social burden 中文意思是什麼

Multi - dimensional social exclusion : unbearable burden on rural divorced feminie and rural widows

對豫北某縣農村離異和喪偶婦女的調查研究

Part iiilegal issues upon the reform of toll and tax in countryside this part is concentrated to show six problems that the reform of toll and tax in countryside is to be up against and is to be peremptorily settled as following : the first one, in the confirming of agricultural tax, it is very difficult to protect the farmer ' s rights fairly because of unscientific of the evidence at assessment, highly of tax rate, and the absence of law and statute correlatively ; the second one, on the tax levying, there lack of legal systems that is to supervise and run, especially lack of law and statute which lead to collect agricultural special tax canonically ; the third one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside extrudes unbalance burden among farmers and countries, and lead to unevenly between subject of tax payment, which breaches the legal rule of balanceable tax ; the fourth one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside faces the danger that farmers " burden tends to rebound because of weakly carry through legal rule on tax statutory and absent of law and statute correlatively ; the fifth one, the reform of toll and tax in countryside affects the finance and revenue - expenditure auditing of the grass roots and father affects the grass roots to raise fee upon public construction and education, as a result, there ' s more charge that is out of law, the monocracy of grass roots " finance ought to be carry out ; the sixth one, legal measures connect with the reform of toll and tax in countryside in dire need of to be built, which mainly conclude legal system that adjust country social security, country compulsory education and country debt

第三部分? ?農村稅費改革的法律課題集中展示了農村稅費改革所面臨且亟待解決的六大法律問題。即：其一，在確定農業稅上，計稅依據不科學、稅率偏高、相關法律規范缺失，無法平等保護農民的合法權益；其二，在農村稅收的徵收上，缺乏行之有效的法律監督和運行機制，尤其是農業特產稅的徵收缺乏保障據實徵收的法律規范;其三，稅費改革凸顯農民之間、農村之間的負擔不均，使納稅主體的權利義務失衡，有悖稅負均衡的法律原則;其四，由於稅收法定主義沒有得到有效貫徹，規制農民負擔反彈方面的法律法規缺位，致使農村稅費改革潛伏著農民負擔反彈的風險;其五，稅費改革影響基層組織的財政收支，進而影響鄉村公益事業建設及教育經費的籌措，引發稅外亂收費沉渣泛起，基層財政體製法治化勢在必行;其六，與稅費改革相關的配套法律措施巫待構建，主要是農村社會保障法律體系、鄉村義務教育和鄉村債務疏導的法律支撐魚待構建與完善。第四部分一一農村稅費改革與相關法律制度的構建基於上一部分提出的法律問題，力圖構築農村稅費改革的法律框架並提出相應對策。

At present, the social security fund access and maintain system in china is facing the following severe challenges : 1 ) the society is going to be a aged society, 2 ) the state basic insurance for old people is not well developed, 3 ) the historical burden is very heavy. therefore, we must make the full use of the social security fund and actively push forward the innovation and development of the social security fund management

第四章根據我國的現實情況，提出我國統籌社會保障建設的目標，分析了我國統籌城鄉社會保障事業發展面臨的新問題和現實障礙:一是法制建設嚴重滯后，二社會保障基金儲備嚴重不足，使得統籌城鄉社會保障成為無米之炊，三是我國的社會保障管理混亂、服務滯后，嚴重影響了統籌的實施。

As the consummation of the social ist marketing economy system, the evidence rule should be correctly applied to direct the civil and commercial arbitration practice, each party " s burden of proof should be reasonably distributed, the direct relation between parties producing evidence and the arbitral award should be intensified, and the system of the parties producing evidence should be ensured, therefore, the system of the burden of proof can give its full play

因此，在仲裁程序設計l ! 『 ，具有一銘套能夠保障當事人履行舉誡責仟的拈施和手段，並山此而形成保障舉證責任祝以落實的常規機制，已成為仲裁理論』川水婦湃究的重要內容。對此，我認為應』 『訂l :建眾指濘、 』勺事人舉誡制

Although got the advantages in variety, price and management, the smes still face the lots of obstacles and challenges of hard internal competition, limit of trade and financial system, the lack of support of service system, all the above questions result in the large social burden on smes. on the other hand, the smes have shortcomings in concept, technique, management and etc, thus lead to low labor productivity, lack of information and blindness in management. the smes needs to pay attention to the recognition and application of the market opportunities in order to push the development

為了推動中小企業的不斷成長和發展，本文介紹了市場機會的含義類別和特徵，闡明了對市場機會的有效識別的意義，並且集中探討了中小企業要在一定的原則基礎上，積極利用自身能力收集市場信息，針對現存市場機會，應用供需缺口尋找法，市場細分尋找法，產品缺陷尋找法和借鑒競爭對手尋找法來識別;針對需要創造的市場機會，主要應用市場趨勢法、社會潮流法、科學技術法、營銷手段法來發掘更有利於企業發展的市場機會。

