actual stress 中文意思是什麼

The thesis has summarized the development of the oblique - pull bridge, its construction technology and the importance of bridge construction control, then has introduced project general situation, and has narrated detailed regulation, organization construction, the major work and difficult part of this bridge construction control. the following is the key part of this thesis, firstly, it has introduced the experiment work of early stage, structural calculation and its theoretical result : the absolute altitude of each operating mode, the absolute altitude of building mould in each section and the absolute altitude after pouring concrete ; then, it has discussed the method and content of the line shape control of the main beam, actual absolute altitude of building mould is put forward, and it has described the method of structural stress monitoring, how to arrange measure point and collect data, and how to analyze data. it has also narrated the method of rope force detection and structural temperature inspection

本論文在總結了斜拉橋的發展及其施工工藝，並指出了橋梁施工控制的重要性之後，簡要的介紹了工程概況，敘述了炳草崗金沙江大橋監控細則、組織機構及監控的主要工作和難點部分；論文的核心部分，在介紹了炳草崗金沙江大橋施工控制與監測工作的前期實驗工作和施工各工況標高、各節段支模標高、澆注混凝土后的標高的結構計算和其理論計算結果之後，詳細論述了主梁的標高線形控制方法和內容，實際支模標高的提出，結構應力監控的方法、布點、測讀及其對測讀數據的合理分析方法，索力檢測和結構溫度監測的方法。

The following are such theories and methods as nonlinear theory considering interaction between support and rock mass, which, based on quantity analysis technology and actual data of initial crust stress, can simulate complex geological condition, carven shape and supporting so that provide important reference for analysis of stability of rock mass around underground carven and design of supporting

隨之而來的是考慮支護與圍巖共同作用的非線性理論和方法。這些理論和方法一般都以數值分析為手段，以實測地應力資料為基礎，能模擬復雜的地質條件、洞室形狀及支護措施，從而為地下洞室圍巖穩定性評價和支護設計提供重要的參考依據。

Before repairing, basing on the actual working condition, concerning the weldability, stress and deformation issues, the scheme of the cold welding technology whose essential being gtaw, low temperature preheating, postweld hammer the welded seam was established

修理前，圍繞兼顧解決焊接性、應力和變形問題，結合實際施工條件制定了以手工鎢極氬弧焊、鎳基焊絲、焊前低溫預熱、焊后錘擊焊縫為要素的冷堆焊工藝。

The actual stress is not proportional to the bending moment.

實際上應力與彎矩不成正比。

On the other hand, we also had to combat the " left " tendency of over - centralization and adventurism which put undue stress on regularization, a tendency which arose because some of the leading cadres overestimated the enemy, set the tasks too high and mechanically applied foreign experience regardless of the actual conditions

又一方面，則要反對過分地重視正規化的「左」的集中主義和冒險主義的傾向，這是由於一部分領導幹部對敵情和任務估計過分，並且不看實情，機械地搬用外國經驗而發生的。

This paper establishes a model simulating dam actual placing process and considering the non - continuity of initial temperature on the boundary of new and old concrete, daily air temperature change, concrete - placing temperature, hydration heat, heat insulation on boundary, water - storing process, placing intermission and curing with water. the calculation of stress field considers the concrete weight, static water pressure, thermal stress, different autogenous volume change between rcc and normal concrete, change of elastic modulus of concrete with age and creep action

考慮了乞今最為全面的初始條件和邊界條件，包括模擬壩體的實際升程過程，考慮了新老混凝土接觸面上的初始溫度不連續，逐日的氣溫變化，混凝土的入倉溫度，水化熱溫升，邊界保溫，水庫蓄水過程，澆築間歇以及灑水養生等因素；應力場的計算考慮了混凝土的自重，靜水壓力，溫度應力，常態混凝土與碾壓混凝土不同的自生體積變形，混凝土的彈性模量隨齡期的變化以及徐變的作用。

According to the stress wave theory on explosive exploding propagating in the rock, it builds up mathematical model of fractural ranges in the rock, and carry out actual calculation and analysis on fractural range of bench shooting in deep - hole. as a result of calculation, the lateral and bottom fractural range are about 1. 9m

根據炸藥爆炸在巖石中傳播的應力波理論，建立巖石爆破破裂范圍數學模型，並對深孔梯段爆破破裂范圍進行了實行計算分析，計算結果為：混裝乳化炸藥巖石深孔梯段爆破側向底部破裂范圍為1 . 9m 。

The geometric nonlinear analysis of three types of large - span annular cable truss structures is put forward by using commercial fem program. their static properties in deferent load case are concluded, and some suggestions for actual projects are also presented. base on the prime realization of its static property, parameter analysis of its static property is done consisting of deferent number of truss, deferent height of truss, deferent scale of height of masts, deferent boundary condition and deferent magnitude of pre - stress in deferent load case

