law of causality 中文意思是什麼
law of causality
解釋
因果律-
From the point of the roles of both the active and negative aspects of the objective rational, this article adopts the theory of law positivism and the method of law economy analysis to discuss the roles and limitation of the meaning of the intention components of causality and the ultimate aim of the objective rational, and the internal economy principles or rules of the shipping economy and trade deduced from the shipping facts and the benthamism, the most avail of the most majority nations, the maximum of the whole avail of both the ship interests and the cargo interests, and the protection and promotion of the development of the shipping economy in the legislation area of the basis of liability of the carriers
摘要從目的理性在消極方面和積極方面作用角度出發，運用法律實證主義理論和法律經濟分析方法，論述了因果方面的目的成分的意義、目的理性的終極目的，以及從航運事實和功利主義所引出的航運經濟與貿易內在經濟法則或規律，最大多數國家的最大效用、船貨雙方整體效用最大化與促進保護航運經濟發展，在承運人責任基礎立法領域中的作用與局限性。 -
On the judgment standards of causality in civil law system
論大陸法系中的因果關系判斷標準 -
In a long time, the controversy between the inevitability of criminal law causality and chanciness of criminal law causality have monopolized the words right of china ' s criminal law theory of causation. but the dispute is not beneficial to the criminal causation problems. therefore, it is urgent to find a new starting point and establish a new judging - mode
因果關系的必然性與偶然性之爭，在相當長的時間內壟斷了我國刑法因果關系理論的話語權，但卻無益於刑法因果關系問題的有效解決，並同刑事訴訟中因果關系的認定過程脫節，缺乏實際的指導作用，因此亟需尋找新的切入點並建立新的判斷標準。 -
In this part, the writer introduces the inevitability causality theory, chanciness causality theory and some new views of current scholars. in the writer ’ s view, the controversy between the inevitability of criminal law causality and chanciness of criminal law causality will not beneficial to the criminal causation problems
該部分介紹了我國的必然因果關系說、必然偶然因果關系說以及當前學者們的一些新觀點，認為因果關系的必然性與偶然性之爭無益於刑法因果關系的認定，亟待尋找新的視角。 -
The theory of indispensable condition can be the basis for the establishment of the causality in terms of causation in fact. meanwhile, the correspondence of causal relationship theory can be regarded as a principle for determining the causality both in terms of the scope of liability and the causation in law
為完善我國現代法治制度，我們應借鑒國外「二分法」理論，以「必要條件說」確立責任成立的因果關系或事實上的因果關系，以相當因果關系說等確立責任范圍的因果關系或法律上的因果關系。 -
Namely, the scholars in continental law system countries hold the two levels of causality : that is, causality at the level of establishment of tort liability and the level of scope of tort liability. regarding the liabilities determine, determine at the tow levels is adopted as well. because of the unique jury system, the liabilities determine in the anglo - american law system countries consists of two, namely, the determine of causality in terms of causation in fact and that of causation in iaw the dichotomy of causality in the law of tort not only specifies the tort liability but also limits the scope of the liability
因果關系是侵權行為責任成立的必備要件，國外因果關系理論的「二分法」 ，即大陸法系國家學者將因果關系分為責任成立上的因果關系和責任范圍上的因果關系兩個層次結構，在責任認定上也採用了責任成立的因果關系的認定和責任范圍的因果關系的認定；英美法系根據其特有的陪審員制度，在因果關系的認定上分事實上因果關系的認定和法律上因果關系的認定。 -
Instigation has only independence but not dependence from the following angles : revised constitution of crime can directly be utilized to convict ; instigation has serious harmfulness, violates the social relations protected by criminal law and deserves conviction and penalty itself ; to ponder over the circumstances of instigatee during conviction does not indicate the dependence of instigation ; there is causality between instigation and the harmful consequences brought by the crime committed by the instigatee ; literate dependence is not equal to the dependence of instigation ; insisting on the independence of instigation will not lead to convicting by thought ; to recognize the independence of instigation is required by the principle of personal responsibility ; it is a worldwide tendency to accept the independence of instigation in legislation
