q angle 中文意思是什麼
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Based on the reseaching of lycoris leaf micro - morphology characters by sem scanning, light microscope viewing and using paraffin method in the article, we try to provide the proofs of experiment and the efffective characer indexes to discuss the system and evolution of the lycoris. we find these microscope characers through reseach are as follows : the arrangement type, density and the length of stoma ; the shape and length of the epidermal cells ; the ridge of epidermis ; the transverse shape of leaf ; the number of the vascular bundle ; the style of vessel arrangement of vascular bundle in the middle vein ; the layers of palisade tissue ; the ratio of the thicken of palisade tissue to that of spongy tissue ; the angle number of the middle leaf ; the type of ventilating cavity etc. these characters are different from those of species in lycoris, meanwhile these characters are similar to those of some species in lycoris. so these characters can be used as the character indexes for differentiating species and reseaching systematic evolution of lycoris ; we can divide lycoris into two subgenus by these characteristic indexes : the species of one subgenus are l. aurea ( l " her. ) herb, chinensis traub, l. caldweuii traub, l. anhuiensis y. hsu et q. j. fan, l. longituba y. hsu et q. j. fan ; the species of another subgenu s are l. houdyshelii traub, l. albiflora koidz.,
研究結果表明：葉表皮的氣孔排列方式、長度、長寬比，脊的明顯與否，葉表皮上的顆粒紋飾的多少、大小，葉表皮細胞長度、長寬比、垂周壁形狀，上部葉柵欄組織細胞層數、葉的維管束數、葉中脈導管組成數目，氣腔類型，葉的脊部遠軸面的角數，葉緣的形狀等這些特徵在種間存在差異，同時，在有些種之間又有相似性；因此，這些特徵既可以作為區分種的證據，又是研究石蒜屬植物系統演化的性狀指標，根據這些性狀指標，可以將石蒜屬植物大致分為兩個亞屬：一是忽地笑、中國石蒜、短蕊石蒜、安徽石蒜、長筒石蒜，二是江蘇石蒜、乳白石蒜、石蒜、玫瑰石蒜、稻草石蒜；在兩個亞屬中其中有些種如忽地笑、長筒石蒜、中國石蒜的親緣關系則更近些。 -
The stability of electric power system has been being focused for a long time toprevent a power system from losing synchronism after sudden fault ， researchers have done much work and got many accomplishments this paper applied the direct feedback linearization ( dfl ) technique on the power system ， a strong nonlinear system simulation results by matlab proved this method efficiency main works and results are as follows ： this paper compared some existing methods in excitation control ， fast valve control and coordinated control respectively, analyzed the developments and actuality of nonlinear control research in brief, illustrated why ransient stability could be greatly improved by using the fast valve control in chapter 3 ， indicated the importance of coordinated control farther this paper introduced the inverse system theory, based on which ， discussed the dfl theory, pointed out which had consistency with the inverse theory, expanded the dfl theory combined the idiographic model equations ， made which adapt to the model of a single machine - infinite bus power system this paper referenced abundance articles and educed a set of equations ， which could describe the dynamical process of excitation and fast valve control for synchronous generators in the equations ， there were several very important parameters of power system - - rotor angle ( ) ， rotor speed ( ) ， generator q axis voltage ( eq ) ， transient voltage ( e ' q ) ， active power ( pe ) ， mechanical input power ( pm ) ， valve opening ( ) ， generator terminal voltage ( vt ) ， based on the model ， nonlinear coordinated controller and terminal voltage optimal controller have been designed by using the expanded dfl theory and lq optimal control theory the simulation results showed that the controller could keep power system transiently stable under the effects of a symmetrical 3 - phase short circuit fault ， which achieved better postfault regulation compared with another two routine methods ， one is the proportion excitation controller and proportion fast valve controller, the other is the proportion excitation controller and the optimal fast valve controller, which could exert good performance when met 1ittle disturbance either
