backward countries 中文意思是什麼
backward countries
解釋
經濟落後的國家-
Poor countries were initially known, after the second world war, as "backward. " this designation was unfortunate.
第二次世界大戰以後，貧窮國家最初被稱為「落後」國家，這個名稱是不適宜的。 -
The reality of economical development backward, our country ' s socialism nature, the peace policy of the government and so on, determines that the size of our country national defense economic development cannot be such inflated development as the superpower and the hegemonist countries. even if our economy will be developed in the future we will do not do this and our country ' s national defense expenditure will not come up with mint uprush situation
第一部分從國防費構成與變化趨勢入手，介紹了我國國防費從1995年至今的支出狀況，並對我國的國防費開支與其他幾個世界主要國家進行了比較，揭示了我國國防費開支水平較低、規模過小的事實，也簡略分析了我國國防費支出結構的不合理之處，並概括了在現代高技術戰爭條件下國防費支出的新特點。 -
The so - called leapfrogging - oriented economic growth refers to backward countries making use of advantage of their backwardness to approach or even overtake forward countries in short time by capital accumulation, efficiency enhancement and technology innovation to achieve unbalanced and transnormal development. the process embodies not only the rapid improvement of the rate of economic growth but also the improvement of the quality of economic growth
所謂的蛙跳型經濟增長（ leapfrogging - orientedeconomicgrowth ）是指后發國利用后發優勢，通過資本積累、效率提高和技術創新，實現非均衡、超常規發展，在較短的時間內接近、甚至趕超先發國水平的一種增長方式和增長過程。 -
While some countries slid backward - especially those hit by war, economic crisis, drought, or hiv aids - others have made the reforms to spur economic growth, like investment in agriculture and rural infrastructure, or instituted supplemental feeding programs that helped hoist millions from the ranks of the undernourished, says mr. de haen
但是很多國家卻在這方面大有退步，特別是一些久久陷入戰爭泥潭，經濟危機，乾旱和艾滋病肆虐的國家。還有一些國家在發展經濟上實行改革，例如增加農業和農村基礎設施建設的投資，還有救濟那些嚴重缺乏食物地區的人。 -
In civil law countries, the progress of related legislation and jurisdiction are relatively slow and backward as local tradition for liability only refers to natural persons
大陸法系國家的法人刑事責任發展相對緩慢，原因在於它們的個人責任傳統根深蒂固。 -
Firstly, by an in - depth study on chinese commercial banking and their foreign counterparts, this paper points out the great differences of intermediate business innovation between chinese and western commercial banks regarding innovation products variety, scale, technology, etc. secondly, comparing the institution regarding intermediate business innovation and microeconomic - body behavior of chinese commercial banking with foreign ones within an analysis framework from the perspective of institutional economics and game theories, this paper shows that a number of reasons account for the emerging of intermediate business innovation, including external economic environments as well as internal factors within the financial system and technology, among which the institutional factors within the financial system being the most important. at the same time, by comparison with western developed countries " counterparts, the innovation of chinese banking institution lags far behind the development of banking business in main aspects of property rights, managerial system, compensation arrangement and organization system. thus, the backward innovation of banking institutions and twisting microeconomic - body behavior seriously strict intermediate business innovation
本文首先通過對中外商業銀行進行較為深入的調查研究指出，與西方發達國家商業銀行相比，我國商業銀行中間業務創新無論是在業務創新品種、規模上還是在技術手段上，都存在著巨大差距；其次，運用制度學分析和博弈分析框架將中外商業銀行中間業務創新制度及微觀主體行為進行比較得出：商業銀行中間業務創新產生的原因有多種，如外部經濟環境因素、金融體系內部因素和技術因素等，其中最根本的是金融體系內部的制度性因素；與西方發達國家商業銀行制度相比，我國銀行制度創新遠遠落後于銀行業務的發展，主要表現在產權制度、經營制度、分配製度和組織制度等方面；銀行制度創新的滯后及其微觀主體行為的扭曲嚴重製約著中間業務創新，尤其是我國銀行產權關系不明晰，在國有獨資產權框架下政府? ?行長及上級行長? ?下級行長兩種委託代理行為帶來了嚴重的問題，導致了我國銀行中間業務創新動力不足。 -
During the analysis of innovative leapfrogging, based on the description and remark on the leapfrogging model of brezs, e. - krugman. p. - - tsiddon, d., the paper puts forward one expanded model, which makes the exogenous technology in the b - k - t model endogenous and shows the function principle and the possibility of backward countries leapfrogging by achieving new technology through input of their own research and development. thereby the model is more comprehensive and more elucidative
