external economics 中文意思是什麼

Chapter two explain not only the economics and technologic level of wuhan and shenzhen but also the reasons for the technologic level of wuhan are higher than shenzhen but the economics level of wuhan are lower than shenzhen. chapter three analyze the internal and external factors of the economic development of wuhan and shenzhen. on the basis of above three chapters, the last chapter gives out some suggestion on explicating circumstantially the strategy of the economic development of wuhan and those problems in the course of establishing the method of the economic development of wuhan which should be pay attention to and should be avoided

第一章除論述經濟發展及其模式的概念、類型、應分清的三組概念外，還探討了我國的三種區域經濟發展模式；武漢與深圳在經濟發展水平和科技實力兩方面各有所長，第二章對武漢與深圳經濟、科技進行了比較，並詳盡闡述了武漢科技實力強于深圳但在經濟上卻落後深圳的原因；第三章就經濟發展模式的內在和外在因素，對武漢與深圳經濟發展進行比較分析；聯系前面三章內容，最後一章主要探討武漢發展的優勢、劣勢和原因，詳盡闡述了構築武漢經濟發展模式的策略和在構建武漢經濟發展模式中應避免和注意的問題。

Firstly, by an in - depth study on chinese commercial banking and their foreign counterparts, this paper points out the great differences of intermediate business innovation between chinese and western commercial banks regarding innovation products variety, scale, technology, etc. secondly, comparing the institution regarding intermediate business innovation and microeconomic - body behavior of chinese commercial banking with foreign ones within an analysis framework from the perspective of institutional economics and game theories, this paper shows that a number of reasons account for the emerging of intermediate business innovation, including external economic environments as well as internal factors within the financial system and technology, among which the institutional factors within the financial system being the most important. at the same time, by comparison with western developed countries " counterparts, the innovation of chinese banking institution lags far behind the development of banking business in main aspects of property rights, managerial system, compensation arrangement and organization system. thus, the backward innovation of banking institutions and twisting microeconomic - body behavior seriously strict intermediate business innovation

本文首先通過對中外商業銀行進行較為深入的調查研究指出，與西方發達國家商業銀行相比，我國商業銀行中間業務創新無論是在業務創新品種、規模上還是在技術手段上，都存在著巨大差距；其次，運用制度學分析和博弈分析框架將中外商業銀行中間業務創新制度及微觀主體行為進行比較得出：商業銀行中間業務創新產生的原因有多種，如外部經濟環境因素、金融體系內部因素和技術因素等，其中最根本的是金融體系內部的制度性因素；與西方發達國家商業銀行制度相比，我國銀行制度創新遠遠落後于銀行業務的發展，主要表現在產權制度、經營制度、分配製度和組織制度等方面；銀行制度創新的滯后及其微觀主體行為的扭曲嚴重製約著中間業務創新，尤其是我國銀行產權關系不明晰，在國有獨資產權框架下政府? ?行長及上級行長? ?下級行長兩種委託代理行為帶來了嚴重的問題，導致了我國銀行中間業務創新動力不足。

Coulson, n. edward, and robin m. leichenko. " the internal and external impact of historical designation on property values. " journal of real estate finance and economics 23, no. 1 ( 2001 ) : 113 - 24

鄰居外部效應內部化：分區大小和分區制對住宅地段價格的影響《城市經濟學期刊》 2000年第48卷，第3冊： 397 - 419 。

To the first question, after the logical analysis of society public goods demand and supply, state function and the publicly consigned responsibility of the government, the agent - principal relationships in government structure and the target of agency, the function of government economics in the developing process of market economics is clarified ; further analyzing in the endogenetic inevitability of supervision in government economics is made on common economic agency in corporate, the agency character of public economics, public agency in government economics and the " dual - agency " in state - owned property rights ; in the aspect of property rights, the point of interiorization of external supervision of soes is made ; in the aspect of economics, the " public benefits " and output - and - input of government supervision are analyzed

對前一問題，分別從社會公共需要與公共品供給、國家職能與政府的公共受託責任、政府組織中的委託代理關系及其代理問題的邏輯分析中，闡明了政府經濟在市場經濟發展過程的作用；從一般意義的企業經濟代理、公有經濟的代理特徵、政府經濟的行政代理、以及國有產權的「雙重代理」問題等不同側面分析了實施政府經濟監督的內生必然性；並從產權角度提出了國企外部監督的內部化機制，從經濟學角度分析了政府監督的「公共利益」以及監督的成本與收益等問題。

Since china has been a member of wto, the external extent of economic will increase, and the pegged exchange rate will not adapt on the development of economics. so presently china should take some steps on exiting this pegged exchange rate regime