本文利用通用有限元軟體ansys對大跨度環形空腹索桁結構體系中三種典型的結構（即內外圈都為圓形、外圈圓形內圈橢圓形、內外圈都為橢圓形的三種外形的結構）進行了幾何非線性分析，總結出各自在不同荷載工況下的靜力性能，並提出一些有實際工程意義的建議。

Under the complex loadings, the surface flaws of large complex structures and the original defects of materials would initiate the propagation of micro three - dimensional ( 3d ) cracks, and result in catastrophic accidents. for the limitations of the traditional theories of two - dimensional cracks, the safety of actual structures containing 3d cracks cannot be guaranteed completely without the out - of - plane stress constraint

復雜應力作用下，宏觀復雜結構表面加工質量和材料本身固有缺陷以及外來損傷等會引起三維裂紋的萌生、擴展，最終導致災難性的破壞，而傳統二維裂紋理論在解決實際三維裂紋問題時出現不足，無法完全保障結構安全。

The investigation of this paper has grate actual and expansive significance and offer methods for the application of rigid frame. the investigation indicate that the ripple web plate ' s critical stress has great improvement than ordinary flat plate and ripple web plate variable cross - section has a rather superiority than constant cross - section portal rigid frame

本論文所做的研究工作具有很強的現實意義和推廣意義，為門式剛架的應用提供了思路。通過研究表明：波紋腹板的臨界應力比普通的平板有很大提高，而波紋腹板變截面門式剛架與等截面門式剛架進行對比也有較大的優越性。

At present plenty of experimental study has been made on the materials and structural performance of asphalt concrete cores in the world, and the design methods and construction technique as well as equipments have been more mature. however, there is still lack of the research of its basic performance. in this thesis, in combination with the actual project, the experimental study has been employed with the field core specimen and the specimen made in laboratory, mainly include the static triaxial test, confinement pressure stabilization test and stress relaxation test

目前，國內外對瀝青混凝土心墻的材料和結構性能已進行了一些試驗研究，其設計方法、施工工藝和設備較為成熟，但其基本性能研究方面顯得較為薄弱，本文結合實際工程對瀝青混凝土心墻的芯樣和試驗室成型的試件進行了試驗研究，主要包括靜三軸試驗、圍壓穩定試驗以及應力鬆弛試驗研究，得到以下基本結論： 1

This paper, in the light of the special geological environment and actual project situation of the three gorges reservoir area, puts forward a comprehensive analysis and evaluation system suitable for the stability analysis of the bank landslide of the three gorges reservoir area under the premise of thorough consideration of the water influence on the stability of the bank landslide, and obtains the following achievements in several aspects that have the practical application significance and certain scientific research value : ( 1 ) it is discovered that the water activity is the primary factor of the formation of the new landslide and the revival of the ancient landslide. on the one hand, the rising underwater level reduces the actual stress of landslide ; on the other hand, the long time soaking of the underwater reduces the mechanics intensity of the landslide and the slide belt, both of which reduce directly the landslide stability ; ( 2 ) in view of the special condition of the three gorges reservoir area, this paper analyzes systematically the forces acted on the landslide of the three gorges reservoir area and the force varieties acted on the divided landslide when the water level changes between 175 meters and 145 meters. thus it is more scientific and comprehensive for the analysis of the forces acted on the landslide ; ( 3 ) this paper summaries systematically 10 kinds of typical computation projects by organic combinations of different kinds of situations in the dry season ( nature statue ), rainy season ( rainstorm or rains for a long time condition ), with 175m water level in the reservoir, during the earthquake, with the water level of the reservoir adjusted from 175m to 145m and so on, and produces

本文針對長江三峽庫區特殊的地質環境與工程實際情況，在充分考慮水對庫岸滑體穩定性影響的前提下，提出了一個適用於長江三峽庫岸滑坡體穩定性分析的綜合分析評價體系，並取得了如下幾個方面具有工程實際意義和一定科學研究價值的研究成果： （ 1 ）研究結果發現，水的活動是新滑坡形成或古滑坡復活的主要因素，一方面是由於地下水位升高降低了滑坡體的有效應力，另一方面是由於地下水的長期浸泡降低滑體及滑帶的力學強度，這兩方面的因素均將直接降低滑坡的穩定性； （ 2 ）針對三峽庫區的特殊條件，系統分析了作用於三峽庫區滑坡體上的力系和庫水位在175m與145m間變化時滑體條塊的受力變化，從而使對作用於滑坡體上的力系分析更科學、更全面； （ 3 ）通過對滑體處于旱季（天然狀態） 、雨季（暴雨或長期降雨狀態） 、 175m庫水位、地震以及庫水位由175m調節下降至145m等各種不同情況的有機組合，本文系統地歸納總結出了10種典型計算工況，並具體給出了相應的作用荷載的計算方法，使在庫區岸坡滑體穩定性分析評價時對計算工況選擇及其作用荷載的計算更具規范性； （ 4 ）具體運用c + + builder開發了關于滑坡體穩定性綜合分析評價系統，使對滑坡體穩定性分析計算更方便、更準確； （ 5 ）將上述滑坡體穩定性綜合分析評價系統應用於重慶市豐都縣名山滑坡穩定性分析的具體事例中，分析結果表明，本文所提出滑坡體穩定性綜合分析評價方法對三峽庫區的滑坡穩定性分析是實用可行的。

