demand and pricing 中文意思是什麼
demand and pricing
解釋
需求與定價-
No pricing methods can arrive at the optimal price without taking into account current demand, expected value and competition
任何定價方法如果忽視了當前的需求及預期價值和競爭，絕不可能制定出最佳價格。 -
In present dissertation, most stirpses are repartitioned and redefined, and the structure characteristic, course of formation, cause of formation, function and risk of stirpses are analyzed. the main conclusions are : [ 1 ] rapid development of corporations engenders urgent demand of financing, conflict between capital market imperfection and demand of financing leads corporations to control listed corporations by purchasing " shell " and enhance it ' s financing capability ; [ 2 ] two kinds of pricing institution of stock provides stirpses for controlling listed corporations by low cost, monitoring institution imperfections provides corporations for operating listed corporations. adjust of national assets provides more " shells " ; [ 3 ] more private corporations purchase listed corporations, some of them form stirpses ; [ 4 ] stirpses have positive influence about adjusting industry and enhancing capital market financing function ; [ 5 ] stirpses magnify financial risk by controlling listed corporations, and transform listed corporations from shareholders benefit to block shareholder benefit, having tendency of infracting shareholders benefit
本文主要的結論： [ 1 ]中國企業的迅速發展對融資有迫切的要求，中國國內資本市場發展不完善與這種強烈的融資需求的沖突導致了企業尋求通過買「殼」的方式控制上市公司，以此來提高自身的融資能力； [ 2 ]中國上市公司股票的兩種定價機制為「系」低成本控制上市公司提供了可能，監管機制的不完善為「系」提供了操縱上市公司的空間，國有資產在調整過程中從部分競爭行業退出，為資本市場提供了一定數量的「殼」資源； [ 3 ]民營企業紛紛買「殼」上市，在這個過程中，部分實力突出的企業形成了「系」 ； [ 4 ] 「系」現象對進行行業整合、提高資本市場融資能力等方面起到了積極的作用； [ 5 ] 「系」通過對上市公司進行的操縱放大了金融風險，將上市公司的股東利益最大化變為大股東利益最大化，存在著侵害小股東利益的潛在傾向。 -
After demonstration we can get the main conclusions : there are notable positive relativity between audit fee and audtee ' s total assetses or subsidiaries, and auditor ' s scale ; while the audit opnion is not clean, audit fees are higher, but audit quality are n ' t increased that suggestes that independentance in chinese public audit market is negative. ; when auditors give special audit or consultations, they may demand more audit fees and their auditees may buy audit opinions ; there is pricing - cutting when cpa audit listed companies that need middle audit or special audit or consultations for the first time ; there is also a unprompted price bottom line in chinese public audit market, but audit quality is n ' t improved for it
通過實證，得出的結論主要有：我國證券市場的審計費用和客戶資產、經營規模、事務所規模顯著正相關；出具非標準無保留意見的審計報告，審計費用較高，但審計質量並沒有提高；提供專項審計或管理咨詢服務的事務所收取的審計費用顯著偏高，上市公司有利用這些服務收買審計意見的行為；在有中期審計和專項審計或管理咨詢的公司，注冊會計師初次審計存在一定的「削價」行為；上市公司獨立審計市場自發形成審計價格下限，但沒因此促成審計質量自發的提高。 -
At present, the dominant pricing theories both an home and abroad are capital assets pricing model ( capm ) and arbitrage pricing theory ( apt ) = the inference about these pricing theories is all from the perspective of the side of demand, which may give an impression of losing contact with reality
目前國內外居主流地位的定價理論是資本資產定價理論（ capm ）和套利定價理論（ apt ） 。這些定價理論的推導都是從需求方的角度考慮的，總使人有脫離實際之感，本文提出了從供給方和有效市場理論的角度去理解和運用該理論的思路。 -
