return to scale 中文意思是什麼
return to scale
解釋
與生產規模成比例的收益-
Institutional investor is a market part who is developping and extending, with the expanding of it ' s scale, it wil become from shareholder negativism to institutional shareholder activism, however, between the institutional investors, another problem exists, that is, who is responsible for supervision, a cock game model which describes the supervision of institutional investors is used in this chapter to inspect the institutional investors " behaviour mode in the situation of supervising cost and return is not symmetric
機構投資者是一個正在發展和壯大的主體，隨著其規模的擴大，會從早先的股東消極主義發展到股東積極主義，但是，機構投資者之間也存在誰去監督的問題，為此，本章採用了一個機構投資者監督侵權行為的斗雞博弈模型，來考察監督的成本和收益的不對稱情況下的機構投資者行為模式。 -
With the rapid development of the security stock market especially the stock market in chian ， issuing stock and circulating on market became the first choice of financing for more and more enterprise at the same time ， more and more investors are attracted by the relately high initial return of stock however ， the problem of ipos underpricing always exists in the stock market according to the data of more than one thousand chinese stocks ， most new issues had great raise in the first trade day ， and investors could acquire higher initial return than the average return of the stock market or the same industry we find that initial returns on a - share ipos average reached 132. 24 percent the main body of this paper is made up of six sections ： in the first part ， we introduced the method of the estimate of pricing decision ； in the second part ， we analyzed the method of the pricing decision and issuing system in china ， discussed the advantage and weakness of the various issuing methods ， and compared the economic efficiency between the examine and approve system and authorization system ； in the third part ， we analyzed the reason of ipo ' s underpricing in detail from information economics and other factors and combined with the environment of the chinese stock markets ， we analyzed the special characteristics in china and how they effect the ipo ' s underpricing in the fourth part ， we analyzed the data of chinese stock market with spss ， made a analysis of the administrative pricing decision and market pricing decision ， studied the underpricing phenomena of chinese stock market ， and analyzed it ' s causes ； in the fifth part ， we made a analysis of the examine approve system and authorization system ； and in the last part ， we drew some conclusions and put forth some policy advices the follow are the conclusions and policy advices in this dissertation ： （ 1 ） from the results of this empirical study ， we found that the issuing price - earning ratio and the market situation before ipos are strongly and positively associated with the underpricing of shares ， the issuing scale of ipo and the hit rate are strongly and negatively associated with the underpricing ； （ 2 ） we found that after the abolishing of ipo ' s p / e ratio and the using of authorization system ， there is no significant difference among the underpricing of shares ， but considered with the market entironment ， we think that the ipo ' s underpricing has been correspondingly reduced （ 3 ） to reduce difference between the primary market and the second market ， we suggested that we shall bring the " over - allotment option ( oao ) " to bear and resume the state - owned share and corporate - owned share to circulate on market as soon possible