在介紹逆系統理論的基礎上，詳細介紹了dfl理論，通過比較闡明了dfl理論其本質是逆系統方法的一類，並結合具體課題推導出的模型方程將dfl理論進行了擴展，使之適應于電力系統這個強非線性對象。通過參考大量的書籍文獻推導出一套實用的可將大型汽輪發電機勵磁與汽門綜合起來進行控制的模型方程，此模型方程涵蓋了電力系統中特別引人注目的幾個量- -轉子角、轉子轉速、發電機q軸電勢eq 、暫態電勢e ' q 、有功功率pe 、機械功率pm 、汽門開度、機端電壓vt ，在此基礎上建立了實用的電力系統簡化的數學模型，並將擴展的dfl理論應用於此模型系統，結合線性二次型最優控制理論設計出大型汽輪發電機的非線性綜合控制器及機端電壓最優控制器，通過模擬實驗與採用常規的按電壓偏差進行調節的比例式勵磁控制器+汽門比例控制及採用常規的按電壓偏差進行調節的比例式勵磁調節器和基於二次型性能指標設計的最優快控汽門（考慮發電機的飽和因素）進行了對比，證實了採用此種控制器可以有效地提高電力系統的暫態穩定性，並且在電力系統遭受小干擾時同樣具有良好的調節性能。 -
The nonuseful loss of cavity were got by measuring the threshold of laser under the different output mirrors. the loss was caused by prague angle unmatching. 3. the pulse train with minor pulse width 22ns and frequency 23khz, peak power 3. 5kw were obtained in cr4 " : yag passively q - switch experience. the stability of pulse is 6 %
（ 3 ）實現了在大功率泵浦、無水冷的情況下cr ~ （ 4 + ） : yag飽和吸收體被動調q ，得到了最小脈寬為22ns 、重復頻率為23khz 、峰值功率為3 . 5kw的激光脈沖輸出，脈沖的穩定性為6 。 -
We advance, for the first time to our knowledge, that efficient self - pumped phase conjugation performed with an ceibatioa crystal with low repetition ( lhz - 10hz ) nanosecond pulses from a q - switched nd : yag laser. phase conjugation reflectivity as high as 21. 5 % were obtained at an incident angle of 50. 3
首次獲得了低脈沖重復率（ 1hz ）的調q倍頻nd ： yag激光器作用於ce ： batio _ 3浙江大學碩士學位論文晶體，產生自泵浦位相共軛（ sppc ）作用的實驗結果。 -
Based on these foundations, we give a perfect scheme of the bbo opos : single pass amplification coefficient of the opg under different pump intensity is calculated ; collinear type - i and type - ii phase matching tuning curve pumped by the q switch nd : yag various harmonics as well as noncollinear type - i tuning curve are calculated in details ; the effect of the walkoff for the nonlinear effect coefficient and the group velocity matching are analyzed ; the acceptance angle in parametric process is calculated ; the numerical threshold of the bbo opo is calculated ; the process of the saturation and depletion of the pump beam are analyzed ; the relationship of the conversion efficiency and reflectance of output mirror are discussed ; various linewidth controlling methods are discussed ; the improvement of the beam quality applying the unstable cavity is discussed ; and the crystal bbo design is considered
在此基礎上，給出了一整套bbo - opo激光參數設計方案：計算了不同泵浦強度下的參量放大倍數；詳細計算了在nd : yag調q激光器各次諧波泵浦條件下的共線類和類相位匹配的調諧曲線，以及非共線類相位匹配調諧曲線；分析了走離角對非線性系數和群速匹配的影響；計算了參量過程的允許角；計算了bbo - opo的理論閾值條件；分析了飽和與泵浦光束的消耗過程；給出了轉換效率與超過泵浦閾值的倍數的關系；討論了轉換效率與輸出鏡反射率的關系；討論了線寬控制的各種方法；研究了利用非穩腔改善光束質量的方法；考慮了bbo晶體的設計。 -
The article firstly theoretically analyses the error model of q - flex accelerometer in the conditions of line motion and angle motion according to the structural characteristics of q - flex accelerometer
論文首先根據石英撓性加速度計的結構特點，從理論上分析了石英撓性加速度計線運動和角運動條件下的誤差數學模型。 -
Whereas, the joint angle method, which could improve the q - statistic plots method, was used to isolate the fault source on line employing the history fault knowledge
聯合角度法改進了傳統的貢獻圖的診斷方法，通過對故障庫中的故障知識的利用，能夠在線的分離出發生故障的傳感器。 -
According to the relationship of the angle of the maximum torque and the q axis, the reluctance torque for salient pmsm is made full use of and the sator current amplitude is reduced by a large percentage, so that the system robustness is greatly increased. at the speed loop, this paper presents a single value model algorithmic control strategy which is the simplied form of normal model algorithmic control and has less computation work than the latter, so the real - time performance is very good
對于嵌入式pmsm ，根據在電流幅值一定的條件下最大輸出轉矩與（為等效電流矢量和q軸之間的相位角）之間的關系，將磁阻轉矩轉換為輸出轉矩從而提高了輸出轉矩，改善了系統的控制性能；在速度環採用單步模型演算法控制，其計算量比較少，提高了系統的實時性和魯棒性。 -
Near the studied area, the fossil microtine show a sequence from the early pleistocene to the mid - late pleistocene : allophaiomys ( qi ) ? redromys ( q ) ? icrotus ( q2 - i ) - on their molars, the 5th dentine isthmus is5 show a closed trend from broad to narrow and made the salient angle tend to gradual increase. in the area, the 6th dentine isthmus is6 of the microtus show a trend from broad to narrow gradually
在研究區及其附近，更新世以來，田鼠類的演替順序為： allophaiomys ? ? predromys ? ? microtus ，其第5齒峽is5相應的由寬變窄，趨于封閉，使封閉的褶角趨于增多；研究區內microtusoeconomus的第6齒峽is6有逐步變小的趨勢。
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