observed ratio 中文意思是什麼

Recombination gene was cut - down and introduced into the nuclei of oocytes or the cytoplasm of goldfish at one - cell stage via microinjection. the results as follows : ( 1 ) fluorescence was observed from embryo under suitable uv light after microinjection 36 hours. the fluorescent ratio of gastrula embryo period was up to 25 %

採用顯微注射法將這種重組基因轉化1細胞期的金魚受精卵，實驗結果如下： （ 1 ）顯微注射后，根據胚胎發育分期，胚胎在顯微注射后36小時開始能在紫外燈下觀察到熒光，原腸期發熒光的胚胎比例為25 ，後期發育熒光率逐漸下降，肌肉效應期后又相對穩定。

It revealed that these two transformants were heterozygote, and the foreign gene inserted just to on locus in the plant genome. as the observed ratio of progeny of two transformants which on selfing was 3 : 1, it was proved to be heterozygote for two transformants

其中2棵抗性株自交後代的遺傳分析表明，真空滲入法所得的轉化株為雜合體，且其分離比符合3 ： 1的單基因分離規律。

The histologic lesions were characterized by the remarkable atrophy of intestinal villi, basal vacuolation of enterocytes, increment of the crypt and the villus - to - crypt ratio had significantly decrease. compared with that of noninoculated control chicks. besides. intestinal villi become thin and flat. or cubic, also accompanied with necrosis. many villous enterocytes were detached from the lamina propria and the lamina propria contained a diffuse infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages. the characteristic ultrastructural changes observed by electronmicroscope were swelled mitochondria and dilated endo - plasticreticulum. ribosome on the surface of endo - plasticreticulum fall off and the number of ribosome within the cell decrease

動物回歸試驗中接種兩周齡spf雞， 24h后陸續發病，表現為持續性水樣腹瀉；剖檢可見病雞脫水、小腸內有大量的液體和氣泡、腸粘膜變薄；組織學變化為腸絨毛上皮壞死、脫落，絨毛平均長度減少而隱窩深度增加，固有層中淋巴細胞浸潤。其臨床癥狀及病理組織學變化與自然發病相同。

In some cases the observed segregation ratios even allowed us to clearly determine that m. xiaojinesis is a autotetraploid plants, at least is a isosyndetic allotetraploid. these were the cases of 32 m. xiaojinesis - specific markers and 50 markers present in both parents, which fit 5 : 1 and 11 : 1 ratio respectively. since these cases happened were owing to m. xiaojinesis ' s duplex loci

50個雙親共有標記和32個小金海棠特有標記分別適合11 ： 1和5 ： 1的分離系數，由這兩個系數可以推測，小金海棠可能是同源四倍體，至少是同源異源四倍體，因這兩個系數都表明其產生是源於小金海棠的雙式位點。

There was no difference in other biologic characteristic of mscs between the two separation method, such as cell anchorage ratio and clone formation ratio. ( 2 ) plga film presented uniformity frame with no protuberance and fissure under scanning electron microscopy ( sem ). big aperture with smooth wall and average 400 m i n size running - through each other was observed in porous plga substrate, around the big aperture there were many round micropores about 5 m size. all of the structure were equal and uniform, which satisfied the further research work. ( 3 ) mscs adhesion at earlier time was promoted by biotiegenrafter 3h, cell number was ( 1. 5 0. 18 ) 105 in the plga film coated with biotiegen group, which was significantly higher than that in plga film group ( p < 0. 01 ) and higher than that in coverslip group ( p < 0. 05 ), which cell number was ( 1. 04 0. 21 ) 105. after 6h and 12h biotiegen could not promote cell adhesion, and cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase ( alp ) activity were not promoted dramatically during 9 days. ( 4 ) cell adhesion was promoted by fibronectin or collagen type i

G ） i型膠原、纖維粘連蛋白促進細胞增殖，細胞接種后3 、 6 、 gd三個檢測時間點，實驗組細胞均明顯高於對照組。與1型膠原相比，纖維粘連蛋白刺激作用更強。 ） i型膠原、纖維粘連蛋白尚能誘導mscs細胞向成骨細胞分化，不僅表達成骨細胞標志物ocn 、 alp 、 opnmrna ，而且堿性磷酸酶活性明顯增高，堿性磷酸酶及鈣結節7第四軍醫大學博士學位論文一染色均強陽性， i型膠原組mscs細胞堿性磷酸酶活性較fn組更高，有顯著性差異；同時，兔疫組化染色表明，經纖維粘連蛋白作用的mscs1型膠原表達陽性。

The main contents and important results of this paper are as following : strong blue cooperative up - conversion luminescence is observed in various host materials single doped yb3 + ions with naked eyes at room temperature under 980nm excitation. moreover there exist rich emission lines and peculiar ratio of luminescence intensity in all samples. intense green and blue up - converted luminescence is observed in yb3 + - ho3 + co - doped pbf2 - znf2 based materials with 930 nm diode light excitation at room temperature

