second liability 中文意思是什麼
second liability
解釋
第二負債-
In the second part, the imputation of the medical malpractice civil liability, with the comparative method, analyzing the correlative theories and legalities in france, german and anglo ? american countries, as well as the discussions of chinese scholars, the author comes to the conclusion that the principle of imputation of medical malpractice liability should adopt the principle of assumptive negligence. thus, it will conform better to chinese laws
本部分採取比較法的分析方法，對法國、德國和英美法國家對民事責任的歸責原則的規定、我國學者對民事責任歸責原則的爭論、過錯推定責任作了分析，筆者認為根據我國相關法律、司法解釋的規定，醫療事故民事責任的歸責原則應采過錯推定原則。 -
The structure of this paper goes like this, the first chapter introduce the development of e - b / l in practice and in laws. and draw a conclution that the electrification of the b / l is a history tide. in the second chapter, on the basic of reseach the security trap in e - b / l running, 1 conclude six security elements of, e - b / l : the liability of the system, the authenticity of dealers ' identity. the integrity and secrecy of electronic data, and the validity and evidence effectiveness of electronic data. from the third chapter to the eighth, 1 reseach these elements one by one. the third chapter introduce the establishment of the e - b / l security system, and some related laws the fourth chapter introduce the certification authority of e - b / l. in the fifth chapter, 1 introduce the encrypt of electronic information and some countries ' control on use / import / export crytography. the sixth chapter introduce the concept and principle of digital signature, and reseach some related legal issues. the seventh chapter reseach the legal demand of validity, then come to a conclution that to establish a independent electronic information system is necessary. in the eighth chapter, 1 reseach some countries " regulation on the evidence effectiveness of electronic data
第二章在分析電子提單運作中的安全隱患的基礎上，歸納出其六大安全要素，即系統的可靠性、交易者身份的真實性、數據電訊的機密性和完整性、數據電訊的合法有效性以及交易者行為的不可抵賴性。第三章到第八章分別對這六大要素進行分析：第三章介紹了電子提單網路安全體系的建立以及系統安全保護法規，第四章則介紹了電子提單的安全認證機構，第五章介紹了信息加密技術以及各國立法對密碼技術的進出口及使用的控制，第六章介紹了數字簽名的概念及原理，並以bolero為例介紹了數字簽名的技術方式，對有關法律問題作了論述；第七章首先論述了電子提單對有效性的法律需求，然後結合國內法和國際規則的規定論證了數據電訊制度產生的必然性；第八章通過對各國立法對電子證據的法律效力的規定，論述了對電子交易至關重要的數據電訊的不可抵賴性。 -
The second pionts out that the traffic can lead to the act - obligation. scholars inside makes differet explanations about the meaning of “ death caused by running away ”. this paper argues that actor may be intentional for the death, also may be negligent for it. from the theory of non - act crime and the principle of the applicability among crime and liability and publishment, the meaning of “ death caused by running away ” should be divided into two parts, one belonging to non - act crime, the other belonging to aggrivated crime of traffic. on this base, it re - explain the meaning and nature of “ running away ” in criminal code article 133 provision and explanation
撇開罪刑法定原則，以不作為犯罪的刑法理論並結合罪責刑相適應原則為出發點，來理解「因逃逸致人死亡」的含義，可以把他分解為兩部分，一部分屬于不作為的故意犯罪，一部分屬于交通肇事罪的加重犯。對因逃逸致人重傷的情形應全部歸于不作為傷害罪。在此前提下，本文對刑法第一百三十三條及《解釋》中出現的逃逸行為的性質及刑事責任作了論述。 -
In the second part, legislations on sponsors " civil liability of anglo - america law system and continent law system are compared. their advantages can be used by our company act for reference
第二部分對英美法系和大陸法系發起人民事責任的立法進行了比較研究，為我國公司立法的完善提供了若干可資借鑒之處。 -