論文對每一種蛙跳型式的動力及其運行機理進行了闡釋，如對創新型的蛙跳模型進行評述的基礎上，提出了一個擴張型模型，把b ? k ? t模型中的外生技術進行了內生化，揭示了后發國通過自身r & d投入獲取新技術的條件下蛙跳的可能性及機理，從而使模型更具包容性和現實解釋力。 -
At present many foreign dealers in developed countries are looking for battery source form developing countries. and many of our battery products are of serious polution, backward crafy and expensive cost. so the battery with little pollution, new technology and high quality have a brisk market
據有關資料分析，由於污染及勞動力價格不斷上漲等原因，許多發達國家的電池經銷商積極向發展中國家尋找資源，而目前我國生產的蓄電池大部分屬于性能低下內在質量差成本高滯銷產品。 -
The growth of the consumption demands has been suppressed by the lower wealth, the uncertain future income and future cost, the backward fundamental facilities of the countries and the slowly growing income of the peasants ; because the transformation investments grows too slowly, the propulsion of the political investments is weak, the growth of the spontaneous investments is feeble and the zeal for the foreign businessmen go to guangxi to invest is not intense, the growth of the investment demands is slow ; the great many of deficits worsen the situation of the domestic and foreign trade and cut down the demands to the products and services of guangxi seriously
此外，還分別在消費、投資及內外貿易等方面探討了需求不足的原因。比如財富水平低、預期收入及支出的不確定性以及農村基礎設施落後及農民收入增長緩慢等，抑制了消費需求的增長；又如更新改造投資增長乏力、政策性投資帶動力不強、自主投資增長不力以及外商投資熱情不高等，抑制了投資需求的增長；再如巨大對內貿逆差惡化了內外貿易狀況，嚴重降低了對廣西產品和服務的總需求。 -
After the second world war, some countries, which were once degenerated into the colony or the semi - colony, become independent one after another. although there are great differences in the national size, the region, the nationality and the culture of these countries, they all once faced and experienced the same question - - - how to strive for peace and to develop their countries. in 1960s, singapore, malaysia and indonesia are the countries of multi - races, multi - cultures, multi - religions and multi - contradictories and they are relatively poor and backward comparing with other countries
李光耀、蘇哈托、馬哈蒂爾因其鐵腕領導與所獲成就而被人們稱作東南亞政治舞臺的三位強人，他們都把各自的國家帶上了現代化的道路，其成就與影響為世人所矚目，在戰后發展中國家中具有代表性和典型性;他們雖已走下政壇，卻留下了豐厚的政治遺產，豐富了人類特別是發展中國家實現發展的政治經驗寶庫。 -
It showed the socialist countries which were still in the backward state on economy and culture a new social developing road. nowadays, it is still playing a very important role in today ' s socialist modernization
它為經濟文化落後的國家指出了一條全新的社會主義發展道路，對於今天我國的社會主義現代化建設仍具有重大的指導意義。 -
Major reasons for the sustained poverty in some african and south asian countries involve the backward economic infrastructure, frequent natural disasters, too rapid population growth, heavy debt burden, political turbulence and the chaos caused by war
落後的經濟基礎設施、頻繁的自然災害、過快的人口增長、沉重的債務負擔、政治上的動蕩不安，以及戰爭帶來的混亂局面，這些因素都是造成引起非洲和南亞國家持續貧困的主要原因。 -
One, the planned economy is not the right alternative for these backward socialist countries to develop their productivity. two, the unitary public ownership and the planned economy that these countries pursue have hindered the development of individual abilities
究其原因在於：一是計劃經濟並不適合於落後的社會主義國家發展物質生產力；二是社會主義國家追求的單一的公有制和計劃經濟壓抑了個人能力的發展和發揮。 -
According to the standpoints of development economics and modernization practice of the backward areas in other countries, government acts a very important role in their development
這是關繫到中國現代化全局和我國能否實現區域經濟均衡發展的大問題，也是理論和實踐工作者面臨的一項重要課題。 -
Business valuation based on modern economy is one of the most difficult and comprehensive professional work in asset appraisal, but also stands for the trend of the appraisal. as china implemented planned economy all the long in the past years, the concept of business value was proposed later than other advanced countries. the study on the theory and method of business valuation we made is relatively backward. all these lead to that we merely use cost method in practice. with the improvement of market economy, the validity of cost method is challenged. hunting for appraisal methods suitable for china circumstance has become more and more urgent. this thesis presents its own