其主要內容與得到的結論如下： （ 1 ） yb ~ （ 3 + ）單摻雜不同基質材料組成的氟氧化物在980nm激光激發下發射出明亮的yb ~ （ 3 + ）離子的合作上轉換藍色熒光，同時這些樣品具有極為豐富的熒光發射，有著特別的色比關系。

Thus, 21mj of single pulse energy has been obtained. in the case of 10 % reflectivity, less than 3. 7ns with 8. 6 : 1 pulse - compression ratio has been observed

應用200 m光纖獲得了21mj的四通放大輸出能量並在能量反射率10的情況下獲得了高達8 . 6倍的脈沖壓縮比。

This text completely and systematically studies the status and the development of the pyrolysis and the fluidization of biomass, which distill the bio - oil in the domestic and international area, as well as the existing problems. this thesis primarily include following aspects : ( l ), by experimenting and measuring the energy ( heat value ) and the content of c, h, n chemical element of right 20 kinds of common biomass, on the base of the experimental result, and respectively established the biomass energy predict experiment formula with the element of h and c is from change, and passed the ro. os examination, which provides the basis and convenience for flash pyrolysis fluidization device energy to convert the rate to compute with biomass energy utilization calculation ; ( 2 ), proceeded the tg and dtg experimentation equal velocity ( 10 ? / min, 20 ? / min, 40 ? / min, 60 ? / min ) heating and constant temperature heating by studying on eight kinds of biomass samples, according to the experimental data and arrhenius formula, we established the dynamics model of pyrolysis of, then, using the goast - redfern and p function, we also solved the dynamics parameters and analyze out every kind of biomass ' s frequency factor and parameters of activation energy, and established the every kind of dynamics model of pyrolysis of biomass, all of these provide the theories and basis to make sure the reactor ' s flash pyrolysis work temperature scope design and the describing of pyrolysis reactor dynamics ; ( 3 ), in order to study and ascertain the process of heat completely getting to pyrolysis time of varied size biomass particles, we observed and measured the ratio of length and diameter ( l / d ) with the varied biomass through electron microscope, we concluded the l / d ratios usually is from 5. 0 to 6. 0, the average is 5. 3 ; ( 4 ), we studied the process of biomass transiting and the theory of complete pyrolysis time with the theory of complicated heat field, we got the time ( t ) of the varied size biomass particles arriving to complete pyrolysis, and we knew that the complete pyrolysis time and the time which get to the biggest production ratio are identical, all of these studies provide the theory base for design and forecasting the flash pyrolysis reactor solid state resort time ; ( 5 ), according to the above experiment result, synthesize to make use of the engineering the mechanics, engineering the material, machine the design to learn the principle, deduce, establish the theory of rotation cone flash pyrolysis reactor material resort time ( t ) and reasonable rotation velocity ( or frequency ) relation theory ; and ( 6 ), we gave the reactor ' s smallest cone angle certain, reactor cone wall strength design theory, the reactor production ability theory, the power design method and the critical rotation velocity theory

本文較全面、系統地綜述了國內外生物質熱解液化制取生物燃油技術研究發展現狀及存在的問題，主要研究內容有： （ 1 ）實驗、測定了20種常見生物質的能量（發熱量）和c 、 h 、 n元素含量，根據實驗結果分別建立了以h和c為自變量的生物質能量預測經驗公式，並通過r _ （ 0 . 05 ）檢驗；為閃速熱解液化裝置能量轉化率計算和生物質能量利用率計算提供了依據和方便； （ 2 ）選擇了8種生物質試樣作了等加熱速率（ 10 min 、 20 min 、 40 min 、 60 min ）和恆溫加熱的tg和dtg實驗，根據實驗數據和阿倫尼烏斯公式建立了生物質熱解反應動力學微分方程，並採用goast - redfem積分法和p函數對其動力學參數進行了求解，解析出各種生物質的頻率因子和活化能參數，進而建立了各種生物質的熱解動力學模型，為科學確定反應器的閃速熱解工作溫度范圍及熱解反應動力學描述，提供了理論和依據； （ 3 ）為研究和確定不同尺度的生物質顆粒中心達到全熱解的時間，在體視顯微鏡下對不同粒度的生物質顆粒的長徑比進行了實驗觀察和測定，得出生物質的長徑比（ l d ）一般在5 . 0 6 . 0之間，平均為5 . 3的結果； （ 4 ）採用復雜溫度場傳熱學理論對生物質傳熱過程及充分熱解時間理論進行了研究，解析推導出了不同尺寸生物質顆粒中心溫度達到充分熱解溫度的時間（ t ） ，得出了理論推導的充分熱解時間與最大產油率的熱解時間相一致的結果，為閃速熱解反應器固相滯留時間設計和預測提供了理論依據； （ 5 ）根據上述實驗結果，綜合運用工程力學、工程材料、機械設計學原理，推導、建立了轉錐式閃速熱解反應器物料滯留時間（ ）與轉速（或頻率）合理匹配理論； （ 6 ）提出了轉錐式閃速熱解反應器的最小錐角設計、錐壁強度設計、生產能力設計理論和功率計算方法及臨界轉速理論等。