中國加入wto組織后，對外開放程度將會逐步提高，釘住制將越來越難以適應經濟的發展，因此，我國目前應當做好退出準備，逐步對現行匯率制度進行調整。

Even the low - efficiency in state - owned enterprises ( soes ) has been known to all, the existence of government economics still has its external cause, the soes will still exist and develop in a long and maybe unending period of time

即使國有企業存在「公認」的低效率問題，政府經濟也並沒有因此而喪失存在的客觀基礎，國有企業過去存在，現在存在，將來也會存在。

Tendency of policy concerning the adjusting the current unbalance of external economics of our country

我國外部經濟失衡調節的政策趨向

Secondly, it stressed on the connotation of water resources value, pointed out that water resources has the economic value, social value, ecological value and scenic value, and further stressed the importance of ecological value, after finishing the comparion study of the theories of resource pricing between the marxism and the modern economics. thirdly, having finished the study of the polluted water soure, polluted water control and its external effect, it listed a concrete method for the calculating externality

然後，在馬克思主義資源價格理論與西方經濟學資源價格理論的比較研究基礎之上，著重討論了水資源價值的內涵，指出水資源具有經濟價值、社會價值、生態價值和景觀價值，強調生態價值的重要性；水資源價格應反映資源的社會成本，並詳細論述了使用者成本概念及在水價中的意義。

The whole dissertation can be divided into 9 chapters, which are mainly engaged on the comparative theories of the common balance and the partial balance, and the methodology of the demonstration and criterion economics to do the analysis and res earch on the purpose of making relatively thorough and deep assessment on the policy - making and related improvement suggestions on such areas as the implement performance of the agriculture policies, the requirement structure of agriculture, the structure of employment, the basic elements and arrangement of agriculture production, the sustainable development of agriculture and the agriculture internationalization etc. the basic innovative points of the dissertation are as follows : ( 1 ) to establish a systematic framework for the research on the policies of agriculture industry and the structure of agriculture industry ; the framework for grand agriculture industry structure ; the framework of subject relationship in the agriculture socialized service system ; the circulation framework of sustainable development for agriculture ; the model framework for corporation development for agriculture institution ; ( 2 ) to expand the external scope of the concept of agriculture ; ( 3 ) to put forward the ideas of the corporation orientation by restructuring and innovating the present agriculture operational institution ; ( 4 ) to raise the viewpoints to set up the quality standard system for agriculture produce and to initiate the same system of the internal and external trade ; ( 5 ) to offer the suggestions on guiding the development of the township and private enterprises through the industry policies ; ( 6 ) to raise the innovative viewpoint by way of the systematic analysis on agriculture and the employment structure of the countryside, the district arrangement, technological innovation and the marketing system of agriculture produce ; ( 7 ) to put forward the comprehensive thinking way to broaden the logistics services for agriculture produce ; ( 8 ) to raise the new idea of the agriculture supporting system and the policy suggestions on expanding the areas for the government to support agriculture industry, reorganization of agriculture insurance system and aid to the weak masses of the countryside

本課題是在國家農業產業政策不斷完善和產業經濟學科科學發展的背景下，從農業產業政策的實踐出發，從大農業產業結構、組織、技術、資金、勞動力、土地等資源配置以及區域布局、國內外關聯等角度，以農業產業政策與農業發展的互動關系為切入點，提出了農業產業政策調整取向，初步形成和發展了政策理論。全文共分9章，主要運用一般均衡和局部均衡比較等理論，實證、規范經濟學研究等方法進行探討，對農業產業政策實施績效、農村需求結構、就業結構、農業生產要素和布局、農業可持續發展、農業國際化等命題以及對策建議作了比較全面深入的評析。本課題研究主要有以下創新觀點：初步搭建了農業產業政策和結構理論框架，設計了政策和結構體系圖；延伸了「農業」概念外延，提出了「大農業」的構想；提出了農業產業經營組織再造和創新的公司化發展方向，設置了農業產業化、公司化發展模式圖和產業化公司模型圖；設計了農業可持續發展良性循環圖和農業資金投入效益模型圖；提出了建立農產品質量標準體系、推行內外貿一體制的觀點；建立了農業保障體系參照圖，建議通過產業政策引導鄉鎮、私營企業和「三資」企業發展；剖析農村勞動力就業結構、區域布局、科技創新、農產品市場體系；提出了加大農產品物流配送的整體思路；提出了農業支撐體系新觀念及擴大政府支農范圍、重構農業保險體系、扶持弱勢群體的政策建議。

The internal environment of the group is evaluated by using internal factor evaluation matrix, it is considered that the group has many advantages such as powerful design ability, abundant land reserves, economics of scale etc. and many disadvantages such as limited capital, lack of professional, infirm cost control ability etc. in the thesis, the orientation of scale, grade and area, target market and target client for real estate business of the group is determined on the basis of internal and external environment analyses. swot analyzing model is constructed and quantitative strategic planning matrix is used to analyze and choose the competition strategy which modern group co. may adopted. finally, the competition strategy combination of taking differential strategy as main strategy and target concentrated strategy as auxiliary strategy is determined for real estate business of the group