opinion on the adjustment of the basic frame of theory of business valuation. for the first time, it puts systems theory into the study of the theory base, and believes that the enterprise as a compound entity has higher efficiency than the sum of its constituent, and then proposes new appraisal assumption. aiming at the obscure understan ding, it analyses a group of conception related to business valuation. after giving a whole analysis and study, this thesis indicates the income approach which emphasizes earning - capacity of a enterprise should become the correct choice of china, and makes a further study on the origin - features and feasibility of this method
植根于現代經濟的企業價值評估是資產評估中綜合性最強，技術難度最高的業務之一，也是評估業未來的發展方向，由於我國過去長期實行計劃經濟體制，企業價值概念的提出和運用時間較晚，缺少現代經營理念的積累，企業價值評估的理論與方法的研究比較滯后。本文試圖以理性分析和案例分析相結合的方法，系統研究和分析企業價值評估的基礎理論及其現實條件下，適應我國經濟發展的評估方法，以期為構建有中國特色的企業價值評估理論和方法體系做一些有益的探索。文章以企業價值評估的基本概念為起點，在對眾多關于企業性質的學說和理論觀點進行概括抽象的基礎上，指出了整體性、持續經營和盈利性是企業的重要特徵，依據企業的整體性運用系統方法闡明了企業的價值大於組成企業的單項資產價值之和，據此提出了反映企業價值評估特點的有機組合增殖假設；依據盈利性的特點，強調了企業價值評估的核心應為企業的獲利能力，而不是組建企業的成本；對企業價值、企業價值評估含義、特點的論述以及對相關概念的辨析表明了作者的個人觀點和文章的基本定位，而從評估目的入手劃分的以產權變動為目的的企業價值評估和以財務決策為目的的企業價值評估與企業價值評估的假設、評估核心共同決定了評估方法的選用。 -
The designed principle prototype will lay a solid technological foundation for the engineering of the avionics self - protection system. we can believe that the backward situation and configuration mode in the avionics system will be thoroughly changed with the practical application for the engineering products manufactured on the basis of the technology of prototype. moreover the gap between china and the other advanced countries in the same field will be shorten and the effectiveness of combat and self - protection will be improved greatly
可以相信在原理樣機的技術基礎上研製成功的工程化產品在航空自衛系統的應用，將徹底改變目前我國航空自衛系統的結構方式和落後局面，縮短了我國在該領域與國外先進國家的差距，必將極大的提高我軍的戰斗能力和自身保護能力。 -
Comparing with other countries, the effect of government promotion of the wheat market in china are still far backward, especially its low level of the producer supporting, establishment of market system, and international trade policies, which have seriously ristricted the enhancement of chinese wheat competitiveness. finally, the policy implications for china to improve wheat international competitiveness are put forward as the following : 1 ) to enhance the construction of centralized region of wheat, which will help to extend the application area of excellent breeds, so as to overcome the problem of quality instability. additionally, the construction of centralized region will improve the organized level of producers and increase industries values
最後，在對上述問題進行國際比較研究的基礎上，我們提出提高中國小麥國際競爭力的對策建議如下：加強集中連片的優勢小麥產區建設，有利於優良品種大面積推廣種植和小麥統種統收，從而克服中國小麥質量不穩定的難題，優勢小麥帶建設也有利於提高生產者的組織化程度和產業鏈增值：加強政府對小麥生產經營的宏觀調控，在wto框架內加人小麥生產者支持水平、完善生產者支持結構、加快小麥市場體系建設等。 -
The goal of new economic policy was to develop economy by utilizing commodity, currency and market etc. the practice of lenin ' s new economic policy initially probed the socialist road for those backward countries on economy and culture
= 1921年3月，列寧面對戰時共產主義政策造成的嚴重經濟、政治和社會問題，提出實施新經濟政策即利用商品、貨幣、市場等經濟要素發展經濟。 -
The paper tries to disclose the intrinsic mechanism of the catching - up, explore how the advantages of backwardness works in different economic growth stage, why for most situation, the gap between the poor and the rich become larger and larger, for some minority, they can suddenly rise up and step into the group of the developed countries, and find the best developing way for the backward countries
本論文的研究目的就在於試圖深入到紛繁的表象背後，揭示出后發國家后來居上的基礎和內在機理，探索不同歷史時期后發優勢的運行規律。為什麼當今多數后發國家與先發國家間的貧富差距越拉越大，而少數后發國家卻能夠異軍突起，快速步入先發國家行列?這些少數國家的經驗究竟如何去認識和總結 -
In the last quarter of the 20th century, gdp per capita in africa is stagnant, gnp in many latin american and asian countries increase slowly, too. they didn ’ t shorten the gap between them and the advanced countries, but enlarged it. in general, there are two trends of backward countries ’ development
在過去的1 / 4個世紀里，非洲人均水平完全停滯不前;拉丁美洲和許多亞洲國家的收入增長也是「步履蹣跚」 ，不但未能縮短與發達國家的差距，反而這一差距正在逐步擴大，在全球化中有被「邊緣化」的趨勢。
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