5. the luminescence enhancement of eu3 + was also observed after ultraviolet irradiation but was weaker than the zns : mn2 + and the branch ratio of 5d0 - 7f0 increased after irradiation. it indicates probably the contribution from the centers in the surface of nanoparticles increased

在紫外光的輻照下首次觀察到eu3 +離子發光的熒光增強現象，輻照后5d0 < wp = 5 > 7f0發射強度分支比增加，表明對稱性較低的發光中心對發光的貢獻增加，可能是處于顆粒表面的eu3 +離子對發光的貢獻增加。

And then, we specially study the effect of spin interaction ' s anisotropy on the critical temperature tc. from what we have observed we suggest that the critical temperatur tc grows as the anisotropy intensifies, while the system magnetization becomes weaker. the system becomes id if the anisotropy ratio r goes to infinity, and its equilibrium state keeps zero magnetization at any finite temperature, which confirm that there is no observable transition for id system

其後，著重研究了自旋相互作用的各向異性程度r對其臨界溫度t _ c的影響，總結出：隨著系統各向異性程度的增強，系統的臨界溫度向高溫轉移，而系統的磁化強度在不斷的減弱；當r趨近於無窮大時，系統演變為一維系統，系統在任何有限溫度下達到的平衡態始終保持磁化強度為零，這也證實了一維系統不發生相變

Through stress, displacement straight - line picture and the strain ratio of two supports before it cracks, the stress and displacement fields of symmetric and asymmetric samples under static conditions are observed

通過裂紋啟裂前的應力、位移等直線圖及兩個支座的應變之比，觀察靜態條件下對稱試件及非對稱試件裂紋面兩端的應力場和位移場。

On the basic of former research men ' s experience, 18 experimental members ( including 9 simple beams and 9 restrained beams ) are designed and tested. in the experiment, phenomena are observed and record by taking photos in the whole process from the first crack appears to test members crash completely, experimental data is attained including load values of crack - appear load, critical load and terminal load, stress values of reinforcing steel bar stress, compressed concrete stress and beam flank stress and values of deflection etc. by analyzing the crack ' s appearing and developing form and stress values of concrete and steel bars, the crash modes of test beams are defined ; shearing force - deflection curves are contrasted and analyzed ; the effects on shear strength of the three factors as shear span ratio, concrete strength and restraining moment are also analyzed

借鑒已有試驗的經驗，本文設計和完成了對18根超高強混凝土無腹筋梁（包括9根簡支梁和9根約束梁）在集中荷載下抗剪強度的試驗，觀察了試件從裂縫出現到完全破壞失去承載能力全過程的試驗現象並通過拍照進行記錄，獲得了試件的斜裂縫出現荷載、臨界斜裂縫荷載和極限荷載等荷載值和縱筋應變、混凝土受壓應變和梁側混凝土應變等應變值以及撓度值等。

20 src eccentric loading specimens were designed taking the relative eccentricity e0 / h the slendemess ratio 10 / h as the factors. according to the mechanical behavior of eccentric loading columns, unidirectional embedded electronic steel - concrete slip transfers and double - directional embedded electronic steel - concrete slip transfers were respectively placed inside these 20 specimens and electronic strain gauges were also installed on the steel shape flanges webs and concrete. the change of the mechanical behavior and interior slip of the 20 specimens in the whole process of loading was fully observed

設計了以長細比、偏心距為主要參數的20個偏壓柱試件，根據偏壓柱的受力特性，在試件中分別放置了單向內置式鋼?混凝土電子滑移傳感器和雙向內置式鋼?混凝土電子滑移傳感器，並分別在型鋼翼緣、腹板和混凝土上布置了電子應變片，對試驗柱在受荷全過程的受力性能、和內部滑移的變化進行了細致的觀察。

The same with normal metal film, fe0. 3cu0. 7 ( 500nm ) granular film have positive coefficient of temperature. the negative resistance is observed in fexcu ( 1 - x ) granular film under certain condition. this characteristic of negative resistance is weakened or changed to positive with the change of thickness of film, ratio of fe atom to cu atom, anneal, test temperature