再次，分析了當代集團在房地產領域發展具備的基本條件，運用內部要素評價（ ife ）矩陣對當代集團的內部環境進行綜合評價，認為當代集團擁有設計能力強、土地儲備豐富、實現了規模經濟等優勢，同時也存在資金實力有限、專業人才不足、成本控制能力不強等劣勢，論文在內外部環境分析的基礎上，對當代集團的房地產業務規模、檔次與區域，目標市場及目標客戶群進行了定位分析，構建了當代集團房地產業務的swot分析模型，運用定量規劃評價矩陣（ qspm ）對當代集團房地產競爭戰略進行了選擇分析，確定以差異化戰略為主、重點集中戰略為輔的競爭戰略組合。

Starting with the traditional theory of biologic symbiosis and industry economics, taking the fundamental principles of industrial economics, ecological economics, western economics and game theory, and on the basis of the present situation of the high - tech industrial clusters of each country all over the world, this paper researches into the deep economic roots of industrial symbiosis, mainly analyzes the special mechanism of innovation from the high - tech industrial symbiotic units, and it takes the example of the symbiotic relationship between multinational corporations and domestic hi - tech enterprises, anatomizes different internal and external symbiotic relations of high - tech industry. in addition to all above mentioned, this essay aims to offer gist of the routes choosing of the high - tech industry based on symbiotic theory, and brings forward a series of improving measures to create an better symbiotic environment for high - tech industry

本文從生物共生理論與傳統產業經濟理論入手，在前人研究的一些有關共生經濟的基本概念和原理的基礎上，通過產業經濟學、生態經濟學、西方經濟學、博弈論等基本理論工具，探究了產業共生現象的深刻經濟根源，重點分析了產業共生體所帶來的特有的創新優勢的機理機制，並以跨國公司與我國高技術企業之間的共生關系為典型案例，剖析了高技術產業不同層次上的共生關系，從高技術本身的共生性，到高技術企業內部的各主體，以及同一產業鏈條上的不同的企業之間和高技術產業與其他產業之間的各種共生關系都是文章所要探討的重點。

The conception of financial ecology provides a new research method for finance - the essential motivity of economics. it emphasizes the system view of financial field and the unfinancial field concerned as whole and the financial risk concerned with the financial external surroundings. the financial field is faced with complete opening from china affiliated to wto, and it takes rigorous test to our financial ecology

在本文的研究中，運用了系統論、信息論的觀點和拓撲學的方法，通過構建金融生態中信息的響應函數和資源配置的結果函數，建立從金融生態的系統空間到信息空間，再到資源配置空間的映射，分析金融生態中的信息集中和信息分散的過程，從宏觀的運行機制上研究金融生態的信息效率問題。

With comparing those models, the paper says credit risk + is more fit for big commercial banks in our country, and then, with this model, the paper gives a analyses about a bank ’ s credit risk. at last, the paper draws the conclusion of this dissertation and points out we would set up our management system of credit risk from a few aspects : looking for the real reason that causes credit risk by methods of game theory and information economics, comprehensively enhancing the level of china ’ s commercial banks measurement and management for credit risk, strengthening external financial supervision for financial institutes etc.

在這部分，本文首先介紹了當今國際上比較流行的幾種信用風險量化研究方法並對其進行了優劣比較，主要包括期權推理法、信用度量製法、信用風險附加法等;接著，研究了幾種方法對我國商業銀行信用風險量化管理的適用性，得出信用風險附加法相對于其他幾種方法而言，更適合我國規模比較大的銀行，並以該方法為例，進行了國有商業銀行信用風險量化管理的實證研究。

The thesis base on article of contemporary the viewpoint of enterprise " s strategy management theory, taking chen du oils & grains industrial ltd. as background, applying basic theory and elementary knowledge of economics. administration. managerial economics, human resources management supervision, market sales, financial regulation and so on scientific discipline. the thesis analyzing thoroughly the trade position this enterprise ranked, the organization framework, staff diathesis, installation and technical resource, product quality and market circumstances, economic state, competitive superiority and inferiority, opportunity and threaten, position as well as the confronted external environment, proceeding from the viewpoin of enterprise ' s strategy mangement theory, the thesis according to aforementioned base puts forward the development strategy conceivement of the said company in the following five years. the whole thesis takes enterprise ' s strategy management theory into consideration as well as the practice. it strives to combine theory with practice

