mg和832 . 51iu mg ，明顯低於原酶的比活2814 . 45iu mg ； xynb和xynba的km值相當，分別為21 . 56 （ g kg ）和20 . 87 （ g kg ） ，而xynbb的km值較大為27 . 10 （ g kg ） ； xynba和xynbb的vmax相差不大，分別為4568 mol mg ? min和5329 mol mg ? min ，明顯低於xynb的27623 mol mg ? min此外三種酶均無纖維素酶活性，對胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶有很好的抗性，且對作用環境中的各種離子、表面活性劑、螯合劑不敏感。通過對不同木聚糖的酶解產物的糖份分析發現：以樺木木聚糖為底物時，酶解產物主要為木三糖和木四糖，含量分別為68 . 43和16 . 50 ，另外還含有11 . 79的木二糖；以玉米芯木聚糖為底物時，酶解產物主要為木二糖和木三糖，含量分別為81 . 78和11 . 55 。

The results showed that formaldehyde inhibited effects best, the next was bavistin, then the third was fungicidin soluble power

結果表明，在同等條件下甲醛對黴菌抑制效果最好，多菌靈效果次之，之後是克霉靈。

Fusobacteria are filamentous bacteria which secondary colonists on the dental plaque on your teeth, after it has been formed by species of streptomyces, thus thickening and reinforcing the bacterial attack on your teeth

梭桿菌綱（菌）是細絲狀的細菌在你的牙齒上的在牙齒的匾上的中級的殖民地居民，在它已經被鏈黴菌屬的種形成之後，如此使厚而且加強對你的牙齒的細菌攻擊。

S. lividans mutant strains zx1 ( dnd cluster deleted ) and zx64 ( dnda disrupted ) had pleiotropic mutations including low mel expression and poor sporulation. it was speculated that dnda together with its downstream dna ( 2. 5kb ) might be involved in these two phenotypes because dnda together with its downstream dna could restore normal sporulation and mel expression to zx64, while dndb and dndc had no such effect because lai and la2 showed no obvious difference in these two phenotypes from wild type s. lividans 1326

另外通過比較這幾個突變株及野生型菌株在產孢和黑色素基因（ mel ）表達方面的差異，推測dnda及其下游區域與變鉛青鏈黴菌的產孢和刺激外源黑色素基因的表達有關，而dndb和dndc則與之無關，因為la1和la2在這兩種表型上與野生型菌株無明顯差異。

The enzyme retained full activity after being treated at room temperature for 1 hour at ph between 4. 0 and 11. 5. the enzyme can be incubated at 50 for 4h with only less 50 percent loss of activity and is stable in the frozen state. when streptomyces griseus atcc14811 was cultured in 10. 3 % sucrose yeme liquid medium, production of extracellular cholesterol oxidase increased for 5 days before decrease

利用硫酸銨鹽析及deae -纖維素離子交換柱層析提取純化灰色鏈黴菌atcc14811發酵上清液中的膽固醇氧化酶，理化性質研究表明酶作用晟適ph為8 . 0 ，最適溫度為45 ， ph穩定范圍在ph4 . 0 - 11 . 5之間，在50條件下保溫4h ，仍保留54酶活力。

Development system in some streptomyces spp. is characterized by an unique multiphasic growth kinetics in liquid medium. after spore germination, first logarithmic growth is followed by a transient cessation of cell growth, which potentially serves as a key developmental switch in regulatory system, leading to initiation of second logarithmic growth

某些鏈黴菌在液體培養基中表現獨特的多相生長動力學特徵：第一次對數生長之後，細胞生長過渡性地停止，這個過渡期可能起著一個重要的發育調控開關作用，啟動細胞第二次對數生長。

Recent epidemiological studies suggest the emergence of resistant strains of candida as well as mycelial fungi other than aspergillus in these patients

近來的流行病學研究表明：在這些患者中，除麴黴菌之外，念珠菌、絲狀真菌都出現了抗性菌株。

Aspergillus infection and disease is one of more stubborn disease, clinical treatment cycle is long, the effect is also slow, coupled with such drugs have a certain degree of toxicity, the drug often have not achieved the desired results, but was forced to reduction or even complete withdrawal

黴菌感染性疾病是一類較頑固的病癥，臨床治療周期長，見效也慢，加之此類藥物都有一定程度的毒副作用，往往用藥未達到預期效果，卻不得不被迫減量，甚至徹底停藥。

In order to know whether the hau3r gene amplified by pcr had its natural activities, hau3r gene from phz2055 was cloned into phz1060, a streptomyces - e. coli bifunctional expression vector, to give phz2057. when e. coli dh5 a ( phz2057 ) was induced at 42c, large amounts of hau3r protein were produced to form inclusion bodies

將來自phz2055的hau3 ~ r基因克隆到大腸桿菌?鏈黴菌雙功能表達載體phz1060的啟動子p _ r下游的xba和ecor之間，獲得重組質粒phz2057 ，經熱誘導hau3 ~ r基因超量表達但仍以包含體形式存在。

Prior to the vector construction, the availability of gene replacement was extensively tested in streptomyces. sp. fr - 008

在載體構建之前，我們先在鏈黴菌fr - 008中驗證了基因置換方法的可行性。

While extracting water. the mould give out lots of enzymes that produce more complex and unique aromas. that is why ten tasters can give various different aromas ( such as : peach, citrus, melon, walnut, cherry, etc

貴黴菌在吸收水分的同時還釋放出多種酶令葡萄產生極其復雜又極其難得的香味，這也是為什麼十位冰葡萄酒的品嘗者會說出多種完全不同香味（如:水蜜桃，甜橘，蜜瓜，核桃，車離子，麝香. . . ）的原因之一。

Luck would have it that fleming had decided not to store his culture in a warm incubator, and that london was then hit by a cold spell, giving the mold a chance to grow

彷佛是幸運之神的眷顧，佛萊明決定不要把培養菌放在溫暖的培養器中，然後冷峰侵襲了倫敦，給了黴菌生長的機會。