本文的主體由六個部分組成：第一部分介紹新股發行定價的估值方法；第二部分對我國的發行定價方式和發行制度進行分析，探討不同發行定價方式的優缺點，以及審批制和核準制經濟效率分析；第三部分從信息經濟學角度和其他因素的角度詳細分析造成新股發行抑價的原因，並結合我國股票市場實際情況，分析了我國市場的特有因素是否及如何影響一級市場的發行抑價程度的；第四部分利用統計分析軟體spss對我國新股行政化和市場化定價進行實證分析，主要包括新股發行行政化和市場化定價方式的實施情況和效果分析、新股發行行政化定價方式的實證分析，以及新股發行行政化和市場化定價方式的比較實證分析；第五部分利用統計分析軟體spss對我國新股發行審批制和核準制進行實證分析；第六部分是本論文的主要結論。本文的主要結論和建議有： （ 1 ）從實證分析結果看，我國新股發行抑價與市場環境、發行市盈率呈顯著正向關系，與發行規模、申購中簽率等呈顯著反向關系。 （ 2 ）取消發行市盈率限制和實施核準制等市場化改革措施並沒有降低發行抑價的絕對水平，只是由於市場環境的因素，發行抑價的相對水平才有所降低。 -
What exam of grade of numerical control machine wants to see you learn is which kind of machine, numerical control machine includes numerical control car specificly, mill, auger, grind, machining center is waited a moment, you need study machine of the system to add knowledge, be familiar with a machine tool, return practice of the machine on need, the most important is the person guidance that need knows, self - study is very difficult, the knowledge on book needs to combine practice a little, the proposal has gone ability school learns a few the basiccest knowledge ( 2 to 3 years ), there can be relevant grade letter after ability school graduates next ( from primary labour, intermediate class, senior worker worker, technician, senior technician, hind two kinds obtain the hardest, want knowledge not only even relevant experience, its wage scale is equal at the engineer, chief engineer one kind ) remain be about to rely on oneself to get
數控機等級考試要看你學的是哪一類機器，數控機器具體的包括數控車，銑，鉆，磨，加工中心等等，你需要系統的學習機加知識，熟悉機床，還需要上機實踐，最重要的是需要懂的人指導，自學很難，書本上的知識有些是需要結合實踐的，建議去好一點技校學習一些最基本的知識（ 2到3年） ，然後技校畢業后會有相關的等級證書（從初級工，中級工，高級工，技師，高級技師，后兩種最難取得，不僅要知識還要相關經驗，其待遇級別等同於工程師，總工程師一類）剩下的就要靠自己鉆了。 -
Difficultly starts an undertaking after several years repeated difficulties, the scale grows strong unceasingly, at the same time thanks the general customers the vigorously support and the deep affection, develops successively develops the product : the cupric sulfide 、 the froth powdered iron 、 one 、 two time return to original state the powdered iron 、 the chromite 、 the pyrite 、 not the rusty powdered iron 、 the refinery coke 、 the wollastonite ( silicon ash cotton and kapok ) and so on the series powder body material
經過幾年風風雨雨的艱苦創業，規模不斷發展壯大，同時感謝廣大客戶的大力支持和厚愛，先後開發研製出產品：硫化銅、泡沫鐵粉、一、二次還原鐵粉、鉻鐵礦、硫鐵礦、不生銹鐵粉、石油焦、硅灰石（硅灰棉）等系列粉體材料。 -
It is introduced in the eighties powder to in the homeland, that theory is built above the basis competing no completely, increasing return to scale, is approached more compared with the tradition trade theory reality
它於80年代末被引進至國內，該理論建立在不完全競爭、規模收益遞增基礎之上，與傳統的貿易理論相比更接近現實。 -
In the former a constant return to scale technology with labor as the sole input is used ; in the later an increasing return to scale technology based on the division of labor that needs both labor and capital as input is used. we can show that in a closed economy or in the situation of complete international specialization the increase of productivity in traditional sector leads to the expansion of modern sector
因此，經濟發展可以看作勞動分工網路不斷擴展與深化的過程，而對分工網路的性質和它與各種經濟要素之間關系的了解，則是對發展中國家在國際經濟體系中的地位及其國際經濟政策的有效性做出正確判斷的前提。 -
The result shows that the proportion of state - owned shares has positive effect on the operating performance, the scale of enterprises has negative effect on the operating performance, rate of return on common stockholders ' equity and earnings per share are highly positively related to senior managers ' pay, senior managers ' annual pay is not significantly positively related to the operating performance and scale of enterprises, and its relationship to the proportion of state - owned shares is not clearly negative