本篇論文在綜述當代戰略研究理論的基礎上，以成都糧油工業有限公司的實際發展現狀為背景，以企業戰略管理、管理經濟學、組織行為學、管理學、人力資源管理、市場營銷、財務管理等學科的理論為指導，對公司的組織結構，人員素質結構、財務狀況、設備資源和技術資源、市場狀況、產品銷售網路、市場產品品牌、競爭優勢和劣勢及面臨機會和威脅等作了全面分析分析，在此基礎上，探索性地構架了成都糧油工業有限公司在未來五年的企業發展戰略，並提出了相應的發展策略與對策建議。

However, since the midst of 1960 ' s, with changing of internal and external operation background and social law surroundings, and economics life depending on audit opinion expending, accounting companies and auditors are running into proceeding case, which lead them into suffer inserious even destructive impout. audit risk exists anytime, anyplace, even intense. but, audit risk canlbe controlled

然而， 20世紀60年代中期以來，隨著被審單位內外部經營背景和社會法律環境的變化，以及經濟生活對審計意見依賴程度的擴大，會計公司和審計人員不斷陷入訴訟案件中，受到沉重的甚至是毀滅性的打擊。

In the second part, combined practice with the theories of mba courses, especially the theories of strategic management, managerial economics and financial management, the author gives her opinion on the rationality and financial benefit of strategic change in guangzhou dredging company. and then the author points out its present problem, deduces the core business development strategy of dredging according to external conditions research, industry and competitive analysis, company resource evaluation. finally, the author puts forward suggestions for operating

案例分析綜合運用所學的mba課程知識，尤其是戰略管理、管理經濟學、財務管理等理論，結合自身的實踐，對廣州航道局戰略變革的合理性及財務成效進行評析，指出存在的問題，並通過外部環境分析、產業態勢研究、企業內部資源評估等方法導出廣州航道局疏浚核心業務的發展戰略，最後對廣州航道局的運作策略提出相應的建議。

Chapter ii introduces executive stock option system, and analyzes its causes and effects ; chapter iii explain executive stock option system from the perspective of economics and explore the theoretical basis which executive stock option system existence in ; chapter iv discusses how to design executive stock option system, including the inherent elements of the design and construction of the external environment ; chapter v applies the average price stock option and “ certainty equivalent value ” in executive stock option system. chapter vi discusses executive stock option system in our country ’ s enterprise applications, analyzes the necessity our country ’ s enterprise to use executive stock option system and the problem exists in implementation, proposes from the second board to impel executive stock option system construction

本論文第二章是經理股票期權制度的概述，介紹經理股票期權的發展狀況，並分析其成因和效應;第三章從經濟學的角度來解釋經理股票期權制度，從理論的高度來探討經理股票期權制度存在的理論基礎;第四章對經理股票期權的制度設計提出建議，包括內在構成要素的設計和外部環境的建設;第五章主要將平均價格期權和「確定性等值法」應用於經理股票期權;第六章是經理股票期權制度在我國企業中的應用，分析我國企業採用股權激勵機制的必要性和實施中存在的問題，提出了從創業板企業入手，推動我國經理股票期權制度建設的思路。

Marshall is the first economist who studied industrial cluster, he calls particular districts that the professional industry to get together " industrial districts " in his book " the economics principle ", and analyses the functions of cluster from the point of view of the external economic

本文結合上述理論與實踐，運用「自組織」理論，分析產業集群化過程中的自組織情形和被組織情形以及產業集群發展的不同模式。

This paper illustrates the definitions, characteristics and functions of old age insurance and old age insurance fund, analyses the present situation and causes of old age insurance fund deficits, and discusses the countermeasures to solve the problem with the basic theories of subjects as management, sociology and economics. in fact, the deficits of old age insurance fund have internal cause and external cause

本文運用管理學、社會學、經濟學等學科知識，採取規范分析與實證分析相結合的方法，闡述了養老保險、養老保險基金的涵義、特點、作用，列舉了我國養老保險基金收不抵支的現狀，分析了我國養老保險基金出現赤字的原因，並提出了解決我國養老保險基金赤字的若干對策。

With utilizing relative basic theory about allocation and industrial economics, employing statistics & investigation data and analyzing actual external environmental situation of zhangjiang high - tech park, the paper indicates that optimistically, zhangjiang allocates in a macroscopic high - speed developed environment, shanghai ; and it occupies great advantage of pudong development, and moreover, it possesses abundant field resources. however, it also have to face up the inferior position in background service establishment, intelligence resources, etc.

在此基礎上，運用區位論的基本理論及產業經濟學相關理論，結合統計和調查資料，分析張江高科技園區的區位環境狀況，指出張江區位環境在宏觀上有上海這樣高速發展的大環境，中觀上占盡浦東開發開放的先機，微觀上有土地資源豐富等優勢，劣勢表現為配套服務設施不完善，智力資源缺乏等。