Accounting for contingencies is one important part of uncertainty accounting ， contingencies widespread exist in enterprises ， as a special economic event ， with developments of economic ， financial relations is complex ， the contents of contingencies unceasing extend ， contingencies plays a more and more important role in financial accounting information and operation policy because theoretical and practical research of contingencies is late ， special data is little ， few pay a ~ ention to treatment of contingencies new accounting law points out that enterprises must explain contingencies arising from guarantees provided for the debit of other enterprises and pending litigation this is the first time that the law requests accounting treatment of contingencies accounting standard for business enterprises ： contingencies prescribes the recognition and measurement of contingencies and the disclosure of relevant information ， the standard is the first standard of contingencies ， improves the accounting treatment for contingencies and the disclosure of relevant information the standard will help us improve the quality of information disclosure the article is divided into five parts to discuss the first part is a general introduction of contingencies ， including the history, the classification ， the framework and so on ， all of which would help readers understand the basic concepts in the article the second part introduces recognition of contingencies ， including recognition condition and accounting of some contingencies etc the third part introduces measurement of contingencies ， including measurement principle and selection of measurement attributes the forth part introduces disclosure of contingencies ， including disclosure of contingent asset ， contingent liability etc the fifth part selects some enterprises financial report to analyse ， points out some problems of contingent disclosure ， gives some suggestions about disclosure of contingencies
對于規范我國企業或有事項的會計核算和相關信息的披露問題，提高會計信息披露質量，保護投資者利益，具有重要的現實意義。本文試就或有事項的確認、計量以及信息披露略談一下自己的認識，對準則可能存在的不足之處提出意見和建議，並採用實證方法對上市公司或有事項的披露狀況進行了分析。本文共分五章進行論述，第一章是對或有事項的概括性介紹，包括或有事項的涵義、特徵、或有事項會計的產生、或有事項的分類以及或有事項會計的基本框架等，有助於讀者了解本文的一些基本概念；第二部分介紹了或有事項的確認，介紹了或有事項的確認條件和幾種具體或有事項的會計處理；第三部分介紹了或有事項的計量，包括或有事項的計量原則和計量屬性的選擇等問題；第四部分介紹了或有事項的披露，包括或有資產、或有負債、預計負債等的披露；第五部分選取了部分上市公司的年報進行實證分析，指出了我國上市公司在或有事項披露方面存在的問題，並提出了完善我國上市公司或有事項信息披露的建議。 -
Second, the writer points the meaning of criterion of liability system. then discusses two central questions : can the equitable liability become an independent criterion of liability ? can the fault - presumption liability become an independent criterion of liability ? furthmore, the writer thinks the criterion of liability including fault liability and no - fault liability
從而得出:過錯推定責任是過錯責任原則適用中的一種特殊情形，不應從過錯責任原則中獨立出來。過錯推定責任是責任標準，但不是獨立的歸責原則。 -
Moreover, it analyzes the doctrine of liability fixation, and summaries the constitutive requirements of liability for medical damages as the following : medical damage, medical fault, causality between medical fault and damage. the second chapter of the article mainly studies issues exist commonly in actions for medical damages. firstly, it makes clear the subject of the liability for damages and subject of the right to damages, and analyzes several problems concerning the medical expertise
第二章主要研究醫療損害賠償訴訟中具有普遍性的幾個問題，明確了醫療損害賠償的責任主體和請求權主體，分析了醫療損害賠償訴訟中的鑒定問題，論述了醫療過失的認定標準，提出了醫療過失與損害後果的因果關系的復雜性，肯定了我國在醫療損害賠償訴訟中實行舉證責任倒置的合理性，闡述了醫療損害賠償紛紛案件可以適用《消費者權益保護法》和應當適用1年訴訟時效。 -
The reasons of small town ’ s liability have three aspects. the first reason is that there are various reasons forming the debt ? ? slowly development of economy result in deficiency of capital, and the randomness and nonstandard expenditure cause serious waste. the second, the rigidity financial expenditure spends in wage, education, road, irrigation construct and rising in payment, and the asymmetric bread between financial power and working power in management system
鄉鎮債務形成的原因多種多樣，客觀分析起來，鄉鎮債務形成的原因多種多樣，既有經濟發展緩慢導致鄉鎮財源不足，也有開支的隨意性和不規范導致浪費嚴重;既有工資、教育、道路、水利建設和加薪等剛性財政支出過大，也有財政管理體制方面財權和事權的不對稱留下的缺口;既有投資決策失誤背上包袱及其他歷史遺留問題，也有鄉鎮機構臃腫、冗員過多增加開支的因素。 -