結果表明：國有股比例與經營業績呈現正方向影響，企業規模與經營業績呈現負方向影響，凈資產收益率和每股收益均與高管報酬呈現高度正相關，高管年度報酬與企業經營業績、企業規模並不存在顯著的正相關關系，與國有股比例的負相關程度也不顯著。 -
On the return of his first guard to heaven, he conducted a full - scale heavenly hearing
乞丐甲回到天庭后，玉帝召開了一場盛大的天庭聽證會。 -
The successful launch and return of shenzhou - vi, marks that our aerospace technology has entered the era of large - scale near - space exploitation and utilization. in the near future, the technology is directly expected to serve for national economy. in order to develop the space experiment and research on its application, it is imperative to build a permanent space station., where rendezvous and docking plays an important role. meanwhile, the technology of the rendezvous lidar is pivotal for rendezvous and docking
神六的成功發射和返回，標志著我國的航天事業進入了大規模開發和利用近地空間的新階段。為了開展空間科學試驗和應用技術研究，就必須建設永久性空間站。空間交會對接技術是建立空間站的關鍵技術，而空間交會激光雷達技術又是空間交會中的關鍵技術。 -
The paper accounts the importance and the necessity of the forecasting research to the stock return volatility of our country, and the use in practice of the forecasting about the stock return volatility, firstly, stock market of our country is divided into large scale stock 、 middle scale stock and small scale stock on the basis of stock size. secondly, according to the basic method of the mathematical statistics ， the behavior of the return volatility about single stock is described by using the model of the rolling variance estimates 。 through the relation of daily returns volatility and weekly returns volatility and the forecasting accuracy of the volatility forecasting model to various stock scale ， we do practical analysis with the forecasting research to return volatility of single stock market
在個股收益波動性的可預測性研究方面，首先按市值規模大小將我國股票分為大盤股、中盤股和小盤股，然後利用數理統計的基本方法，用滾動樣本方差估計模型描述個股市場收益波動性的行為，並對三種股票日收益率序列及周收益率序列波動之間的關系以及波動預測模型對各種股盤的預測準確性進行了實證分析和結果檢驗。 -
It has the basic features of strong market competition, obvious economic benefits, large production scale and high industrial specialization. the development of characteristic resource in a region is based on the advantages of local resources - both naturally and anthropogenicaly. therefore, its target is to explore the advantageous local resources to produce high quality agricultural goods to meet the demands of markets and society for the return of high profits
本文在探討特色農業概念、內涵及其主要影響因素的基礎上，構建了以農業資源稟賦、農產品綜合比較優勢、作物生產生態適宜性3大指標類15個二級指標48個三級指標為核心的特色農業評價指標體系及其相應的評價方法，結合gis平臺，建立了特色農產品區域布局的實施方案，並結合案例以5年生產數據和15 30年氣候統計數據進行了實證分析。 -
" i am very happy to be the oldest man to scale the world ' s highest peak, " the fit - looking and ruddy - cheeked arayama said on his return to nepal ' s capital kathmandu
在返回尼泊爾首都加滿德都的途中，他說： 「能成為登上世界最高峰的最長者，我感到很高興。 」 -
3. control cost to achieve return to scale. cost control and return to scale is also the major content in goal statement and mission statement of china southern air holding company, and also it is clarified in the analysis of marketing strategy to china southern air holding compa
3 、控製成本、實現規模收益控製成本和實現規模收益也是在中國南方航空集團的目標和任務陳述中表明的內容，並且在對中國南方航空集團的營銷戰略分析中也明確了這一點。 -
Merger and acquisition ( m & a ) is a high - risk and high - return business. many companies hope to transfer the industry crisis, avoid the investment risk, solve the trouble of debts, decrease the cost of labor and expand the company ' s scale by m & a
企業並購是一項高風險與高利潤並存的商業行為，許多企業希望通過並購達到轉嫁產業危機，規避投資風險，化解企業債務，降低勞動力成本，擴張企業規模之目的。 -