Seek appropriate social resources to alleviate burden

尋找適當的社會資源，減輕負擔。

While ensuring a good job on social security, reemployment and rural poverty alleviation, we made great efforts to solve such problems as wage arrears by enterprises and excessively heavy burden on farmers

在積極做好社會保障、再就業和農村扶貧工作的同時，用很大力氣解決拖欠職工工資、農民負擔過重的問題。

Specific measure is, change enterprise loses a this business severally the method of emeritus cost, change to be united to enterprise and worker according to fixed computational cardinal number and extraction scale by social insurance device or tax authority collect emeritus fee, form the emeritus fund that consolidates management by the society, the emeritus charge of company worker extends directly by social insurance device, or entrust bank, post - office generation hair and entrust an enterprise to extend, in order to achieve balanced with the emeritus expense burden that reduces an enterprise, the equal competition that is an enterprise creates a condition

具體辦法為，改變企業各自負擔本企業退休費的辦法，改由社會保險機構或稅務機關按照一定的計算基數與提取比例向企業和職工統一徵收退休費用，形成由社會統一治理的退休基金，企業職工的退休費用由社會保險機構直接發放，或委託銀行、郵局代發以及委託企業發放，以達到均衡和減輕企業的退休費用負擔，為企業的平等競爭創造條件。

It was a union of cultural, social and political ideals that has been the boon and burden in the making of chinese history

文化社會和政治理想的結合在中國史上是一件盛事，也是一個負擔。

It is not many scholars to clearly prove the opinion of shifting the burden of proof, on the contrary the contradictory scholars are more prominent, for example the vice professor of southwest politics and law university, chengang, wuyue who translates and introduces the burden of proof of germany, because them there are more and more people support the opposite opinion, while in the draft of " civil evidence code ", the traditional idea win, in this draft the legislator abides by the present justice and our country ' s native circumstance, they made an scientific choice, of course, the burden of proof will directly influence the party " s possibility of losing the lawsuit, while the regulation of shifting the burden of proof increases the plaintiff ' s opportunity to win a lawsuit. to explain what is the shifting of burden of proof, the paper use the civil law as the example to point out the " reverse " is not entirly relieve the plaintiff s obligation of producing evidence, but in certain extent and in certain range make the defendant bear the burden of producing those proofs from the reverse way, which are originally beard by the plaintiff. in the three proceeding law, shifting the burden of proof have some differences, but the interior spirits are coincident - for the values of social justice and the legal reason

論證舉證責任倒置的學者觀點明確並且論證十分充分的不多，相反卻是對此著書立說予以反駁的學者較為突出，如西南政法大學的副教授陳則博士，翻譯並介紹德國證明責任學說的吳越先生均是目前國內對舉證責任倒置持否定態度的代表人物，由於他們的推動使得國內持此說的人越來越多，但在《民事證據法（草案） 》的擬定過程中，並未采責任倒置的地位，這樣的立法選擇是建立在對我國法律實現的本土環境客觀認識的基礎上的科學選擇，誠然，舉證責任的分配直接影響到當事人在訴訟中的敗訴風險，而「倒置」規則的設計，則在此問題上增加了原告勝訴的籌碼，在理解何為舉證責任倒置時，本文著重以民事法為主線，指出這種「倒置」並非全部免除原告的證明責任，而是在一定范圍與一定程度上將通常應由原告負擔的舉證責任轉由被告從反方面承擔，舉證責任倒置在三大訴訟法中所體現的具體情形有所差異，但它們的內在精神是一致的?法律的理性與社會公平價值，在民事訴訟中舉證責任倒置的情形，一般總是將其局限於特殊侵權情形，而忽略了民事合同違約責任的訴訟中的原告也無須對被告應承擔違約責任的所有要件，對被告主觀上的過錯實行推定，若被告予以否定則應對其無過錯的證據舉證，在設置舉證責任倒置的規則時，從各國的立法經驗與法的內在價值要求可以總結出以下幾個原則:程序法與實體法結合原則，公平原則，訴訟經濟原則，保護弱者原則等，基於此完善舉證責任倒置的規則時首先應肯定舉證責任倒置的概念，其次立法應避免求大求全，再次要配合實體法的發展，最後還可以在司法領域嘗試判例的指導意義。

The vision of euroland which may consequently predominate in the sub - conscious of asian readers might include such things as french truckdrivers blockading autoroutes ; german resistance to foreign takeovers ; relatively high taxes and a heavy burden of social security contributions ; and statutory ceilings on the number of hours employees may work

因此，亞洲讀者潛意識里對歐元區的主要印象，可能會是法國貨車司機阻塞高速公路德國公司拒絕外國企業收購稅率偏高及沉重的社會保障負擔，以及有關雇員工作時數的法定規定等。