從下列八個方面可以得出教唆犯只應具有獨立性，而不具有從屬性：修正的犯罪構成可直接作為定罪的根據；教唆犯罪具有嚴重的社會危害性，本身就侵犯了刑法所保護的社會關系，具有犯罪性和可罰性；教唆犯的定罪、處罰要考慮到被教唆人的情況，但這並不是教唆犯從屬性的體現；教唆行為對被教唆人實施的犯罪所造成的危害結果具有原因力；文理上的從屬性並不能證明教唆犯具有從屬性；教唆犯獨立性說並不是主觀歸罪；堅持教唆犯獨立性說是貫徹刑法個人責任的要求；教唆犯獨立性說是各國立法的趨勢。 -
In this part, firstly, the writer expounds the double layers mode - the cause in fact and the cause in law and the theories of the causalities ; secondly, the writer analyses the legislation of mpc of u. s. a, and points out the legislation of the double layers cause and the regulations of the causality from objective side, the limitation from the subjective side have scientific value, which theoretical research on the criminal law causality in our country can use for reference
該部分首先介紹了英美法系因果關系研究的雙層模式? ?事實和法律原因和英美法系因果關系的學說；其次，對美國《模範刑法典》因果關系立法予以分析，指出其雙層次原因的立法以及從客觀面對因果關系的規定、從主觀面對因果關系限定很有科學性，對我國刑法因果關系的理論研究與立法具有借鑒意義。 -
In this part, the following problem is discussed : the difference in the theory of the criminal causality ; the difficult point that should be overcome in theory, namely, the distinction between existence and value in civil law, the distinction between the cause in fact and the cause in common law and the distinction between the philosophy and the criminal law in russia and china ; the philosophical foundation of the study on causality, namely, rationalism philosophy of civil law, empiricism philosophy of common law and marxist philosophy in russia and china
『該部分論述了下列問題:刑法因果關系理論上的不同點:理論上應克服的難點，即大陸法系的存在論和價值論的二元區分、英美法系事實原因和法律原因的二元區分、俄羅斯和我國的哲學因果關系和刑法學因果關系的二元區分;因果關系研究的哲學根基?大陸法系的理性主義哲學、英美法系的經驗主義哲學、俄羅斯和我國的馬克思主義哲學。 -
The author hopes it benefit chinese temporary law construction and play a new role in the chinese law construction. firstly, the author studies the principal content and legal basis of the victim protection system of tang dynasty, and argues that the basis mainly embodies on the supporting of ethic principle 、 causality and the flaw of legal appraisal ; secondly, the author studies the practice of the victim protection system of tang dynasty on the cases of tang dynasty ; lastly, the author studies the evaluation of the victim protection system of tang dynasty
主要從唐代保辜制度體現了儒家「德禮之治」的思想、唐代保辜制度體現了唐代立法者對刑事科學孜孜不倦的追求、唐代保辜制度體現了唐代立法化解社會矛盾的高超技巧、唐代保辜制度蘊涵著刑法謙抑思想不自覺的萌芽、唐代保辜制度的不合理成分以及唐代保辜制度的啟示六個方面，力圖對唐代保辜制度作出恰切中肯的評價。 -
Then this article discuss its four composing elements ( a violation of law, mistake, causality, fact of damage ). fourthly, the author points out that subject of civil liability includes four kinds of people : distributor and sponsor, director and supervisors taking responsibility in listed company, stock company and intermediary firm producing false evidence material
再次，民事責任的責任主體包括四類：發行人與發起人、上市公司負有責任的董事、監事和經理、證券承銷商及其負有責任的董事、監事和經理以及出具虛假證明文件的中介機構。 -
Then it asserts that the objective standard of trademark infringement may include : illegal activities, damages and causality between illegal activities and damages, by drawing lessons from international treaties and foreign laws, then basing on the rules of " imminent infringement " of the new trademark law, and combining it with the characteristics of intellectual property rights at the same time. while whether the subjective standard needs fault needs to be contingent upon different forms of trademark infringement
接著通過借鑒國際條約、國外法律，並依據新《商標法》上關于「即發侵權」的規定，同時結合知識產權領域侵權的特點，主張在認定商標侵權行為時，客觀方面需要具備違法行為、損害以及違法行為和損害之間的因果關系三個要件；主觀方面是否需要具備過錯，則需要依不同的商標侵權行為形式而定。 -
Part iii, the criminal causality in the countries of common law
第三部分，英美法系國家刑法因果關系。 -
After studying the traditional views and research status in our country and relevant theories in common law system and the continental law system, this paper not only systematically expatiate related issues about the criminal law causality, but also use condition - theory of the continental law system for reference and construct a unified criminal causation judging - mode, with a view to judicial benefit
本著理論研究服務于實踐的原則，本文在剖析我國傳統觀點及研究現狀、兩大法系相關理論的基礎上，系統闡述了刑法因果關系相關問題，借鑒大陸法系的條件說並對之進行一定修正，試圖建構一個統一的刑法因果關系判斷模式，以期對司法有所裨益。
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