For the further development of rmb business in hong kong, i have earlier indicated three strategic directions : first, exploring the diversification of the rmb assets and liabilities of hong kong banks ; particularly on the liability side, diversification to non - residents and non - individuals of deposits now restricted to resident individuals ; second, exploring the provision of appropriate rmb banking services for trade and other current account transactions between hong kong and the mainland ; third, exploring the feasibility of establishing a rmb debt issuance mechanism in hong kong
第一，是考慮如何把香港銀行的人民幣資產和負債多元化，以及在人民幣負債方面考慮把存款范圍擴闊至非居民及非個人的層面。第二，是考慮為兩地的貿易及其他經常帳目交易提供相關的人民幣銀行服務。第三，是考慮在港建立發行人民幣債券的機制。 -
We must think of three factors to make a best capital structure. first factor is margin tax shield, namely, the ratio of firm value ' s increment for liability and the increment of liability blow. second factor is finance crisis net lost that is bought in future. thirdly. we must make much of the market action and adjust capital structure
確定一個最優的資本結構主要考慮以下三個要素：第一，邊際稅盾，即由於負債導致企業價值增量與負債額的增量的比值，以邊際稅盾為零作為界點；第二，估計未來可能招致的財務危成本；第三，密切關注市場的反應，不斷調整資本結構。 -
In the second place, the scope of liability for c
第三部分，對締約過失責任的研究。 -
This article has been divided into five chapters, the contents of five chapters respectively are : the contents of the first chapter are about pollution compensation that oil leakage of the ships lead to in " maritime law " ; the contents of the second chapter are about delay delivery of the goods in " maritime law " ; the contents of the third chapter are about the cargo lien that the marine carriers have in " maritime law " ; the contents of the fourth chapter are about the rights that the shippers can change and terminate the contract unilaterally in " maritime law " ; the contents of the fifth chapter are about the limitation of liability for maritime claims system in " maritime law ". the contents of each chapter of this article are about a flaw of " maritime law ". as a result of the limit of article length and the limit of author ability, it is impossible to analyze the article of " maritime law " gradually, the article is only about five quite important flaws of " maritime law " to form five chapters, then we will introduce them gradually
但是，隨著我國加入wto ，國際貿易和海上運輸迅速的發展， 《海商法》在實施中暴露出很多不足。因此，有必要遵循科學性、適時性和法制統一性等立法的基本原則，對《海商法》及時進行修改。筆者認為，應當認真總結《海商法》成功的經驗和失敗的教訓，從目前和今後一個時期海上和與海相通的內陸水域的運輸和經濟貿易的現實和發展對法律的需要出發，參照和借鑒其他民商立法、國際海事條約、民間規則和合同格式，以及國外先進的立法例，吸收海商法理論研究成果，並考慮國際海事立法的發展趨勢，在船舶油污損害賠償的規定，遲延交付的規定，海上貨物留置權的規定，托運人變更解除合同權利的規定，海事賠償責任限制制度的規定等幾個方面修改現行《海商法》 。 -
The second part is concerned with the school ' s civil liability
二、論述學校在未成年學生傷害事故中的民事法律責任。 -
For example : shell company is the creditor of second company, the liability amount of second company is 5 million yuan, second company does not grant pay off, shell company applies for belongings to conserve to the court, but the belongings of second company has 3 million yuan only, although its belongings is carried out entirely also can ' t the creditor ' s rights of pay off armour, if third company owes the liability amount of second company to be 1 million yuan, this debt already arrived pay off period, shell company can apply for to rule third company is direct to the court pay off of xiang jia company these 1 million yuan
例如：甲公司是乙公司的債權人，乙公司的債務數額為500萬元，乙公司不予清償，甲公司向法院申請財產保全，但乙公司的財產只有300萬元，即使將其財產全部執行也不足以清償甲的債權，假如丙公司欠乙公司的債務數額為100萬元，該筆債務已到清償期，甲公司可以向法院申請裁定丙公司直接向甲公司清償該100萬元。 -
In the second part of the paper, we illustrate the importance of the state - owned commercial banks in chinese financial system and the necessity of strengthening the alm in the state - owned commercial banking system. after analysing the current situation of the state - owned banks " alm and the existing problems of the unclear property rights, the inequilibium of the asset - liability structure, the imperfect risk control system, and the unsatisfactory computer systems for the asset - liability management. the paper analyzes the existing situation and main disadvantages, and gives some suggestion to improve the level of the alm of the state - owned commercial banks