This paper discussed about the changes of stress state on effect of soil properties. the reason of surface settlement and layer losses is that the stress state is not primeval one in and after tunneling construction. therefore it is necessary to select strength data in actual stress path in making tunnel deformation and stability analysis with continuous media mechanics

本文討論了隧道施工過程中，由於應力狀態的變化對土性的影響， ，隧道施工之所以造成地表沉降和地層損失，是因為隧道施工過程中以及隧道施工結束後土層的應力狀態已經不是原始應力狀態，因此在選用連續介質力學方法對隧道施工進行變形和穩定性分析時，必須採用實際應力路徑下強度參數。

Methods : according to x - rays of genu varum and genu valgum and cross - section ct of normal knee joint, 31 planar - models and 31 working conditions in three - dimensional finite element were established with the software of super - sap every 2 degree from genu varum 30 degree to genu valgum 30 degree, then calculated the stress and stain state of every node with the size and direction of actual stress

方法：有限元模型的建立是利用膝關節內、外翻x線平片和正常人膝關節橫斷ct片，並用super - sap軟體分別建立平面和三維有限元模型，在內翻30至外翻30之間，每2按實際受力大小和方向加載，分別生成31個模型和31種工況，計算得出模型中各節點的應力應變情況。

A huge actual constructions and tests has proved that the bonding power of the bonding surface is often too small to satisfy the actual stress, and that in the construction of the new to old concrete, the construction process is blind because there are no unified standards of the construction technology, which leads to the quality of the construction is inferior. and in the design process, the designers who can ’ t identify the strength of the bonding surface can not make an accurate, economic and proper design, which will lead to waste or engineering accident

大量的實際工程和試驗證明，結合面的粘結力通常比較小，往往難以滿足實際結構受力的需要，而且在新舊混凝土粘結的施工過程中，施工工藝沒有統一的標準，造成施工過程的盲目性，最終導致工程質量的低劣;在設計過程中設計人員不能判斷出粘結面的強度，這就使設計人員不能準確、經濟合理的做出設計，造成浪費或埋下工程事故的隱患。

The standards and specification related can only provide classical design method, most of the assumption do not reflect the actual stress state. the standards don ’ t considerate the effect when end - plate with rib stiffeners, so it is worthy to research the end - plate in beam - column and some advice on design practice is given as well

我國現行規程關于端板連接承載力的設計計算方法中還沒有考慮端板加勁肋對節點承載力的影響，所以，迫切需要對端板連接進行更深入的研究，提出更加合理的設計建議。

The allowable stress levels to which the actual stress levels are compared are based on empirical findings for the material involved

對所使用的材料來說，與實際應力比較的容許應力是以實驗研究結果為基礎的。

To determine the reason of impact breakage of new developed plastic packing box for certain cannonball in drop test, this article derives the actual stress formulas in the position of impact breakage

摘要為確定新研製的某炮彈塑料包裝筒在跌落試驗中，產生沖擊破壞的原因，通過理論計算和試驗研究。

The actual stress in soil nails is very different from theoretical analysis, so in - situ measurements in chaowai soho project in beijing, the method that placing the reinforcing steel bar - stress measuring apparatus in primary reinforcing steel bar to gain actual pull force is adopted in this paper

摘要針對土釘支護中土釘實際所受拉力與目前理論和規程計算結果相差較大的問題，對北京朝外soho土釘支護進行了現場監測。

In design of retaining structure, the reliability of the computing results relies mainly on the proper selection of shear strength parameters ( c and ). so it is exigent to devise a set of experiments according to the actual stress path of soil to determine its shear strength parameters

在基坑支護設計中，計算結果的可靠性在很大程度上取決于抗剪強度參數（粘聚力和內摩擦角）的正確確定，所以根據土體的實際受力過程做出合理的測定土抗剪強度參數的試驗設計已經成為十分迫切的任務。