In addition, it also proposes that it should be the basic value orientation of the criterion to make up for damages, based on social burden and the final aim of establishing national administrative compensation system. it also points out there are at least two criterion of liability in the system of our country, i. e., criterion of irregularity and criterion of error, which are adopted for different cases

在此基礎上，基於社會負擔的思想理念和國家建立行政賠償制度之基本宗旨，提出行政賠償歸責原則應以彌補損害為基本價值取向，並認為在我國行政賠償歸責原則體系中，至少存在二種歸責原則:違法原則和過錯原則，不同領域應適用不同的歸責原則。

A study on methods to measure the social burden of disease and their significance

疾病社會負擔測量方法探討及其意義

Mental health experts group the global burden of the disease into two : there is the undefined burden which refers to the economic and social burden for families, communities and countries

精神衛生專家將全球疾病負擔分為兩類。一種給家庭、社區和國家帶來無形的經濟和社會負擔。

To control the rapid increase of the costs for medical and health care and lighten the social burden so that to ensure the people to enjoy a quality medical and health service and drug supply at reasonable prices

抑制醫藥費用的過快增長，減輕社會負擔，最終保障廣大人民群眾享有價格合理、質量優良的醫療服務和藥品供應。

As the main surviving part after the reform of transportation industry, the pipeline bureau is facing the huge challenge and problem : the scope and domain is excessively extensive, it loaded hyper social burden, turnover of assets is very difficult, assets combination is not rational and so on. in order to amplify enterprise competitiveness, the pipeline bureau must carry on all kinds of enterprises restructure firstly, this thesis investigates the history and actuality of the pipeline bureau entity asset, explains the causes of formation, and analyses the problems on object situation of the pipeline bureau entity asset. secondly, constitutes the synthesis appraising indexes system of the enterprise, analysis the asset quality of different bureau enterprise on value situation by adopting rational financial indexes

本論文首先對管道局存量資產現狀形成的歷史原因進行了調查研究，分析了管道局存量資產存在的問題，在實物形態上對管道局資產質量進行分析，使本文有了實證的基礎；然後是管道局企業綜合評價指標體系構建與綜合分析，先建立管道局企業綜合經營評價指標體系模型，採用近幾年局企業各類財務指標，分板塊對不同業務進行綜合評價，再結合其他方面評價結果，在價值形態上對管道局不同業務板塊的資產質量進行綜合分析；第三，設計與建構了管道局資產重組運作模式，這是論文的核心內容，針對管道局資產現狀與問題分析，結合資產重組有關理論，設計出管道局資產重組的運作模式，並指出推進管道局資產重組的措施。

But how can the legislation really properly assign women ' s social burden ? section 2 : in this section, the employment legislation about women in europe countries and some south american countries will be introduced to reveal the phenomenon similar to china. the causality between the imcomplete legislation and the phenomenon is obviously revealed to us

該部分主要考察了我國就業立法從計劃經濟時期到市場經濟時期在女性就業問題上的發展，從立法的變化總結我國政府對待婦女就業問題的一貫立場，以及市場經濟下的現行法律對女性健康的全面考慮，同時也揭示了現實中種種與立法初衷相矛盾的現象。

Although wuhan iron and steel ( group ) corporation ( hereinafter referred as wisco ) has formed a stable industry foundation and a strong market competitiveness through 40years " development, the increasing method of the future iron and steel areas can not rely on the expansion of production scale and the foundation of non - steel industry is very weak because of historical problems and heavy social burden

對武鋼集團公司來說雖然經過四十多年的發展，形成了一定的實業基礎和較強的市場競爭力，但是未來鋼鐵主業的增長方式不可能再依靠生產規模的擴大；非鋼產業由於歷史問題，社會負擔沉重，產業基礎薄弱。

Nowadays, jingwei mechanical group corporation faces double pressure of reformation and subsistence. the corporation lack of guiding production, non - operating asset portfolio proportion is too big, enterprise social burden is heavy, the ideas of staff is dated, and cost of reformation is too much

盡管經歷了國有企業改革的歷程，但經緯機械集團公司仍存在體制和機制不適應、社會負擔沉重等問題，加之企業缺乏主導產品，產品結構和資產質量都存在問題。

The state - owned enterprises face a series of issues in the operation business at present, which are the unclear property right, unreasonable resource allotment, heavy social burden and severe lack of funds, etc. to get rid of the plight, most of the state - owned enterprises are actively searching different kinds of reforms. it is an efficient innovation method to regroup the enterprises as the stock corporation

當前國有企業在生產經營過程中面臨著一系列的問題，集中表現在公司產權不明晰、資產配置不合理、社會負擔重以及資金嚴重匱乏等方面，為擺脫困境，大部分國有企業都積極探索不同形式的改革，其中通過企業改組成為上市公司不失為一條便捷有效的改革途徑。