Conclusions could be drawn out through a positive analysis of some port companies : the factors that have a positive effect on the strategic target are the rate of main business return, the velocity of the assets, while the capital structure and the rate of the increase of the increase of investment have little effect, which illuminate that the port company should focus on the main business to enhance the return of net assets, it also shows that the business of the list port companies is over - concentrated, and should be diversified to lessen the operating risk ; the companies should accelerates the turnover speed of the assets ; the appropriate structure of the assets can bring benefit to a company, but the ultimate approach to enhance the return of the net assets is to look for items with high return ; the sightless investment made the increasing speed of return lag behind the expanding speed of the capital ; and result in no scale economic benefit
本文通過對部分港口類企業進行計量分析后發現港口企業的資本結構和投資對凈資產收益率沒有顯著的影響，而港口企業收入過分集中。針對未來財務環境發生的變化，本文從戰略財務管理的角度對南京港口集團公司提出以下建議：在投資領域，今後應以綜合物流為契機，專業化與多元化並重；適度發展集團化經營；優化資源配置，提高資產營運效率。在融資領域，要合理選擇融資渠道，降低融資成本，更多關注債務融資；確定合理的資本結構，控制負債風險，建立償債保障機制。 -
Which illuminate that the shipping company should focus on the main business to enhance the return of net assets, it also shows that the business of the list shipping companies is over concentrated, and should be diversified to lessen the operating risk ; the companies should accelerate the turnover speed of the assets ; the appropriate structure of the assets can bring benefit to a company, but the ultimate approach to enhance the return of the net assets is to look for items with high return ; the sightless investment made the increasing speed of return lag behind the expanding speed of the capital, and result in no scale economic benefit
本文通過對航運類上市公司進行計量分析后發現航運企業的資本結構和投資對凈資產收益率沒有顯著的影響，而航運企業收入過分集中。針對未來財務環境發生的變化，本文從財務戰略管理的角度提出以下建議：在投資領域，今後應以綜合物流為契機，專業化與多元化並重；適度發展集團化經營；優化資源配置，提高資產營運效率。在融資領域，要合理選擇融資渠道，降低融資成本，更多關注債務融資；確定合理的資本結構，控制負債風險，建立償債保障機制。 -
The return to scale of pollution abatement and the environmental kuznets curve : a new explanation for the form of ekc
對環境庫茲涅茨曲線成因的一種新解釋 -
Follows the property combination choice theory, the capital asset fixed price model and the stock price behavior three big finances theories appearance, forms set of maturer appraisals systems gradually, mainly includes the treynor index, the sharpe index, the jenson difference return to scale
本文運用了andrew的偏廣義矩方法（ partial - gmmmethod ）和montecarlo模擬等方法，檢測在市場有大的轉折前後基金值變動的顯著性。 -
The court heard that the defendants, in the course of preparing tax returns for the years of assessment from 199293 to 199697, had instructed the return preparer to scale down the operation of the printing business including the turnover, purchases, subcontracting and salaries expenses. the company had understated profits totalling $ 4, 408, 506, and thus a total amount of $ 645, 880 tax had been undercharged for the five assessment years
案情透露，兩名被告在擬備有關報稅表期間，指示代其報稅的會計事務所調低印刷生意規模，將公司的營業額和購貨、加工費、薪金等支出同時縮減，因而可在這五個課稅年度共短報利潤4 ， 408 ， 506元，涉及逃繳稅款共645 ， 880元。 -
The court heard that the defendants, in the course of preparing tax returns for the years of assessment from 1992 93 to 1996 97, had instructed the return preparer to scale down the operation of the printing business including the turnover, purchases, subcontracting and salaries expenses. the company had understated profits totalling 4, 408, 506, and thus a total amount of 645, 880 tax had been undercharged for the five assessment years
案情透露，兩名被告在擬備有關報稅表期間，指示代其報稅的會計事務所調低印刷生意規模，將公司的營業額和購貨加工費薪金等支出同時縮減，因而可在這五個課稅年度共短報利潤4 ， 408 ， 506元，涉及逃繳稅款共645 ， 880元。
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