Article 55 for pharmaceuticals controlled by the fixed and directive pricing system of the government, the competent authority of pricing of the government shall fix and adjust the price with reason in conformity with the principles for fixing prices as prescribed by the price law of the prc and according to the considerations of societal average costs, market supply and demand, and the level of societal tolerance to achieve accord between quality and price, to avoid excessive prices, and to safeguard the due interests of the users of the pharmaceuticals
第五十五條依法實行政府定價、政府指導價的藥品，政府價格主管部門應當依照《中華人民共和國價格法》規定的定價原則，依據社會平均成本、市場供求狀況和社會承受能力合理制定和調整價格，做到質價相符，消除虛高價格，保護用藥者的正當利益。 -
To regard market demand as driving force and optimize the business procedure of each link that enterprises distribute system : purchase management, allot management, sale management, provide and deliver management, stock control, customer management, settlement management, pricing system management, market analysis, etc., and make enterprises grasp all kinds of information and make the fast reaction to the change of market demand in time, thus promote the each sale nodal connection of enterprises and the distribution system. with the shortest supply route, the fastest reaction speed, the minimum cost, individualized products and service, and improve the customer s satisfaction
以市場需求為驅動力，優化企業分銷體系各個環節的業務流程：采購管理調撥管理同城異地銷售管理配送管理庫存管理客戶管理結算管理價格體系管理市場分析等等，使企業及時掌握各類信息並對市場需求的變化做出快速反應，從而增進企業與分銷體系各銷售節點的聯系，以最短的供應路線最快的反應速度最低的成本個性化的產品與服務，提高客戶的滿意度。 -
Under the assumptions that product demand is price - dependent and allowable shortage, the inventory and sale model is established by dynamic pricing approach, in which the time value of money and reservations may cancel advance orders is included, and the validity is verified by numerical examples
摘要在需求率是價格的函數，允許缺貨的條件下，採用動態價格策略，考慮允許顧客取消預訂和貨幣時間價值的影響，建立一個庫存銷售模型，並用數值實例驗證模型的有效性。 -
In order to get the result rational, the author introduced the theoretical basis, principles of the water pricing, and then laid special stress on analyzing the elasticity of demand and price of water for agriculture
為了使研究結果更加科學、合理，作者從理論的高度介紹了農業水價確定的依據、原則和方法，並進一步對我區農業用水需求價格彈性進行了研究和分析。 -
Third, on the condition that demand may fluctuate randomly, the paper studies the pricing methods to the information production, emphases studies methods of production determining and pricing upon condition that the demand function of the information production is linearly. considering the monopoly of the information production, this paper studies the problem of third - degree discrimination pricing in the scenario of no capability limit and in the scenario of capability planning respectively. in every scenario, we present decision methods of third - degree discrimination pricing for producing according to order form and for no ordering respectively
三、信息產品的市場需求函數可能發生隨機擾動，本文對在需求函數發生隨機擾動的情形下信息產品廠商如何進行定價進行了研究，並重點研究了信息產品需求函數具有線性結構時產量和價格的決策問題；同時考慮到信息產品的壟斷性，分析了當信息產品壟斷廠商擁有幾個相互隔離的子市場時，如何對其產品進行三度差別定價，具體的研究針對信息產品廠商在「沒有生產容量限制」和「要求生產容量設計」兩種情形下展開，在每一種情形下，又分「按訂單組織生產」和「沒有訂單可以利用」兩種情況分別進行研究，給出了信息產品三度差別定價決策的模型和求解。 -
Under linear demand and cost functions, we have reached the following main conclusions : ( 1 ) the capitalist selects his optimal location at the market with the smaller demand under the two pricing policies ; ( 2 ) total output under mill pricing is higher than that under uniform pricing ; ( 3 ) the dealer will prefer mill pricing, whereas the preference of the capitalist is indeterminate ; ( 4 ) the welfare level under mill pricing is definitely higher than that under uniform pricing ; ( 5 ) under uniform pricing, the optimal number affirms declines with an increase in the royalty ratio paid to the capitalist