N ） fecu顆粒膜月一i特性研究發現，極小電流下電阻測量具有不確定性； fe cu矚00川）顆粒膜己與普通金屬薄膜一樣，具有正的溫度系數； f民c山x顆粒膜在一定條件下存在負阻現象，並且隨顆粒膜厚度、鐵銅原子比、退火條件、溫度的改變分別存在負阻特性的減弱或向正阻特性的轉變。

The ebs of different days gained by means of hanging, suspending and suspending following hanging were processed by all - trans retinoic acid ( ra ) for 4 days. during this period, we observed the differentiation process and compared the differentiation ratio of es cells processed by means of hanging, suspending for several days. based on this study, we induced the ebs by ra of different concentration in order to study the effect of ra on the differentiation of es cells into neuron - like cells

首先從胚體（ ebs ）本身探討es細胞內部調控誘導分化的機制，用懸浮培養、懸滴培養、懸浮轉懸滴培養的方法培養出不同時間的ebs ，再加以ra處理，觀察比較ebs對es細胞神經分化的影響；在此基礎上，用不同濃度的ra處理ebs ，分析誘導劑ra對es細胞神經分化的影響。

This new method will bring significant developments in studying the principles of stomatal movement, and other quick movement in plants, c ) guard cells are incubated with ph dependent fluorescent chemical probe " bcecf am " and excited at 488nm, the fluorescent emission ratio method ( 520nm / 640nm ) is employed with laser scanning confocal microscopy, about 0. 4 ph unit increase in guard cell vacuoles is observed during stomatal closure that is induced by aba

本發展為保衛細胞與其它小細胞液泡的進一步研究提供了新思路。 c ）本工作通過激光共聚焦顯微術配合ph熒光探針bcecfam的單激發（ 488nm ）雙發射的熒光比值法（ 525nm 640nm ）觀察到，用aba處理的表皮條上的開放態氣孔在關閉過程中其保衛細胞液泡內ph有一約0 . 4單位的上升。

The toxicity peaks always lagged the growth peaks, furthermore, the greater the biomass, the longer the lagging days. both mc - rr and mc - lr gave rise to their maximum value at the end of every single bloom and soon after a new bloom began. in general, the ratio of mc - rr and mc - lr remained comparatively constant during every bloom, but no obvious change characteristic was observed on mc - yr content. in the discussion, in was found that toxin - producing of microcystis was related to biomass, nutrients and water temperature

分析各個階段的水華，我們發現毒性峰總是滯後於生長峰，且生物量越大，滯后的時間越長； mc - rr與- lr的含量在每個階段水華的末期達到最大，之後新一輪的水華開始出現，並且mc - rr與- lr的比例保持基本恆定，但是mc - yr的變化無明顯的規律。

The performance characteristics of hydraulic structures are affected by many external factors. the estimate of their real operating states require the evaluation of many parameters such as the elastic modulus, the damping ratio, the friction coefficient, etc, which are extremely difficult to determine with traditional calculation methods or model test. a solution to overcome the difficulty could to be the combination of mathematical model and inverse finite element analysis based on the observed data

由於水工建築物具有體積大，外界作用因素復雜等特點，採用常規的理論分析和模型試驗方法對其進行計算復核以及安全評價時，往往由於未知因素過多，導致研究結果精度和可信度不理想，因此，利用原型監測資料建立正、反分析模型，以掌握其實際運行狀態和變化規律的方法已在水利工程等諸多領域得到深入發展和廣泛應用。

It is however an international practice to compare treatment results of cancer using the " five - year relative survival rate " ( survival rate ), which is defined as the ratio of the proportion of observed survivors in a cohort of cancer patients to the proportion of expected survivors in a comparable set of individuals who do not have any cancer history

不過，國際慣例是利用五年相對存活率（存活率）比較癌癥的治療結果。存活率是指兩個比例的比率，亦即一批癌癥病人中實際生存人士的比例，及另一組可供比較（亦從未患癌癥）的人士中預計生存人士的比例。

We chose suitable tcp throughput model to estimate the available bandwidth correctly, using the estimated round trip time and packet loss ratio for the next time interval as parameters of the model to achive the accuracy of estimated network bandwidth. as the observed losses and round trip time vary very dynamically, adjust the sending rate equivalent to the amount of tcp throughput may result in a rather fluctuant sending rate. so we present a rate adjustment like tcp congestion control based on aimd, which increases its sending rate by an additive inereease rate

根據mpeg4視頻流應用的特點，選擇合適的吞吐量模型，進行合理的參數估計，並根據計算出的帶寬進行相應的速率調整來實現擁塞控制，我們使用未來rtt的估計值和分組丟失率的估計值作為吞吐量模型的參數，增強了控制的實時性，弱化了業務的振蕩性，提高了帶寬預測的準確性；在進行速率調整時，不是簡單地將發送速率調整到與tcp吞吐量模型一致，而是採用類似tcp的aimd策略來調節發送速率，減小了發送速率的振蕩性。