elements of costs 中文意思是什麼
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The planning and programming of the shipping routes, which is the basic elements of the large - scale production and interconnected management, is the key points to develop the service and reduce costs
實踐證明，作為集裝箱運輸規模化、網路化經營最重要的基礎性工作，核心班輪的班期規劃與設計的好壞，對于能否有效提升服務質量和降低經營成本至關重要。 -
By contrast, labor costs, quality of life, and overall cost topped the list of the most satisfactory elements of the business environment
相比之下，人工成本、生活質素和總體營業成本列為最令人滿意的營業環境因素。 -
Economies of scale and scope, sunk costs, barriers to entry and unbundled network elements
（經濟規模，沉沒成本，進入障礙以及非綁定網路元素. ） -
Focusing on the shortcomings of emission trading study in china, the authors analyze the gaming practice of decision making process of enterprises, to extend the studies on emission trading via micro behavior analysis. the paper identifies that transaction cost, definition and allocation of initial emission rights, differential of marginal abatement costs, numbers of enterprises involving emission trading scheme are the key elements and factors that influencing the decisions and behaviors of enterprises in china
針對目前中國排污權交易研究中存在的盲點，通過對企業決策的博弈分析，嘗試從微觀行為分析的角度擴展對排污權交易理論的研究，具體討論了排污權交易市場下影響企業決策與行為的主要影響因素，認為交易成本污染排放權利的界定與分配邊際減排成本差異排污權交易市場中參與企業的數量等是影響中國排污權交易制度能否有效實施的關鍵因素。 -
Costs of production embrace all those elements in the product manufacture, including labor, raw materials, component parts salaries, heating, lighting, general maintenance of the factory building and plant and other ancillary cost which could be directly allocated of the product
生產成本包含產品生產過程中所涉及的各種費用，包括勞務、原材料、零部件、新水、暖氣、照明、廠房、維修等費用，同時包括其他與產品直接相關的附屬費用，如倉儲、工廠間轉運和組裝費用。 -
40 years later, daqing oilfield must face against new situation. since 1998, costs of oil exploitation have gong up and profits have droped. daqing oilfield, expecting to strengthen scientific management, should improve it ' s competence of technologic innovation. there are 6 elements form competence of technologic innovation. but the most important is competence of innovation management. so we set down the strategy of innovation to improve the competence of technologic innovation. by improvement of competence of technologic innovation of daqing oilfield, the whole enterprise can grasp new chance and change threaten into advantage
技術創新能力有六大構成要素，針對大慶油田我們強調創新管理能力的重要性。為此，我們以提高油田企業創新管理能力為手段，最終提高企業技術創新能力為目的，在分析油田企業技術創新現狀的基礎上，對油田企業的技術創新能力應用二次相對評價法進行了測評，制定了油田企業技術創新戰略，確立了企業的創新機制。
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