要完善國有獨資商業銀行資產負債管理，首先要了解我國銀行業現狀，本文下半部分從我國銀行體系入手說明國有獨資商業銀行的重要性和完善國有獨資銀行資產負債管理的必要性，在分析國有獨資商業銀行實行資產負債管理現狀及存在的產權不明晰、資產負債結構失衡、風險控制系統不完善、計算機系統不能滿足資產負債管理要求等問題后，根據相關問題提出完善國有獨資商業銀行資產負債管理的對策。 -
The achievement path of property right system innovation of chinese family enterprises is stated in the last chapter. the first step is to push stock system and clarify property relationship between family members ; the second step is to optimize property right structure by purchasing enterprise capital dealing management buyout employee stock ownership listing and public company. the last step is to constitute the modern enterprise system, which is mainly consists of limited liability corporation and stock corporation
本文第四章借鑒成功家族企業產權制度創新的經驗，提出了我國家族企業產權制度創新的演進路徑：首先，在企業內部實行股份制改造，在家族成員間明晰產權；其次，通過企業兼并、資本經營、管理層持股、員工持股、上市等手段，優化產權結構；最後，建立以有限責任公司和股份有限公司為主要組織形式的現代企業制度，採用現代公司治理結構的科學管理模式。 -
While perfecting the legal system of securities investors " protection three aspects should emphatically be paid attention to : first, strengthening information disclosure system is the basic prerequisite of investors protection. perfecting information disclosure system in china should accord with the true quality, comprehensive quality, legality quality and quality of reliability and easily solving ; second, perfecting the structure of managing of company, improving the structure of stock of company, widening the structure of stock of company, widening the bottleneck that the board of directors worked, developing the organization investor energetically ; third, perfecting the system of civil liability and its realization mechanism of securities market
完善我國證券投資者保護法律制度應著重從三方面進行：一、強化信息披露制度是投資者權利保護的基本前提，應依據真實性、全面性、及時性、適法性、易得易解性原則來完善我國的信息披露制度；二、完善公司治理結構，改善公司股權結構，拓寬董事會運作的瓶頸，大力發展機構投資者；三、完善證券市場民事責任制度及其實現機制，應對民事責任作出具體規定，突破現有訴訟機制，引入「訴訟擔當」制度。 -
The second section introduces the definition relating to carrier ' s liability including contract of carriage, e - commerce, transport document and shipper etc. the draft outline instrument extends the contract of carriage to the multimodal transport and stipulates the limited network system
第二節介紹了與承運人責任相關的定義。包括運輸合同、電子商務、運輸單證以及托運人等。建議稿將運輸合同擴展至多式聯運，並規定了有限制的網狀責任制。 -
In the first section, the author discusses the conception, the legal characteristics, general theories and the constituent elements of sellers ’ liability for quality warranties, and introduces the characteristics of different legislations. in the second section, the author expounds the content of sellers ’ obligations of quality warranties and analyzes the logical relationship in details by circling the relevant content in cisg. besides, this section makes comparative research on the different legislations on this issue
第一部分主要論述了國際貨物買賣中出賣人的品質擔保責任的概念、法律性質、法律特點和構成要件，並分析了各國的立法例的特點;第二部分以公約為主線，詳細論述了出賣人品質擔保義務的范圍及各種擔保義務的邏輯關系，並結合相關國家立法進行比較;第三部分論述了出賣人品質擔保責任的豁免;第四部分是關于品質擔保責任的確定，著重論述了質量異議的相關問題。 -
First, the author analyzes several concrete questions in the general provisions and special provisions of our criminal law which often arouse arguments about whether they belong to strict liability or not. second, the author goes further into the question about whether our criminal law can hold strict liability from three aspects of the principle which crime and punishment are prescribed by law, the requisites to constitute a crime, and evidential burden
在該部分中，筆者首先對我國刑法總則和分則中常常引發是否屬于嚴格責任之爭的幾個具體問題，如醉酒人犯罪的刑事責任、結果加重犯問題、法律知識錯誤、防衛過當與避幽丈當、強奸罪第2款的規定、巨額財產來源不明罪等，逐一進行了分析。
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