在線性需求與成本函數的假設下，本文得到的結論是： （ 1 ）在此二訂價制度下，資本家均會將購物中心設立於需求較小之市場而有角隅解，但在運費外加的情況下，則可能得到中間解； （ 2 ）單一出廠訂價之產量高於單一運送訂價之產量； （ 3 ）廠商偏好採用單一出廠訂價，但資本家之偏好則未定； （ 4 ）單一出廠訂價之社會福利必定高於單一運送訂價之社會福利； （ 5 ）單一運送價格制度下最適廠商家數之多寡隨支付給資本家權利金之比率增加而減少。 -
A constraint considering the relation between marginal demand and velocity is formulated, which may benefit the road - pricing and traffic control
研究結果對道路定價和交通控制有一定的實用價值。 -
Furthermore, based on the approximately estimation of price elasticity of demand and operation cost by the methods of econometrics, it makes a reasonable scale ticket price scheme and pricing estimation system for chongqing light rail, which also giving a new pricing method for the similar projects in china
同時運用計量經濟學的方法對輕軌價格需求彈性系數和運營成本作了近似估計。在此基礎上，為重慶輕軌制定出一套可行合理的分段計程制票價方案和票價綜合評價體系，從而為國內同類項目的定價提出了一種新的思路和方法。 -
At the same times, in the research of discrimination pricing decision, we studies the two - degree and third - degree pricing discrimination decision of monopolist under common uncertain demand and two - phase pricing model
本文同時還對一般不確定條件下對廠商常採用二度價格歧視以及兩階段定價模型基礎上對三度價格歧視作了進一步的研究，針對對三度價格歧視給出了應用實例。 -
However, on key commodities such as copper, zinc, nickel, steel, iron ore, lead and aluminum, as china is already the single largest important contributor to demand and demand growth, its continued strong gdp growth at over 10 % in 2008 should remain highly supportive of their pricing outlook
然而，對銅、鋅、鎳、鋼鐵、鐵礦、鉛和鋁等商品，由於中國已經是需求和需求增長的最大的單個國家，其2008年持續的、強勁的、超過10 %的gdp增長將有力支撐這些商品的價格前景。 -
Under the government pricing stage, the enterprises mainly took the strategy of output decision - making, and the market equilibrium was produced under the interaction of market demand and the output decided by enterprise
完全政府定價階段的企業行為特徵:企業主要以產量決策作為影響企業績效的手段，市場的均衡產生於在價格體系下的市場需求與企業決策的產量間的 -
At first, this paper builds n model of quality - contingent pricing under price - sensitive demand and analyzes the existence of the optimal solution
本文首先構建了時間敏感需求下的供應鏈企業交貨期相關定價模型，並對模型的最優性進行了分析。 -
Based on the target of profit maximization, a quantitative method to optimal product pricing is presented theoretically by supply and demand and marginal analysis
以企業追求利潤最大化為目標，從市場供求關系和邊際分析出發，用定量的方法對企業產品最優定價問題進行理論探討。 -
With brisk local consumer demand and vibrant inbound tourism, 2004 has seen a progressive return of local retailers pricing power
在強勁的本地消費需求和蓬勃的訪港旅遊業帶動下，本地零售商逐步恢復定價能力。 -
The course incorporates considerations of financing, pricing, institutional structure, consumer demand, and community participation in the planning process
本課程將把規劃過程中融資，定價，制度構成，消費者要求和公眾參與納入一體化考慮。 -
All existing theoretical literatures and empirical studies find that unrestricted shares trade at premium prices compared to restricted shares. the arguments and factors in explaining the phenomenon include the equilibrium pricing, investment barriers, differential demand and so on
國外許多學者對這個問題都進行了理論和實證兩方面的研究，發現允許國外投資者持有的股票價格通常高於只允許國內投資者持有的股票價格，並從資產均衡定價、市場分割壁壘和公司行為等多個角度進行了解釋。
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